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Principles of attribution theories.
Attribution can be linked to something within an individual that is observable (such as personality/dispositional attribution) or can be something that is external to the individual that people observe (such as their situation/situational attribution).
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The mere idea of same-sex people moving in together was enough to make stomachs churn. While even imagining them having, kids had the moral and religious activists up in arms. But that social aversion to same-sex unions has slowly to turn, with our society now becoming more tolerant and accepting of such relationships.
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The author has proposed that if a student takes a break to go look out the window then they are more likely to remember what they just read or studied. In addition, it is probable that if a student is able to remember what they studied and can apply it to everyday situations then they will be more successful on tests and exams.
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Many theorists have proposed different theories of personality in explaining individual’s personality and their behavior. Generally, personality theories are manifestations of cultural background, individual experiences and their personalities (Feist, Gregory, and Roberts, 2013).
Most of my life I felt that I had been standing in front of a locked door with no way to open it, yet I knew that the secret of my happiness involved the understanding that was contained inside. As an intelligent being, I have always felt the need to analyze and investigate my path, yet; highly functioning people often experience more angst.
This calls for a further advanced system of classifying abnormality.Two diagnostic systems,namely the ‘Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders’ and the ‘International Statistical classification of diseases and related health problems’ have been devised and are commonly referred to by clinicians on order to diagnose a health related problem
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Mental illnesses are brain disorders that have biological reasons. Mental illness includes such psychological disorders as schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, panic, bipolar disorder. As a result of any of this mental illness, the patient’s thinking is disrupted, and he/she may exhibit drastic changes in his/her mood.
The erogenous parts established by Freud are the mouth, anus and genital area. Freud stated that a child has to resolve the conflicts that occur at each stage to develop a normal personality. This paper briefly discusses these five psychosexual stages. Oral stage: (0-2 years) During this initial stage, Freud explains that the child focuses on what goes in its mouth, and thus gets pleasure in sucking its mother’s breasts and other things that get into his mouth such as milk and accepted food.
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When this reaction becomes extreme or excessive, it will become a disorder. Maszak stated that anxiety disorders afflict 13.3 % of adults in the United States which reflects the worry and stress that people experience in this 21st-century life. According to American Psychiatric Association, 25 million Americans and more are affected by it.
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The author states that this was his age when he was diagnosed with a debilitating, enigmatic disease. He was in the first grade when his grandmother took over the role of caretaker while his mother went off to work. His grandma would get him out of bed, get him dressed, and send him off to school.
The people who manage the media majorly focus on running the negative things that were exposed to the unsuspecting public. Although it is advantageous to stay updated with the current news, media people argue that authentic news is not news. Their bulletins are, therefore, wars famine, crimes, destructions and tragedies that are happening in different parts of the world.
The suggestion is defined as a psychological process in which one individual guides or dictates the thoughts or behaviors of another individual (Smyth & McGinty, 2003). Hypnosis is one of the more well-known forms of suggestion, but there are also techniques such as neuro-linguistic programming, autosuggestion, and indirect suggestion.
Academic interventions have been studied for the improvement of working memory, attention spans and reducing hyperactivity, inattentions and aggressiveness often observed in children with ADHD. During the recent decades, technological advances have led to the development of strategies that affect multiple sense organs by using audiovisual tools.
It is important in determining a person’s motivation, affect, cognition and social identity. Identity is similar to self in a sense that it involves self-identity. It also concerns self-image and self-esteem. However, in psychology, identity also refers to the person’s capacity to reflect on one’s own self and one’s own self-awareness.
The author states that it is not necessarily true that those people who have phobias have had something bad happen to them in the past, but they found themselves developing the phobia. In most cases, some phobias are instinct, one is born and fears a situation, and this explains that some phobias can be inherited.
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The study also appropriately applied the statistical tools for the data analysis, which effectively processed the various numerical data into a coherent and encompassing whole. The strength of this study also flowed from its research results, which were supported by previous studies and literature on the subject matter.
