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Spreading lime (CaCO3) reduces the excessive level of acid in the soil to promote soil fertility for plant growth. An excess amount of acid in soil lowers the growth of a plant by hindering the absorption of major plant nutrients such as potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen. Such nutrients tend to dissolve in acid and leach to lower levels of the soil beyond the reach of the plant.
In the second task, the learner must complete a series of practical tests and produce a report identifying an unknown organic compound. You will also have to interpret spectra relating to the unknown compound. This will cover some criteria which have not
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Physical breakdown of food can also occur through peristalsis which involves contractions of soft muscles in the digestive tract. Chemical digestion on the other hand is the process that involves enzymes catalyzing the further breakdown of various macromolecules (Uddin, Ahn, Kishimura & Chun, 2009).
Periodic table refers to a table that illustrates a periodic system that has chemical elements arranged in order of atomic numbers. However, the prerequisite to the establishment of the periodic table was the initial discovery of the individual different elements. Chemistry has always made attempts to arrange these elements in a manner that reflects similarities in their properties.
Global warming is good because it can increase the heights of some mountains, particularly the ones covered with thick layers of ice. However, as the ice melts due to global warming, the pressure exerted on the layers reduces, potentially increasing the rate at which the height of a mountain changes
The alkalinity of a water sample is defined as the capacity for solutes it contains to react with acid and neutralize it. The alkalinity property of a sample can be determined by titration using a strong acid with the endpoint of the titration giving the pH at which almost all the solutes responsible for the alkalinity have reacted.
This paper will shed light on what is needed for this type of fuel cell to work, how they are made, advantages and disadvantages of this type of fuel cell, and developments in this field. Moreover, it will focus on the applications of PEMFCs in the automotive industry.
This is a branch of Chemistry that deals with changes that occur in the nucleus of an atom. Protons and neutrons are called Nucleons, and their total number is known as the mass number or Nucleon number. A particular nucleus, with a specific atomic number and mass number, is commonly known as a Nuclide.
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The author states that the use and application of the liquid crystals span from nearly 25 years ago and have a wide array of applications. The LCDs have dominated the display market progressively replacing the once cathode ray tubes-dominated market. Understanding the various important components of the technology is important.
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The pH change also leads to the stability of enzymes and as for the activity, each enzyme has an optimal region for pH stability and varies considerably in the enzymes. Thus, the hypothesis of the experiment was tested. The pH of any solution may have several effects on the activity and structure of a given enzyme.
The mechanical and electronic transport properties of the underlying 4-(methylthio) benzoic acid junctions are used density functional theory. The prevailing mathematical outcomes depict that the rupturing force of the 4-(methylthio) benzoic acid is approximately 0.6±0.1 nN0.6±0.1 nN as described within the experiment since they are extremely smaller.
The specificity of an enzyme is determined by characteristics of the R-groups of the amino acid residues that form the active site of an enzyme. Enzymes are important in the maintenance of normal bodily functions and absence or deficiency may lead to metabolic disorders such as Krabbe disease or Phenylketonuria (PKU).
The protein-directed imaging such as Green Fluorescent Protein remains an unreactive method of glycosylation prompting our research team to design a metabolic functionalized sugar labeling approach to image particular structures on local glycoproteins. Regrettably, this devised approach is limited to the revelation of protein identity being labeled glycan.
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The author of the paper states that the polymer is primarily categorized into thermoplastics and thermosetting. Thus, thermoplastic materials are rampant as matrices for the bio fibers. Moreover, thermoplastics are utilized as the matrix in polypropylene, polyethylene, and corresponding polyvinyl chloride.
The report also outlines an evaluation of the design specifications, as well as the limitations and recommendations pertaining to the subject in order to achieve better reliability regarding the use of the instrument. This is a report where one learns in detail the various design specifications as well as the reasoning for the purpose of the construction of the mass spectrometer.
The investigation use the redox reactions as well as titration to achieve the objective of the experiment. The experiment is based on the titration reactions. Titration is a reaction that involves the reaction between a base and an
The overarching rationale of the experiment is gaining an understanding of the way Grignard reagents that are organometallic in nature can be employed in the generation of so-called carbon-carbon bonds. Organometallic compounds in themselves are of great use in many synthesis reactions in organic chemistry.
