Psychology Essays

Many psychologists, such as Lewis Terman, consider Darwin to have been gifted and talented (Forest, 1974), something he aimed to promote throughout his life, through his famous eugenics theory. Darwin remained ahead of his peers, for instance, he was able to read and sign against his name at the age of three.

Some people see lucidity as a cognitive tool whereas others put more emphasis on a model of self-awareness. The ability to dream and realizing that you are dreaming has been seen as a sign of self-reflectiveness by some people while it has also been seen as a bridge to performing some operations while sleeping.

A volunteer is strapped to a wooden chair in a room with electrodes after learning a list of pairs of words. The volunteer is to recall the word pair from a choice of four words. The person conducting the experiment, the teacher, is to administer an electric shock each time the volunteer mistakes by increasing the shock level each time.

This correlation results from the finding that deterioration in the middle frontal lobe is directly associated with the level of impairment of SWA during sleep. This is evaluated through a fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the scalp or cortical surface electroencephalography (EEG), which obtains the power distribution across 0 to 80 Hz.

Psychoanalytic theory is based on the work of Sigmund Freud who is known as the founder of the psychoanalysis school. It is also known as “talk therapy” because, in it, the psychoanalytic therapists listen to the life events of the patient. Psychoanalytic therapy is time-consuming and costly but provides the patient with a safe environment to share his/her feelings with the psychoanalytic therapist.

Concepts of psychology.Psychological disorder involves behaviors, thoughts and emotions causing significant distress. I have faced in the past a psychological disorder, post traumatic stress disorder and I was unable to meet my personal needs. I was totally unable to work or love anyone.

The first issue underlying the debate on defining Mood Disorders is whether the definition of depression is to be done narrowly or briefly. The second issue is regarding the heterogeneity of mood disorders. There are five most important considerations in differentiating clinical depression from normal sadness.

Theoretical understanding of the development of the above-said behaviours is important in this context. Certain critical psychological aspects are to be taken into consideration when working with people of low-income groups. Evidently, poor people are highly affected by their most pressing needs rather than influenced by their aspirations.

According to Erikson, personality development manifests over the whole course of an individual’s life as the individual cognitively and biologically matures. Individual personality traits come in opposites, whereby most people think of themselves as pessimistic or optimistic, adventurous or cautious, aggressive or passive.

Specific identity within the social fabric is an essential part of developing societies. The gender and name are the primary identities of human being that is given by birth and family. But later on, they are endowed with several new identities, either by default or through external factors which may or not be appreciated by the persons concerned. 

However, Yates was different from the paradigmatic publicized murder trial in that she had confessed to her crimes, but rejected her guilt, blaming instead her mental illness for the killings. The original trial for her case in March 2002 rejected this defense, and it sentenced Andrea Yates to life in a Texas prison with eligibility for parole.

Stress has been a common term in our contemporary society and may sound normal whenever it is discussed. However, stress is a serious matter as it carries with it extreme and detrimental effects on those who experience it. Stress could be positive in some ways but only in very rare circumstances especially during danger when it triggers flight for safety.

There has been considerable research in the past, to examine the way that perception of the size of an object actually works. It was thought previously that the size of an object and the distance of an object were perceived using similar processes in the brain.

This is an additional sensation to our five sensory abilities. It is considered paranormal because it does not occur in normal people and it is not visible to the naked eye .Scientist address this as sixth sense and person possessing this sense is called psychic.

If an individual is more exposed to schizophrenia linked environmental factors like lead exposure during the time of pregnancy, birth complications, extremely high-stress experiences in life while young, drug use while a teenager, etc., then the chances of that individual getting affected with schizophrenia is more.

Also, the traffic signal colours have been used because these colours are those that people are most familiar with. Red colour indicates to stop; this colour is utilized to obtain people’s attention. The green colour is utilized to let people know that it is satisfactory to continue, and finally, the yellow colour is utilized for caution.

 Psychometric testing involves a range if implementations and skills. Testing can be utilized for applications such as individual mentoring, or setting individuals up with life coaches to see them through issues related to the work environment, and the various ways of handling them. 

