Chemistry Essays

The extent of hydrolysis was based on the time of reaction. The product is glucose if starch was completely hydrolyzed. The absence or presence of starch in the solutions was tested using iodine. Iodine never reacts with glucose, instead, forms a blue to black complex with starch.

Over last several decades, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased significantly. This increase is as a result of increased combustion of oil, coal, natural gas, and other carbon compounds. Carbon dioxide being one of the greenhouse gases, scientists around the world express concern over the rising levels of CO2 in the atmosphere.

cDNA is made from wholly transcribed mRNA found in the nucleus of cells and therefore contains only the expressed genes of an organism. Establishment of cDNA libraries is important in disease research, genome construction and research for drugs and alternative medicine.

The key is to take her muscle weakness and hypertension and find the link between them. Signs and Symptoms of GPE Conn’s Syndrome, which affects mainly younger patients, is largely asymptomatically or has very few symptoms present. For this case, the patient is only 30 years of age, so this gives added weight to the Conn’s syndrome diagnosis.

The author states that to keep the sample from getting oxidized, nitrogen was introduced into the furnace while it was made sure, that no oxygen entered it. Tin’s melting point was virtually determined through its transition from solid to a molten state. Tin was then shifted into a coffee can. The sand was already there in the can.

Research has shown that the plasmonic influences of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) contribute a very significant role in improvement of the signal, the importance of the chemical effect as a result of analyte chemisorptions on the surfaces of silver and gold is not widely acknowledge due to scanty research on the subject.

The process of O-methylation normally occurs in one of the degenerative pathways of catecholamine transmitters. In this regard, the pathways include dopamine degradation and betaxanthin biosynthesis. Encoded by COMT gene, Catechol-O-methyltransferase also plays a critical role in the metabolism of many catechol drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, Parkinson’s disease and asthma.

This means that on its own, the body should be able to either prevent diseases or fight against diseases to ensure constant healing. However, this functionality of the human body is limited to a certain extent as the immune system has not always achieved disease prevention and disease defenses (Andersson et al, 2000).

An emerging technology in the field of pharmaceutical in which prescription is passed through the lungs by the process of inhalation and enters the bloodstream through alveolar epithelium is known as pulmonary drug delivery. With its high efficiency it has proved very useful in today’s medical procedures as it provides an alternative method which seems to be cheaper and acceptable by patients as the risk involved with it is very minimal.

Chloroprene was earlier used for automobiles but it was replaced with TPEE because it has low durability. In addition, TPEE is widely used in Europe and North America because of its lightweight and its resistant properties to fatigue and chemicals. TPEE is produced through extrusion blowing at its melt state thus the resin must have good melt viscosity and tension in order to produce thickness distribution during extraction.

Introduction Thin-layer chromatography is a widely used analytical technique where the components of a sample are separated over a sorbent layer by the movement of an eluent by capillary action. The differences in migration and the attraction of the components to the eluent cause the separation on the TLC plate (Wall 2005).

The paper studies the process of diamond forming which is found to be a natural process under the Earth’s crust and brought forward to the surface through violent volcanic activity. Man-made Diamonds are also available and are being increasingly manufactured for large-scale industrial use, and the different equipment used through the life-cycle of its manufacture will be studied.

The report discusses the effect of surfactants and also investigates the idea of blending two surfactants, Span 80 and Tween 80. Furthermore, the report also covers the spectrophotometric analysis to determine the preservative actions of benzoic acid, methyl parabens and propyl parabens and also the supportive action of propylene glycol as a preservative.

Density Lab Report Introduction A density of a substance pertains to an intensive property of matter which relates mass to volume, where such density equals mass (m) per unit of volume (v). Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of substance and in the experiment, Archimedes’ method of displacement ought to be employed in determining the density of a penny (Adam, 2012).

A careful observation of the developments in the field of consumption of energy sources highlights a number of disadvantages of the excessive dependence on natural resources.

The stopper was inserted after swirling the mixture for 60 seconds. The pressure was released by inverting the funnel. The mixture was then shaken until a double layer was seen. The top layer was washed with 50ml of brine before adding sodium bicarbonate (50ml).

There are two classes of organic compounds. This are organic or inorganic. This implies that all chemical compounds that are not organic can only be inorganic. There are various classes of inorganic compounds in different groups, with the major group being the ionic salts which has compounds like sodium chloride (NaCl) commonly known as the table salt.

