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The method of synthesis of adipic acid is easy and upholds the principles of green chemistry. The objective of the lab, which was to synthesize and characterize adipic acid, was successfully achieved. The melting points of the products yielded are close to the range in the literature. The product yield and recovery was very low.
The results were consistent with previous researches which shows that the concentration of glucose in Coke is higher than that of Gatorade; an outcome that opposed the hypothesis. The concentration of glucose in Coke from the calculation was found to be 4.912g/100mL while the concentration in Gatorade was found to be 0.759g/100mL.
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The mechanism that is involved in the reaction is a thermally sigmatropic reaction. The high temperature breaks the existing bonds within the molecules thereby leaving molecules free and nitrogen molecules escaping to the atmosphere. The remaining molecules rearranged sigmatropically forming a new compound.
To prepare 1L of stock solution 1 g of electrolyte copper was dissolved in 5ml of redistilled HNO3 and was further diluted with distilled water. To get the calibration curve various level of stock dilutions are prepared. A sample solution is also developed to compare the calibration curve and to find out the copper content.
The hydrolysis of aspirin is ester hydrolysis. The reaction may be both catalyzed by acid and a base. As a result, this will give rise to a composite rate law. The composite rate law is a summation of the rate constant for base-catalyzed reactions, acid-catalyzed reactions, and rate constants for un-catalyzed reactions.
A complex compound of Ni (NH3) n (H2O) 2+6-n is produced when aqua-Ni2+ ion, Ni (H2O) 2+6 interacts with ammonia in water, where n=1 to 6. Apart from (NH3) (H2O) 2+5 no other complexes have been isolated. An investigation by the use of a spectrophotometer and potentiometer indicates the existence of these complexes in the solutions.
An accurate volume of a sample solution which is referred to as aliquot is pipette in a vessel (titration vessel) and then there is titration of an analyte with a standardized solution that is appropriate to the titrant to the equivalent point of the titration. It is important that the endpoint be known for this procedure to be successful.
This experiment illustrates the formation of silver nanoparticles using a wet chemical method at room temperature and analyzing their size and optical properties. The vial solutions of silver nanoparticles had distinctive colors, which means that the particle size in each color solution was different.
Nitrates and nitrites are extracted from a soil sample by shaking the soil in a 0.01 M CaSO4 followed by filtration. The nitrate is reduced to nitrite, which then reacts with sulfanilamide in acidic conditions to form a diazo compound. The diazo compound couples with N-1-Napthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride to form a purple dye.
Microwave-accelerated synthesis reactions have produced amazing results that have made chemists be interested in developing this method as an alternative to the synthesis of different substances. Microwave radiation is efficiently converted to superheat at ambient pressure, hence, achieving enormous accelerations in reaction time.
Both SN1and SN2 components of bromobenzene do not undergo any reaction. It is attributable to bromobenzene stability and the fact that it has vinylic bromine and allylic, which are very stable.
When shopping, you will come across several milk alternatives, which for a while, now have been available in the market. However, cow milk is still the basic option for many families all over the world.
The paper "Health and Environmental Effects of Asbestos" is an outstanding example of a chemistry essay. In recent times, technological innovations and development have improved work operational efficiency (Li., et al, 2015). While some entities still operate using traditional ways some of which expose workers to various types of health and safety risks, some new technological innovations further enhance these risks.
The paper “Risk Assessment for Storage and Processes of Formaldehyde” is an affecting example of the term paper on chemistry. The table below shows the physical and chemical properties of formaldehyde. The risks that are likely to occur during the storage of formaldehyde can be assessed based on their likelihood of occurring and the consequences.
The bonding occurs by displacing the less electronegativity atom to the more electronegativity atom. For a non-polar covalent bond, a pair of non-metal have the same level of electronegativity and they form a bond by equally sharing a pair of electrons during bonding. No net electrical charge occurring within such molecules. Within a non-polar covalent bond, there is an even distribution of electrons.
The amount of NaOH used affects the concentration of nanoparticles of iron oxide produced. According to Husein, Rodil and Vera (2003), using water dilutes the microemulsion solution, and therefore a less concentrated microemulsion solution of iron oxide nanoparticles is expected. The effect of water is often described by the water to surfactant molar ratio.
The author of the following paper states that these toxic substances in the working environment can cause physical, chemical, and biological to workers. The table below shows occupational hygiene hazards, their state of matter, the ways through which they enter the body, and the duration or nature of exposure.