Over the last few years, the “mechanism of attention” has been the focus of research. This paper describes how the issue of “ignoring irrelevant distractors” has led to the development of Early and Late Selection models of attention. Broadbent’s filter theory highlights ‘early selection’ approaches and is a classic example in that particular field.

Of particular interest are the rescue team personnel who were involved in the blast scene. The article, ‘Short term and medium term health effects of 9/11’ as was authored by Perlman, Friedman, Galea, Nair, Sarnyai, Stellman, Hon, and Green explores the short term and long term effects that involved rescuers suffered.

What Do Dreams Tell Us? However, only recently has the study of dreams been made a type of systematic, scientific inquiry. In spite of great studies and speculation, the cause, purpose and content of dreams is still a mystery. Even though scientific inquiry has offered answers to most phenomena there are lingering questions about what the characterization of different phenomena (Curci & Bernard, 2008).

Traumatic experiences are fairly common among the world’s general population. In the epidemiologic reviews, the Oxford Journal asserts that more than two-thirds of the general population may experience noteworthy distressing incidents at some point in their lives. Countries around the globe have been exposed to different kinds of events that cause trauma.

Most of these limitations emanate from the Euro-centric ideals, philosophies and perspectives as espoused in existent literature, which is more often than not biased towards people of African descent. Various aspects are hence skewed, pertaining to such spheres as education, research, mental/psychological health, and identity development.

It is essential to highlight that from the psychological standpoint, increased rates of anxiety disorders, adjustment disorders, depression and substance abuse disorders, and a litany of others have been referenced by medical professionals both within the military structure and within the civilian structure.

Several tests can be used to diagnose the deficiency and strengths of such patients, among these scan of the brain is a vital test. The treatment will comprise additional developmental questionnaires, computed tomography (CT) scan of the head, and ultrasound of the brain among the effective ones.

This was shortly after the trial of Adolph Eichmann who persecutes multitudes in the Hitler regime during the Second World War. The argument of the defendant that he was following orders interested Stanly to study the power of authority and obedience. Recruitment of participants There were a total of 40 participants recruited by means of newspaper advertisements and paid $4.5 for each volunteer (Milgram, 1963).

Principles of attribution theories. Attribution can be linked to something within an individual that is observable (such as personality/dispositional attribution) or can be something that is external to the individual that people observe (such as their situation/situational attribution).

The mere idea of same-sex people moving in together was enough to make stomachs churn. While even imagining them having, kids had the moral and religious activists up in arms. But that social aversion to same-sex unions has slowly to turn, with our society now becoming more tolerant and accepting of such relationships.

The author has proposed that if a student takes a break to go look out the window then they are more likely to remember what they just read or studied. In addition, it is probable that if a student is able to remember what they studied and can apply it to everyday situations then they will be more successful on tests and exams.

 Many theorists have proposed different theories of personality in explaining individual’s personality and their behavior. Generally, personality theories are manifestations of cultural background, individual experiences and their personalities (Feist, Gregory, and Roberts, 2013). 

Most of my life I felt that I had been standing in front of a locked door with no way to open it, yet I knew that the secret of my happiness involved the understanding that was contained inside.  As an intelligent being, I have always felt the need to analyze and investigate my path, yet; highly functioning people often experience more angst.   

This calls for a further advanced system of classifying abnormality.Two diagnostic systems,namely the ‘Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders’ and the ‘International Statistical classification of diseases and related health problems’ have been devised and are commonly referred to by clinicians on order to diagnose a health related problem

Mental illnesses are brain disorders that have biological reasons. Mental illness includes such psychological disorders as schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, panic, bipolar disorder. As a result of any of this mental illness, the patient’s thinking is disrupted, and he/she may exhibit drastic changes in his/her mood.

The erogenous parts established by Freud are the mouth, anus and genital area. Freud stated that a child has to resolve the conflicts that occur at each stage to develop a normal personality. This paper briefly discusses these five psychosexual stages. Oral stage: (0-2 years) During this initial stage, Freud explains that the child focuses on what goes in its mouth, and thus gets pleasure in sucking its mother’s breasts and other things that get into his mouth such as milk and accepted food.