Enzymes lower the activation energy of the chemical reactions and thus accelerate the chemical reactions, for example oxidoreductases, transferases and hydrolases etc. On the other hand an inhibitor is a substance which binds to the enzyme and lowers the activity of enzyme.

During any reaction free energy is always emitted. This is the thermodynamic mass. Kinetics defines a reaction rate and time taken to arrive at equilibrium while thermodynamics provides details about the products obtained from equilibrium of a reaction. In organic transformations, a kinetic reaction is more stable at its reactant state.

The main driving force lies on the structure of valinomycin, it’s made up of 12alternating amino acids and esters which form a macro cyclic molecule, the twelve carbonyl groups are essential for binding K+ Ions also responsible for solavation in polar solvents, the isopropyl and methyl group are responsible for solavation in non-polar solvents thus exhibiting molecular duality, k+(potassium ions are octahedral co-ordinated in a square bi-pyramidal geometry of six carbonyl bonds in space of 1.33Angstrom which makes it select k+ potassium ion ten thousand times over sodium, thus potassium gives it stability of 10(6) from the complex it forms.

The purity of the ethyl produced Ethyl propionate is identified by use of 13C NMR, boiling point 1H NMR spectra and through its IR. The IR spectrum of the resulting Ethyl propionate had the following bonds C=0,-C-H, and R-O-‘R (ether). Moreover, the carbon NMR spectrum of the resulting ester had the same carbons in the structure of the produced Ethyl propionate.

However, the main reason behind ozone depletion is the presence of chemical compounds called chlorofluorocarbons (also known as CFCs) in the atmosphere. The reduction of the ozone layer has been causing various adverse effects on human health, ecology, and the environment.

Fireworks are generally composed of three chemical compounds; a fuel, an oxidizer, color producing compounds, a chlorinator and a binder. Manufacture of the fireworks is mainly done using chemicals that are non-toxic.

H. Jeffery). Such a method of analysis is ordinarily limited to determinations at relatively low concentrations. In a colourimetric chemical test the intensity of the color from the reaction must be proportional to the concentration of the substance being tested.  Some reactions have limitations or variances inherent to them that may give misleading results.  Most limitations or variances are discussed with each particular test instruction.  In the most basic colourimetric method the reacted test sample is visually compared to a known color standard.  However, the eyesight of the analyst, inconsistencies in the light sources, and the fading of color standards limit accurate and reproduci

The author provides an experiment, which has 1 independent variable, 1 dependent variable and 1 control variable. The independent variable is the various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, while the dependent variable is the rate of reaction in terms of oxygen production. The control variable is the temperature of the room and standard pressure.

A few years ago, organic food was typically found in local farmer markets and fresh stores but now it can be found almost all major supermarkets. Research shows that more and more consumers are tended to purchase organic food.

Without the presence of the enzymes, the catalysis of the chemical reactions would not have been possible, since they serve as the biological catalysts in the reactions (Bettelheim et al, 2008, p.614). The metabolic reactions are essential in the body since they allow the human bodies to survive.

This bond forms when a hydrogen atom binds to a strong electronegative atom of one molecule at the same time it covalently attaches to another electronegative atom in a different molecule (Chang, 2008). The electronegative atoms that form this kind of bond with hydrogen include oxygen, fluorine and nitrogen.

Acid-base titrations are applied in order to estimate the molarity either of an acid or a base used through a setup that consists of a burette that holds the ‘titrant’ and flask filled with ‘analyte’ or the solution with unknown concentration.

Rana, et al. (2012) suggests that isotopes bring about the existence of elements in many forms for example carbon 12 and carbon 14. Chemically, isotopes of a particular element have similar behaviors under similar circumstances. Due to the difference in their masses, isotopes differ physically, which explains why isotopes can be separated through processes such as fractional distillation.

Compared to paper chromatography, TLC is faster and offers better separation characteristics between the analytes or the chemicals being analyzed.  TLC chromatography technique is a rapid and effective method to detect the presence of chemical substances and identify them with the help of standards.

Thymine is also connected in transmission of genetic information as it is an integral part of DNA. Thymine is a heterocyclic organic compound. It contains a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring. Characteristic properties of heterocyclic compound are therefore seen with analysis of Thymine.

