Chemistry Essays

This methodology establishes that lightweight and cheap aerospace materials which are carbon-carbon matrix are actually the best based on the properties. The superlative mechanical properties that make up the aerospace-grade carbon nanotubes used in the manufacture carbon-carbon are deeply analyzed to establish their suitability.

Potentiometry; is the most current analytical technique that is used to measure the potential of a given electrochemical cell that has been subjected to distinctive static conditions. It is deemed reliable and useful since it does not allow for current flow through the electrochemical cell hence a fully quantitative methodology (Helaluddin, 2016).

Since the early 1980s, the adoption of OWC was now limited to specifically military purposes as well as space-related applications that include; inter-satellite and deep-space connections.  Its commercial viability remains limited with the exception of IrDA that has grown to become a successful wireless short-range transmission platform.

It has been estimated that compounds with bromine are more kinetically favorable than that of chlorine. It has also been postulated that using bromine rather than chlorine makes it easier to control stoichiometry reactions (Benjamin, et al 2011). The halide bond is strong due to the resonance between the covalent and the ionic form.

Therefore, they are popular in making large machinery, mining, and garden tools. Textile and trailer parts are also made from these series alloy (Apelian, 2009). The 8xx series is exclusively used for casting bushes and bearings (Zolotorevskiĭ et al., 2007). The alloy provides liquid tin lubrication that prevents catastrophic failure.

The production of activated carbon occurs through the heating of charcoal prepared from a range of carbon sources like wood, bone, or coconut. These sources of carbon are heated at very high temperatures in a stream of dry air or in a vacuum. The characteristic of activated carbon is that it has high porosity as well as the high internal surface area that ranges from 500 to 1500 m2/gram of carbon.

The bonding occurs by displacing the less electronegativity atom to the more electronegativity atom. For a non-polar covalent bond, a pair of non-metal have the same level of electronegativity and they form a bond by equally sharing a pair of electrons during bonding. No net electrical charge occurring within such molecules. Within a non-polar covalent bond, there is an even distribution of electrons. 

This fire led to the death of 194 people. The occurrence of the fire is attributed to the failure of the government as it gave the club an operational permit without having fire extinguishers. The materials used in decorating the club were highly flammable, such as wood, plastic net Styrofoam, and acoustic panels. 

Traffics outside the office is substantial for the duration of the day. Inhabitants living in the village are predominantly low-mind, 70 years of age or more. The office runs a Community Care benefit including day by day cleaning administration. Meal delivery services and group kitchens are accessible for inhabitants and guests.

The word "kinetic" in Greek means to move, and the word "energy" is the ability to move. Thus, "kinetic energy" is the energy of motion --it's the ability to do work. The faster a body moves the more kinetic energy it has (Kinetic and Potential Energy). The atoms and molecules in a gas are in constant motion.

Through the use of standard-temperature-time-curve, it is possible to illustrate the phase of the fire takes hold. Usually, there will be no taking into account the initial start phase of the real fire and thus limiting any similarity with real times in the fire. A standard-temperature-time-curve will be put into use in special test institutions.

Discrete transfer radiation method: This is a ray-tracing technique where the scattering coefficient in fine soot particles is in the range of 0.1 m this being considered negligible when compared to the corresponding absorption coefficient. Calculating the absorbent coefficient ka in the gaseous and soot mixture may require the use of Hubbard.

In the flowfield prediction of Favre-averaged mixture fraction mean, the variance ξ and g, it is possible for the probability density function to be computed in the standard form. In the case involving two PDF components, the beta function which is one of the two is applicable in the turbulent jet while the second is the delta function.

The company must put in place the necessary fire detection and fire-sensing systems that can help detect and report fire incidences in case a person is not near the fire source. Fire alarms, smoke signals, and sensors that can detect temperature changes are part of the essential equipment to be installed at the premises.

“Most energy drinks are carbonated drinks that contain large amounts of caffeine and sugar with additional ingredients, such as B vitamins, amino acids (e.g., taurine), and herbal stimulants such as guarana” (Wong, 2006).

Operational training and a policy and procedure formulation is highly suggested to ensure proper handling standards. Occupational Health and Safety Measures should be strictly followed. Acute care coupled with proper planning would make possible the successful implementation of the proposal on the storage of Methyl methacrylate.

Software and computer systems used for acquisition, processing, recording, storage, and retrieval of test results need validation prior to use. The USP<1058> effective from 2008 has standardized AQI and CSV procedures for use in the US pharmaceutical industries and laboratories (Scientific computing, 2011).  