There are some random errors that were exhibited in the experiment as indicated by the outliers but the general trend is an increase. With the same solution not being used in the entire experiment, the reaction times are likely to be faster or slower than is expected and this is likely to bring about random errors.
To produce the test specimen, three samples will be produced for the concentration of each salt solution. K2CO3, NaCO3, NaSO4, and NaCl solutions of different concentrations will be prepared at room temperature by mixing separately with 100ml of Deionised water. Quantifying portions will be used carefully to give the precise concentration of salts solution.
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The disparity in the characteristics of both amylopectin and amylase can be explained by the impact of gelation. Gelation in hot water is a remarkable characteristic of starch. Starch absorbs about 30% of its own weight of water. As the temperature increases to about 55 ℃, most of the starch starts losing its native structure which allows it to imbibe more water as it tenderizes and then swells.
The sulfonamides’ least inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia, a veterinary pathogen that is gram-negative, were used. Liquid chromatography of high performance was used to determine the hydrophobic and electronic parameters. Empirically established relationships indicated the dominant function of the ionization’s degree.
The production of activated carbon occurs through the heating of charcoal prepared from a range of carbon sources like wood, bone, or coconut. These sources of carbon are heated at very high temperatures in a stream of dry air or in a vacuum. The characteristic of activated carbon is that it has high porosity as well as the high internal surface area that ranges from 500 to 1500 m2/gram of carbon.
Therefore, they are popular in making large machinery, mining, and garden tools. Textile and trailer parts are also made from these series alloy (Apelian, 2009). The 8xx series is exclusively used for casting bushes and bearings (Zolotorevskiĭ et al., 2007). The alloy provides liquid tin lubrication that prevents catastrophic failure.
The common atoms are those of nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen that are found attached to the atoms of carbon Bloomfield V., Crothers D., Tinico I, (2000).Every atom of carbon has a valence of 4 and this makes the atoms being formed more complex.
It has been estimated that compounds with bromine are more kinetically favorable than that of chlorine. It has also been postulated that using bromine rather than chlorine makes it easier to control stoichiometry reactions (Benjamin, et al 2011). The halide bond is strong due to the resonance between the covalent and the ionic form.
What is the structure of thebaine? Thebaine (6,7,8,14-tetrahydro-4,5-epoxy-3,6-dimethoxy-17-methylmorphinan), has the structure shown above. It has the formula C19H21NO3. Thebaine has been obtained via the utilization of the crystal X-ray method which is conducted at low temperatures (Mahler & Stevens, 1996).
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The polymer diffusion coefficient can be calculated for each molecular weight through monitoring intercalated mass uptake as a function of time. After comparing the diffusion coefficients as a function of Mw, it is found that the larger polymer moves by reputation while the low weight polymer normally diffuses through the pores.
Options of the third approach are almost independent of the ore. Lime sintering is not viable economically compared to the normal Bayer process but at least produces silica and soda with little quartz, which is an environmental bonus. Acid leaching and especially the SO2 process to recover soda is possible but has a cost element, which is still lower compared to leaching with CO2.
Glycogen is a large highly branched polymer of glucose molecules. Most are joined by alpha 1, 4 to make straight chains, and alpha 1, 6 linkages occur every 8 to 12 glucose residues, to make branch points. There are two types of linkage found between the glucose molecules. However, excess Glycogen phosphorylase is usually made of a cofactor pyridoxal phosphate strongly bound to it.
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The ore is wet screened on vibrating or inclined screens. Materials lower than a certain size are rejected by wet screening which also washes the fine material(attached to larger pisolites) and is high in silica. In Queensland Australia, there is Weipa bauxite that is a pisolitic ion in nature and the silica level is decreasing as pisolite size increases.
Two explosions racked at London between 2:00 pm and 2:30 pm. Of these explosions, one happened at the Scout Bar and the other at Eat Out restaurant. Given the fact that it was the weekend and the time during which the explosions happened coincided with the fact that it was peak hour for Saturday revelers.
Thin-layer chromatography is a technique used to separate components of compounds. The technique behind thin layer chromatography is placing a spot of the material to be analyzed on one end of the strip. The strip is made of a thin aluminum sheet that is coated with a thin layer of silica gel. The t.l.c technique was used to determine the identity of compounds in the unknown tablets.
The level of reducing amino acids in a protein will directly be proportional to the level of absorbance values for that protein (Yalamati, Bhongir, Karra & Beedu, 2015). Despite this difference, the BCA Assay technique is quite important when monitoring changes in the level of proteins and in particular when undertaking protein purification.