Robert Feldman has categorized emotions as, “feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior”. Thus, by this definition, it becomes clear that the concept of emotion has both physiological and cognitive explanations which are further justified by virtue of various theoretical frameworks.
Emotional intelligence is a direct criticism to intelligence that focuses only on academic or scientific and mathematic forms of knowledge. It underscores the role of emotions in attaining, not only a financially successful life, but a happy and fulfilled one.
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An abortion is defined as the premeditated killing of an innocent human being. Abortion was legalized in the US by the famous court case of Roe versus Wade in 1973. This has led to the occurrence of millions of abortions to date. Following its legalization, abortion has turned out to be a prevalent social issue both debatable and controversial.
Though stress is normal and top researchers have also explained the fact that stress makes the performance of an individual better but it has also been indicated that stress over prolonged periods of time can lead to problems like depression. There are many reasons that can lead to stress and effective management of this stress is extremely important.
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Socio-cultural aspects are those that involve a person’s inner being like, family’s wealth background, gender, religion, occupation, education, and even political views. Psychological aspects affect much about how an individual lives. For example, factors like socialization, sympathy, and recognition contribute much to one’s life.
In general, the performance of the participants was slower in bilinguals compared to monolinguals. There were no significant differences when it came to color reading but the bilinguals performed dismally in naming color conditions. In the bilingual group, the Stroop Test results indicated that both the Spanish and English scored similarly.
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If the group chooses the pencil, the assistant will call the mind reader back by saying “All is ready now.” If the group chooses the paper, the assistant can call the mind reader back by saying “We’re ready.” If this is successful, the participants will believe that the mind reader can actually guess what is on their minds.
From the numerous neurocognitive studies on impulsivity to the recent event-related potential (ERP) study on decision making in pathological gamblers by Hewig J., et al. (2010), all point to the impaired inhibitory process of information filtering, much like the findings in pharmacological drugs dependence experiments.
They may do this by changing their perceptions to accept reality. They may alternatively seek information that confirms their beliefs so that the credibility of real experiences is reduced. Some may even ignore the information that challenges their beliefs.
Will knowing what you are being tested skew survey results. This experiment seeks to determine whether priming influences skewing of survey results by testing the experimental hypothesis, which infers that priming participants into believing they are taking a feminist survey would cause them to score significantly higher than participants who were not primed.
Abnormal Psychology Abnormal psychology is a complex topic. There are different models of abnormality, and different classifications. The models of abnormality are medical, cognitive, behavioural and psychodynamic. The medical model assumes that abnormality may be treated like a physical disease.
According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that Gestalt psychology was also a part of Rogers' influence and it was already changing the way that humans were being seen. Gestalt psychology was a movement away from the behaviorists who wanted to believe that man's behavior was based on instinct rather than on his rational thinking.
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Positivity represents a sort of kryptonite to the crippling power of stress. In terms of scientific reasoning, the text presents a number of theories. One of the most prominent is that of the placebo effect, wherein the individual’s actual demeanor improves through an irrational belief in an aspect of life that gives them improved compunction.
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Urie Bronfenbrenner identified four specific systems that have a direct influence on the development of children and adolescents. Bronfenbrenner believed in the nurturing philosophy of psychology, suggesting that every aspect of a child’s total development begins with the influence of externalities in their lifestyle.
Professional Limitations One should know and explore one`s own professional limitations, because it is this awareness that makes us better professionals. When dealing with children one should be even more cautious, in order to protect a young life and help discover ways to possibly eliminate any wrongs we can eliminate.
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Flora (2004) states that; subjects or individuals modify their behaviour as a result of the association between a particular behaviour with a given stimulus. Operant conditioning only applies to voluntary responses where the behaviours of individuals are triggered, controlled and maintained by their consequences.
The humanistic approach clearly rejects scientific methodologies such as experiments and focuses on qualitative research methods such as unstructured observations, unstructured interviews and open-ended questionnaires. This approach is advantageous in researching at the individual level to determine how people think and feel.