Cylindrospermopsin is a liver toxic alkaloid produced mainly by the cyanobacteria Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii albeit the toxin is also produced by Umezakia nations and other bacterial species. This toxic alkaloid is of great concern to the public health sector since it is highly soluble in water because it has both positive and negative charges.

At the moment, a majority of industrial undertakings in acetic acid production are dominated by methanol carbonylation and the oxidation of hydrocarbons such as ethylene, acetaldehyde among others. Advances in acetic acid synthesis and catalysis can be grouped into five broad categories.

Known as the e cigarette, the contraption is meant to aid the smoker in getting off his nasty smoking habit bu giving him the nicotine fix that he so craves, without the negative effects that smoking a cigarette gives. Or does it?

The NFPA diamond with a 0 at 12 o'clock, shows that the liquid will not catch fire, a 2 at 3 o'clock shows that the liquid will undergo violent chemical change under normal conditions, a 4 at 9 o'clock shows that the liquid is deadly and it should not be inhaled or allowed to touch a body part under any condition.

The Results were obtained and tabulated in a table, which were later used in the calculations of the heat energy. The heat energy, which evolved as a result of the reaction, was calculated and the reaction enthalpies compared for the four acid-base reaction.

The formation of an emulsion necessitates a high input of energy and the presence of at least one emulsifier in the system in order to aid in reducing the interfacial tension between water molecules and oil molecules. Then, following the molecular adsorption, an interfacial layer at the surface of droplets forms and protects the newly formed droplets from phase separation and coalescence.

There are many methods that can lead to formation or production of hydrogen. The interest in this scope is the compressed form of hydrogen, otherwise known as liquid hydrogen. Ammonia .NH3 is recognized as one of the attractive hydrogen H2 carriers because it has a high hydrogen content of 18% mass and it is easily liquefied under about 1 MPa of pressure at a room temperature.

However, the stomach contributed to the metabolism of alcohol through the gastric ADH. The alcohol that is fragmented down in the human body is converted to acetaldehyde. After this, the acetaldehyde is converted into acetic acid radicals that are also referred to as acetyl radicals.

This leads to a difference in the atomic mass although the atomic number is the same (McKinney, et al, 1995). However, since neutrons are chemically in active, the difference caused by neutrons does not affect the atoms chemically. As a result, isotopes have similar chemical reactions, but only differ physically due to their atomic mass difference.

When stress is applied, ions slide past each other then goes to different directions; ions of the same charge bumps and trying to repel each other; causing the atoms to spread. The material then breaks. In metals, the atomic structure consist more positively charged ions on a flow of negatively charge electrons.

Due to population growth and urbanization, more human activities have significantly contribute to the elevated mercury levels in the environment. It has been reported that more than 2500 tons of mercury emissions occur annually through anthropogenic sources.

These steroid hormones studies on steroid hormones shows that homones have certain degree of binding affinity to the corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) and gestagenic receptors. The data reduction was performed based on principle component analysis (PCA).

As discussed in this paper, titanium alloy exhibits high degree of tensile strength, low weight, and high resistance to corrosion, thermal strength and ease of fabrication at extreme temperatures. However, titanium is highly susceptible to dry chlorine gas, hypochlorite and reducing acids thus limits its production and uses.

This paper explores the various techniques through which human genes can be cloned from cDNA libraries and the methodologies used for the initial characterisation of an isolated cDNA clone. Prior to that, it is of the essence that one understands what a clone, a library and a vector is with reference to gene cloning.

This energy is utilized by the molecules to change phase, that is, from the liquid phase into the gas phase. The temperature at which the liquid changes into vapor, in which case, the vapor pressure of a liquid at this temperature equals to the atmospheric pressure, and it is referred to as the boiling point.

They have no electrical charges and light electrons which are negatively charged. The light electrons that are negatively charged are said to occupy the biggest volume of atoms and they determine how a specific atom interacts with other atoms (NSAC, 2009).

An example given by ATSDR is diacetyl which is used to flavor butter and causes constrictive bronchitis. The Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) also backs up this with evidence that diacetyl and other food additives have adverse health effects (Barrow 77).

He places a bottle that is turned upside down in a water bath so as to trap some air. A burning candle was placed inside the bottle that reacts with oxygen. Rutherford concluded that the remaining gas was nitrogen. Nitrogen comes from nitro and gen that means niter-forming.