There is a need for the government to intervene and provide a reliable research fund that will help potential researchers to do quality research without financial constraints. The process of starch encapsulation and its consequent testing is a very expensive venture and consequently, there is a need for government funding.

Tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate was used in all the experiments, used as received. Spectrograde solvents were used in all the spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements and included acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, methylene chloride, and tetrahydrofuran. All these were stored under inert atmosphere and used as received

A teratogen is a medication, chemical, infectious disease, or environmental agent that might interfere with the normal development of a fetus and result in the loss of a pregnancy, a birth defect, or cause pregnancy complication. There are a variety of teratogens that are relatively common. It is imperative to know these agents.

I think sedimentary rocks form when fragments from other rocks, minerals, or organisms are accumulated and cemented or when organic growths occur in water through sedimentation because rocks exhibit characteristics and features of their past environments.

Water has beauty, it is part of rituals, and it has taken on the capacity for status in the late 20th century, and he continued to maintain that status into the 21st century. Water can heal, is often imbued with power, and the ritualization that requires water is often discussed in terms of purity. It is also considered a medium for pollution. Above all things, water is regarded as a right of human existence, a substance that cannot be denied.

In cases where two immiscible liquids are to be dispersed, a component that will be added to the two liquids is needed and this additive is normally referred to as the emulsifier. The type of emulsifier used in different mixtures influences both the formation of the emulsifier and also the stability of the emulsion in the long term.

The half-life of the Sotalol in dogs was 4.3 ± 0.4 hours and this is longer than any other beta-adrenergic blocker in dogs. The renal clearance of the drug was 4.21 ± 0.31 ml/ min/ kg in dogs. The total plasma clearance was around 90% and 72 ± 12 % of the drug was excreted unchanged in urine (Ishizaki and Tawara, 1979).

It is necessary to select a nontoxic, biocompatible polymer that causes minimal adverse effects on the activity and stability of the drug as well as the dosage form. Polymers improve the pharmaceutical characteristics of dosage forms. They act as viscosity and flow controlling agents in pharmaceutical liquids, suspensions, and emulsions. 

Prior to 1996, there was a real shortage of pharmacists in the country because there was no pharmacy school yet and most pharmacists were trained abroad (Al-Wazaify et. al. 2005). Most Kuwaiti pharmacists work in the public sector like government-funded hospitals unlike other countries in the region like Jordan where most are in the private sector.

Using the HPLC simulation software currently available in the practical folder on Blackboard find the optimum parameters to effect separation of the following mixture of compounds using the Agilent Zorbax column as the stationary phase: acetophenone, p-chlorophenol, benzonitrile, p-xylene, p-dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, bromobenzene, toluene, and n-butylbenzene. 

The major source of alkanes is from natural gas and oil wells that are distributed throughout the world. Its composition varies from field to field but is majorly 80% methane and 10% ethane, with the remaining portion consisting of higher alkanes such as propane. Natural gas is usually collected via pipeline and then separated into its components.

The concentration of sodium hydroxide solutions is inaccurate when the mass of NaOH is used in deducing the solution’s molarity. Errors resulting from the inaccuracy of concentration will compromise the accuracy of subsequent experiments. The concepts of accuracy and precision are instrumental in determining the reliability and validity of findings (Stanton, 26).

We will place the solar panels facing away from the sun in an insulating box which will be open from one side, and there will be a convex glass placed in front of the open side of the box. The glass will reflect the sunlight with lower light/heat intensity. In this way, the solar panels can remain cool and perform at higher efficiencies.  

Nitrate ion makes a poor nucleophile as it comes from HNO3 (a very strong acid). It would not react to give SN1 substitution product due to the 3 atoms of oxygen that pulls away electron density from the nitrogen whereas the ion’s resonance structure also reduces its nucleophilicity. 1-Bromoadamantane is a tertiary halide, yet it is 104 times slower than tert-butyl bromide.

Aluminum mining not only degrades the environment but poses health problems and workplace safety issues among miners. On the other hand, aluminum end products, such as cans, foil, and kitchen wares, eventually make their way to tons of metal trashes in every city’s landfill. Environmentalists denigrate the extensive mining of aluminum. 

The experimental lists of protein resilience, single-molecule pulling, and protein motion by ANM. The experiments for the unfolding protein; protein is pulled apart by AFM, optical trap, and magnetic force, and proteins other unfold when heated. The study correlated the mechanical strength as measured by F-max with thermal stability as measured by Tm, Cm, etc.