Scientific experiments have not proved that EMF has health effects on humans, but there are unclear results of the negative relation on the strong concentration of EMF on the biological system. Some of these experiments were conducted with strong EMF or low frequency. There were no empirical studies to prove the relationship between health effects and the influence or presence of EMF.
The strength of acids and bases depends on the strength and polarity of the chemical bond in the acidic hydrogen bond. Water molecule ionizes to produce OH- and H3O+ ions whose concentration relates to the dissociation constant of water Kw. The acidity or basicity of a solution is determined by the concentration of hydronium ions.
The positive electrode, a cathode – the negative electrode and an electrolyte- a liquid that allows charges to move between the two sides of the fuel cell. There are different fuel cells that are grouped according to the electrolyte they use. They include a fuel cell, phosphoric acid fuel cell. The high temperatures cause a heat and energy loss.
In general, the intermolecular forces are a force of attraction that keeps molecules together. The forces determine the physical properties of particles. The ionic forces are the strongest then followed by hydrogen bonding. The dipole-dipole forces are the third in terms of strength while the London dispersion is the weakest.
Generally, the wavelength for all 4 food additives was concluded to be 263.72nm. The separation power between the additives was 2.316, 3.174, and 3.726. A determined efficiency for the additives was found to be Saccharine - 2893.0055, Tartrazine - 3308.5504, Vanillin - 5910.5344, and Caffeine - 393.7536.
This basic objective would be achieved through developing an equation that is related to the amount of light transmitted through testing various solutions to a given concentration of the solution measured by a colorimeter. However, for the purpose of the experiment in this lab,
Proteins can be easily manipulated with genetics to generate auto-fluorescent protein chimeras enabling them most accessible to in vivo visualization. Moreover, imaging can be done on small molecules and ions such as copper, calcium, lead, zinc, hydrogen peroxide, cAMP, and mercury using re-engineered fluorescent proteins or designed small-molecule fluorophores (Laughlin and Bertozzi 12)
Doping has been a serious issue in the sporting world for centuries now. Although initially doping was allowed in the sport, it was banned later on because it gives athletes who use performance-enhancing drugs undue advantage over opponents. Although athletes have for a long time depended on drugs such as steroids and growth hormones.
Falafel is a versatile food in terms of composition and presentation. With the ever-increasing interest to meet dietary requirements, knowledge of the composition of foods is essential and product labels are an informative tool. At a glance, the consumer is made aware of their intake. It is also rich in dietary proteins.
Climate change is the change in the significant weather of a given area that can take decades or more years to determine. Climate change can be statistically identified by measurement of the mean changes or the changes in the properties of the mean. Climate change refers to the overtime change of the climate.
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The author states that a notable aspect here is that PEMFCs operate on a principle parallel to that of PEM electrolysis, a more recent technology application. Of critical importance in the current century is that the two technologies are a principal option in the replacement of the now-aging alkaline fuel cell technology.
The steady increase in industrialization and human population raises the demand for energy and other material needs. Human beings depend so much on energy for their daily activities such as transport, industrial activities, medical purposes and domestic use. There is a need for more sustainable energy sources so that all these human activities can succeed.
This assignment also explains what is meant by activation energy, Molar conductivity values, writes the full electronic configurations of the atoms and ions, calculates the wavelength of the radiation emitted by a hydrogen atom when an electron makes a transition, uses VSEPR theory to predict the shape of the molecule.
There are a number of welding tools and forms and TIG and MIG welding tops the list in a significant manner. TIG stands for Tungsten Inert Gas signifying the tungsten electrode and inert gas surrounding it. TIG can be used to weld copper and titanium metals and can also be used to weld steel and aluminum. MIG welding has also gained significant acceptance.
The compound is one of the three aminophenol isomers with the other two being 3-aminophenol and 2-aminophenol. Due to its slight hydrophilic properties, p-Amino phenol is moderately soluble in alcohols and can easily be dissolved in hot water. In the presence of any base, p-amino phenol readily oxidises steadily to form both cation and anion.
I think sedimentary rocks form when fragments from other rocks, minerals, or organisms are accumulated and cemented or when organic growths occur in water through sedimentation because rocks exhibit characteristics and features of their past environments.
The most appropriate method of detecting and identifying residues of explosives and hydrocarbons is through gas chromatography. It is recommended when an investigator wants to identify and categorize flammable residues. It is worth noting that, many cases of arson are accomplished through the use of kerosene and gasoline.