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In fact, the ability to establish whether or not there are body fluids present and consequently, determining it provides a sample that is later subjected to a series of laboratory tests that extends to DNA analysis, which is deemed to be a fundamental step in a great number of investigations (Virkler & Lednev, 2009).
Hernandez-Rivera (2007) stated that the government and other involved bodies could counter all the different terrorist attacks by the use of diversified forms of chemical detection capability in those particular areas. Additionally, the food and water are highly exposed to chemical warfare agents (CWAs) that are mostly targeting military personnel and other installations.
During natural calamities and manmade disasters, the quality of air can influence the success of the efforts of first responders at the scene of the event. Personal protective equipment serves to protect the individual acting as a first responder by ensuring that such an individual would act to perform rescue activities while at the same time guarding against injuring oneself in the process.
The phyllomanganate family of minerals are considered similar to expandable smectites (phyllosilicates) and are deliberated as microporous solids. As phyllosilicates, a phyllomanganate family of minerals can be interpolated with a range of both inorganic and organic compounds to develop pillared structures or multilayer nanocomposites.
Biofuel energy will be responsible for creating many high-quality jobs and increasing the economy. Countries should act now to try to get part of these investments. In addition, many jobs would be created with the new biofuel energy farms. There will be a need to create more than two million jobs for the wind power industry in the world by 2030.
In transmission, the LP parameter is contained as additional information and is also seen as a problem in the process. During LP analysis, the intelligibility and the quality of speech which is coded heavily relies on how accurate the estimated power spectrum envelope is, which is later used in the determination of its LP’s parameters.
In recent years, nanoparticles and nanoclusters of noble metals supported on metal oxides have drawn a lot more interest due to their wide applications in heterogeneous catalysis [5]. According to Chusuei, et al. (2001), Gold (Au) in particular nanoclusters supported on Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has the capability to catalyze some industrial reactions.
Since the early 1980s, the adoption of OWC was now limited to specifically military purposes as well as space-related applications that include; inter-satellite and deep-space connections. Its commercial viability remains limited with the exception of IrDA that has grown to become a successful wireless short-range transmission platform.
Potentiometry; is the most current analytical technique that is used to measure the potential of a given electrochemical cell that has been subjected to distinctive static conditions. It is deemed reliable and useful since it does not allow for current flow through the electrochemical cell hence a fully quantitative methodology (Helaluddin, 2016).
Considerable attention has been drawn towards clusters of noble metal supported on metal oxides due to their wide applications in catalysis. Illumination of semiconductor particles in a solution of metal salt in the aqueous phase leads to the deposition of nanoparticles of metal oxide on the surface of the semiconductor material.
In this lab, different materials were used as beams to determine the characteristics of such materials. The materials under test included aluminum, brass, and steel. However, the lab makes use of the simply supported beam. The deflection of the beam is determined by hanging a known mass at the center of the beam.
The mix of favourable chemical, electrical, mechanical, optical, surface, thermal, and toughness properties make sapphire a favored material for high-performance systems and design components. For different semiconductor applications, sapphire is the best decision in correlation with other engineered or synthetic single-crystals.
This methodology establishes that lightweight and cheap aerospace materials which are carbon-carbon matrix are actually the best based on the properties. The superlative mechanical properties that make up the aerospace-grade carbon nanotubes used in the manufacture carbon-carbon are deeply analyzed to establish their suitability.
In this study, AgNPs were synthesized via the reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reducing agent. The influence of concentration and flow rate on the shape and size of the AgNPs produced in an ultrasonic micro-reactor was investigated using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the determination of surface plasmon absorbance.
It may lead to either stimulation or inhibition of an enzyme’s activity. The molecules that by nature regulate enzyme activity within a cell act as reversible non-competitive inhibitors. Such regulatory molecules alter the shape of an enzyme and the functioning of the enzyme’s active site by binding to another site on the molecule through non-covalent interactions.
Sterilization is a complicated process as individual ingredients in a formula, the container and the closure all need to be sterilized before they are combined. The product cannot be sterilized once it is in its sealed container, which means that the combining of ingredients, the filling and final sealing must be carried out in a controlled environment of very high status.
These steps ensure that the project is run smoothly, and the resources are exploited optimally without leaving important project elements. Therefore, this research report will implement project management techniques in introducing a new product. In the purview of this, a new table design shall be considered.