The focus of this paper is to research the mechanisms of sildenafil citrate on mice embryo. A number of researchers have published their work on this subject (Ferrari, et al. 2002; Hotchkiss, et al. 2005; Kurt, et al. 2004; Langroudi, et al. 2005; Li, et al. 2002). The findings indicate that sildenafil supports the NO-cGMP pathway.

Although acetanilide and phenacetin are not appreciably acidic, acetaminophen (like aspirin) is a stronger acid than water. What problem would you encounter if the unknown component were acetaminophen rather than acetanilide or phenacetin, and you extracted the aspirin with 5% NaOH? Explain, giving the equations for any relevant reactions.

In aerobic conditions, molecules of pyruvate and fatty acids are actively transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the mitochondrial matrix where the pyruvate undergoes oxidation. Pyruvate oxidation takes place within the matrix of the mitochondria. Oxygen and two pyruvates go into pyruvate oxidation.

The aim of the experiment was to determine the equilibrium coefficient of the formation of thiocyanate-iron. Using absorbance measurements of FeSCN2+ and initial concentrations of the reagents, the Kc value was found to be almost constant for reactant concentrations not in a ratio of 1:1. A Fe3+: SCN- the ratio of 1:1 resulted in a Kc value of 1.0019.

Measuring heat changes using the above methods is not very accurate. To improve the accuracy of such procedures, a calorimeter is used. A calorimeter consists of a container in which the reaction is carried out. The heat produced is channeled to a known amount of water. Alternatively, a known material may be used instead of the water.

Using a calorimeter or a set-up that would ensure no heat energy gain or loss to the environment would be an improvement in the experimental set-up. A Styrofoam cup that has a lid would serve as an efficient option for the set-up. This would allow for stirring to be done safely, and the insulation would reduce interferences.

The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Technique (NMR) was discovered in the 1940s by Purcell and Bloch. Since then, its applications have gone on to grow from one use to another as the technology in use has advanced. Researchers are continuing to take advantage of the diverseness and dynamism that NMR has come to be connected with.

The main objective of the experiment was to find out the rate constant and the rate law when oxalic acid reacts with permanganate. Chemical kinetic is a term that is normally used in describing studies associated with the rates of chemical reactions. A chemical reaction is a process, therefore, it takes some time to react.

The first noble gas that was added to the periodic table was Argon. The English scientist, Sir Henry Cavendish, in 1785 wanted to explore the other elements of air, apart from oxygen. During his experiments, he found that 99.3 percent of air comprises oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.

One of the formidable conducting polymers is polyaniline (PANI). The building units of this polymer are aniline that can form polymers through various processes.  Polyaniline is preferred to other organic conductive polymers due to its affordability, good conductivity, ease of preparation, and redox properties. Other conducting polymers include polyacetylene and polypyrrole.

The psychoactive drugs form a group of pharmacological products that are remarkable in that they all act on the central nervous system or the brain and therefore have a significant impact in the management and treatment of diseases and conditions associated with the central nervous system and the brain.

In part A, a graph showing the amount of a drug in the bloodstream over 10 hour period for an initial dose of 10 µg will be used to find a suitable function to model the data given in the graph. In part B, graphs will be made and discussed for a whole day considering the doses being continually administered during regular 6 hour periods based on the data given in the graph and using the model (function) derived in part A.

This essay analyzes that calcium is an element in group II of the periodic table. Hence, it shares similar physical and chemical properties with other elements in this group; for example, Potassium.Calcium is a silvery solid, metal and has a melting point of about 64 and boiling point of 773. It can act as a reducing agent. And it reacts slowly with water.

Buffer action is the ability of a solution to resist pH changes when a strong base or strong acid is added. In a buffer solution, the molar concentrations of a weak acid and its salt are equal. The logarithmic dependence of Henderson–Hasselbalch equation (Equation 2) forms the mathematical basis for buffer action. (Atkins 2004) 

Caffeine, a stimulant drug, is widely found in many foods and drinks that we consume. Caffeine belongs to a group of stimulants called methylxanthines, or xanthines, which occur naturally in a number of plants. Caffeine also acts as a diuretic, stimulates increased peristalsis in the bowel, and is a potent vasoconstrictor. It has an addictive effect on the body.

The biotransformation enzymes including CYP isoenzymes (phase I) and UGT2B7 (phase II) metabolizing morphine and other opioids are subject to genetic polymorphism. UGT2B7 reactivity with the opioids leads to the production of clinically relevant metabolites viz., M3G, M6G, and codeine-6-O-glucuronide.

The author of the paper states that ceramic materials are formed by closed packed crystals of oxides of aluminum or zirconium metals. The basic arrangement of these crystals and the presence of impurities determine the resulting material. The final product has slightly different characteristics.