One of the formidable conducting polymers is polyaniline (PANI). The building units of this polymer are aniline that can form polymers through various processes. Polyaniline is preferred to other organic conductive polymers due to its affordability, good conductivity, ease of preparation, and redox properties. Other conducting polymers include polyacetylene and polypyrrole.
36 cans are used as a sample for the analysis. In this regard, several researchers have taken the initiative to evaluate the ingredient, packaging as well as the price of the canned tuna fish. Both a white tuna and a light tuna are similarly packaged, but mercury level in white and light tuna varies
Geophysical methods are applied in the assessment of the physical and chemical properties of soil, rocks, and groundwater. They are premised on the response to either an array of the electromagnetic spectrum that extends to gamma rays, visible light, and other waves or other fields such as gravity and the magnetic field of the earth.
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In conclusion, the use of nanomaterials can only become more popular as time goes by. They have already shown several uses today and increased research will open up more uses for them. With the increased global warming and pollution, uses such as those that will see them being used in cleaning the air will be among the best uses of nanomaterials
The main objective of the experiment was to find out the rate constant and the rate law when oxalic acid reacts with permanganate. Chemical kinetic is a term that is normally used in describing studies associated with the rates of chemical reactions. A chemical reaction is a process, therefore, it takes some time to react.
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Since the last 25 years, the study of food-drug interaction still goes on since the discovery that grapefruit juice inhibits cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4). Cytochrome P450 presents highly in the wall of the small intestine and in the liver. It oxidase substances in phase I metabolism. It was needed to be used in vitro experiment to examine this food-drug interaction, Procrine Esterase enzyme was used.
Subsequent sections of this report contain detailed procedures used in determining the mass percent of chloride in an unknown sample. First, the introduction part of the paper covers intensively the theoretical background of quantitative analysis, precisely on the use of gravimetric analysis in physical chemistry.
While some compounds dissolve in water due to molecular properties, others are insoluble. Solubility can be thus be used when isolating particular ions. By implementing a reaction that goes to completion, Cl- ions react with other ions forming an insoluble substance. The formed substance will then precipitate out.
Another experiment was carried out to make a stock solution and dilutions in order to achieve standard dilutions. Solutions are prepared with respect to their molar concentration and mass concentrations. The initial concentrations were diluted to achieve the required concentrations. As the dilution increased the concentration decreased.
The concentration of sodium hydroxide solutions is inaccurate when the mass of NaOH is used in deducing the solution’s molarity. Errors resulting from the inaccuracy of concentration will compromise the accuracy of subsequent experiments. The concepts of accuracy and precision are instrumental in determining the reliability and validity of findings (Stanton, 26).
Climate change has a negative impact on all living organisms in the natural environment either for the short-term and for the long-term. For short climate change, raise the sea level which will get over the coastal habitats everywhere, causing severe flooding, erosion, and disruption of low lying shorelines.
The neglect of chemistry by the philosophers of science has been unfortunate. Recent studies have proven that chemistry can contribute a tremendous deal of knowledge to overall science as it relates to sciences such as physics, psychology, and biology. These contributions include atomist, reductionism, chemical explanation, and physical law.
Most solid chemical compounds contain some water in small amounts that may be adsorbed on the surface of the solids whereas other solid compounds contain large quantities of water that are chemically bonded to the crystal. Chemical compounds that contain discrete quantities of water molecules in their crystal structure are called hydrates.
The best curves were obtained from the results and displayed in the results as well on the IgG concentrations against the absorbance. There is a realization that the resultant curves from 1/2000 and 1/4000 dilutions utilized more antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies are more expensive and their affordability is limited.
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The firms that need the enzyme applications offer significant considerations to the enzyme size because such elements assist in the determination of the effectiveness of separating them from the desired commodity. Huge particles have a large surface area to volume ratio, and the rate of reaction was slow. There is a prime between the reaction rate and separation.
The half-life of the Sotalol in dogs was 4.3 ± 0.4 hours and this is longer than any other beta-adrenergic blocker in dogs. The renal clearance of the drug was 4.21 ± 0.31 ml/ min/ kg in dogs. The total plasma clearance was around 90% and 72 ± 12 % of the drug was excreted unchanged in urine (Ishizaki and Tawara, 1979).