When this reaction becomes extreme or excessive, it will become a disorder. Maszak stated that anxiety disorders afflict 13.3 % of adults in the United States which reflects the worry and stress that people experience in this 21st-century life. According to American Psychiatric Association, 25 million Americans and more are affected by it.

The author states that this was his age when he was diagnosed with a debilitating, enigmatic disease. He was in the first grade when his grandmother took over the role of caretaker while his mother went off to work. His grandma would get him out of bed, get him dressed, and send him off to school.

The people who manage the media majorly focus on running the negative things that were exposed to the unsuspecting public. Although it is advantageous to stay updated with the current news, media people argue that authentic news is not news. Their bulletins are, therefore, wars famine, crimes, destructions and tragedies that are happening in different parts of the world.

The suggestion is defined as a psychological process in which one individual guides or dictates the thoughts or behaviors of another individual (Smyth & McGinty, 2003). Hypnosis is one of the more well-known forms of suggestion, but there are also techniques such as neuro-linguistic programming, autosuggestion, and indirect suggestion.

Academic interventions have been studied for the improvement of working memory, attention spans and reducing hyperactivity, inattentions and aggressiveness often observed in children with ADHD. During the recent decades, technological advances have led to the development of strategies that affect multiple sense organs by using audiovisual tools.

It is important in determining a person’s motivation, affect, cognition and social identity. Identity is similar to self in a sense that it involves self-identity. It also concerns self-image and self-esteem. However, in psychology, identity also refers to the person’s capacity to reflect on one’s own self and one’s own self-awareness.

The author states that it is not necessarily true that those people who have phobias have had something bad happen to them in the past, but they found themselves developing the phobia. In most cases, some phobias are instinct, one is born and fears a situation, and this explains that some phobias can be inherited.

The study also appropriately applied the statistical tools for the data analysis, which effectively processed the various numerical data into a coherent and encompassing whole.  The strength of this study also flowed from its research results, which were supported by previous studies and literature on the subject matter.

Robert Feldman has categorized emotions as, “feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior”. Thus, by this definition, it becomes clear that the concept of emotion has both physiological and cognitive explanations which are further justified by virtue of various theoretical frameworks.

Emotional intelligence is a direct criticism to intelligence that focuses only on academic or scientific and mathematic forms of knowledge. It underscores the role of emotions in attaining, not only a financially successful life, but a happy and fulfilled one.

An abortion is defined as the premeditated killing of an innocent human being. Abortion was legalized in the US by the famous court case of Roe versus Wade in 1973. This has led to the occurrence of millions of abortions to date. Following its legalization, abortion has turned out to be a prevalent social issue both debatable and controversial.

Though stress is normal and top researchers have also explained the fact that stress makes the performance of an individual better but it has also been indicated that stress over prolonged periods of time can lead to problems like depression. There are many reasons that can lead to stress and effective management of this stress is extremely important.

Socio-cultural aspects are those that involve a person’s inner being like, family’s wealth background, gender, religion, occupation, education, and even political views. Psychological aspects affect much about how an individual lives. For example, factors like socialization, sympathy, and recognition contribute much to one’s life.

In general, the performance of the participants was slower in bilinguals compared to monolinguals. There were no significant differences when it came to color reading but the bilinguals performed dismally in naming color conditions. In the bilingual group, the Stroop Test results indicated that both the Spanish and English scored similarly.

If the group chooses the pencil, the assistant will call the mind reader back by saying “All is ready now.” If the group chooses the paper, the assistant can call the mind reader back by saying “We’re ready.” If this is successful, the participants will believe that the mind reader can actually guess what is on their minds.

From the numerous neurocognitive studies on impulsivity to the recent event-related potential (ERP) study on decision making in pathological gamblers by Hewig J., et al. (2010), all point to the impaired inhibitory process of information filtering, much like the findings in pharmacological drugs dependence experiments.

They may do this by changing their perceptions to accept reality. They may alternatively seek information that confirms their beliefs so that the credibility of real experiences is reduced. Some may even ignore the information that challenges their beliefs.