According to gestalt therapy, the most important requirement for a person to achieve the ‘wholeness’ is for him to take the ‘responsibility of his existence. At the same time, gestalt theory also emphasizes that it is a person’s ‘ability to respond’ to his environment that helps him in taking the ‘responsibility.
It is important for infants to survive in healthy and safe environments. The infant’s development is directly related with various genetic and environmental factors. If the conditions are not optimal then hereditary diseases, exposure to negative environmental factors and lack of proper nurturing can create tremendous disadvantage in an infant’s development.
Whites who harbour this type of prejudice are also less probable to gain from psychotherapy. Blacks on the other hand are subject to low self-esteem and lowered life satisfaction, feelings of trauma. The growing impact of psychological strain and stress of racism may also have negative somatic vigour impacts n Black Americans.
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According to psychology today, bullying can be defined as a “distinctive pattern of deliberately harming and humiliating others” (Psychology Today). However, this is in many ways a clinical definition. To many, who have been bullied taken part in the bullying, it is more than just a pattern; it can be culture, a lifestyle, and even an addiction.
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Cognitive psychology refers to a branch of psychology dealing with the study of mental processes, which includes how human beings learn, process, and store the learned information for future use. This discipline of psychology has a close relationship with a number of disciplines, including philosophy, linguistics, and neuroscience (Gentner 332).
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Assessment of Mental State for Insanity Plea. In most of the criminal trials, there is a form of defense where defendants often claim that they are not responsible for the actions due to some mental problems that are health based. This calls for forensic psychologists to evaluate the scenario and determine whether the claims are genuine or non-genuine.
Stress in the organization or what is known as work-related stress is the reaction which workers may feel or experience when presented with the pressures and demands of the job that are not comparable to their knowledge and abilities which interferes with the worker’s ability to cope or withstand it.
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However, the considerable increase in adults enrolling in higher institutions of learning calling for extensive research in this area. Numerous factors are resulting from this trend among adult learners. This is following the projections made by various researchers stating that the number of adult learners is likely to increase gradually shortly.
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Since the females and males have different reproductive systems, then the arousal affects the genitals differently. On average, the time taken by men to become aroused is shorter, compared to women. Steve and Nadia need to understand this since they are partners of different sexes. Steve should try and slow down during a sexual activity and know.
Adolescents are one of the most remarkable stages, perhaps due to the social, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that one undergoes. As a result of these changes and developments, adolescences are a momentous stage, characterized by numerous advances in all spheres of an individual’s life (Berk, 2012).
For common man’s understanding, all these aspects of sex and gender are very complex. For example, a person may be born female (sex), but she does not possess or exhibit all the gender attributes, like the lesbians, or a person can be born male, but he does not possess the masculine attributes or behavior, such as the gay men or even the heterosexuals.
According to the article, the girl gives in to the pain of her father and supports the ideas of assisted suicide. Her father was diagnosed with a metastatic head and neck cancer, which with the passage of time worsened, until a time came when he was made to swallow food through the tube.
Both men have detractors but still contributed useful knowledge to the field of child psychology. Both Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson contributed theories of childhood development to the study of psychology. Their theories, in effect, describe the progression of knowledge acquirement that children go through.
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The use of media in the society provides a path for socializing, cognitive development of the youth, emotional expression, thus it defines the way a person would spend his time. The advent of internet led to social networking which has rapidly grown in the recent past.
As cited in Fathers and Mothers at Play With Their 2 and 3-Year-Olds: Contributions to Language and Cognitive Development, “Limited resources, unstable employment, and inadequate education often make it difficult for fathers to establish and maintain positive and emotionally supportive relationships with their children”
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The issue of drugs and the juvenile has been a heated debate for the past decades. This paper will focus on the significance of drug use among juveniles in the United States. It will also analyze the relationship between drug use and delinquency. Risk factors and effective means of combating the menace will also be analyzed.
Psychiatrists enjoy the right to prescribe medications given the fact that they have medical degrees but psychologists do not fully enjoy this privilege. Psychologists only enjoy limited privilege in prescribing and a few activists in the psychology profession have for a long time struggled to expand prescription privileges for psychologists.