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The author prepares eight nutrient broth cultures by adding 25 ml of nutrient broth to each of eight of the centrifuge tubes. He adds a colony of E. coli ATCC 15766 to each of four of the centrifuge tubes and adds a colony of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 157293 to each of four of the centrifuge tubes.
Production of aluminum in raw form requires huge amount of energy, various natural resources required to produce aluminum includes water and energy resources. Bauxite is utilized during the production of aluminum, which requires both
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It also has good thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties which are far better than normal graphites. The figure below shows a prylotic graphite (PG, 2014).
Because of its low particulates and chemical resistance
This problem is solved by using foam with water. The foam with water is treated water that reduces surface tension and this allows more surface area of water droplets applied to contact the fire. This necessitates increased heat transfer
The empirical formula of a substance tells us the relative number of atoms of each element it contains. Because of experimental errors, the results may not lead to exact integers for the ratios of moles. Thus we must multiply 2 to get the integers 2 and 3, for Fe and O subscripts respectively.
The 1M acidic and 1M basic stock solutions were diluted accordingly in five separate test tubes using distilled water. The five different acidic solutions were put in five test
To determine the molecular weight of the unknown, a standard solution containing a mixture of polymers of known molecular weight was used to calibrate the column. Table 1 below
Some of these techniques are High-performance liquid chromatography, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and Energy-dispersive X-ray Fluorescence. The objective of this paper is, therefore, to explain how the three techniques work, how they are applied in the industries, and their limitations.
Solar technological innovation are recognized as either inactive solar or effective solar based on the way they attract, turn and spread solar energy. Active solar methods consist of the use of solar sections and solar heat lovers to
In this experiment, the flame test of the unknown solution gave a pink color indicating the presence of potassium ions. The chemical reaction between the unknown solution and barium chloride followed by acidification using dilute nitric acid gave a white precipitate indicating the presence of sulfate ions, which resulted from the formation of barium sulfate that is insoluble salt.
Aromaticity is a characteristic of any planar system in which there is complete delocalization of pi electrons in the ring, and the system containing 4n+2 pi electrons in the ring is called aromatic. Examples: Benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, etc.
Using this volume, calculations performed revealed the theoretical mass of NaCl to be 1.493 g. To find the experimental mass, 25 mL of the solution obtained from the volumetric flask was heated 3 times over
This negative side pertains to its usage, its disposing off and other associated factors. The following are few of the positive and negative sides of plastic baggage usage. Its positives can be proven
A difference is however noted in the trend of toxicity of the four compounds. while values for Lethal Concentration 50 identify Ammonium nitrate as the most dangerous followed by sodium chloride, values for Lethal Dose 50 identify sodium chloride as the most dangerous followed by hydrofluoric acid.
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Even with their great usage, they pose a significant challenge in the form of adverse environmental effects resulting from their improper disposal. This necessitates the search for newer polymer types that are environmentally friendly. This can be attained through the development of chemical protocols requiring less energy.
The paper also shows that it may have no effect on the functioning of the protein. Since the substitution is not harmful to the DNA there are no changes to be observed. Impact on nutrition may not also be observed since the protein remains the same, save for the substituted amino acid (Ng and Henikoff, 870).
A 2 hoses reflux condenser was attached to the heated flask and the mixture was allowed to reflux for 15 minutes. The heat was turned off and the system was cooled. The reaction mixture was poured into a beaker containing saturated sodium
As a result, Van Deemter used this equation as to capture all the three aspects while including theoretical plate height as having a major influence. This especially observed on the mobile phase linear velocity
In addition, introductions section provides hypothetical proposition of each experiment together with brief description of procedures involved. Methodology section provides detailed description of procedures and steps employed in carrying out
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So according to a standard definition; isotopes are nuclides of a single element that have different atomic weight. The term ‘isotope’ meaning ‘same place’ was coined by Fredrick Soddy. (Criss 4). Isotopes can be further classified as either stable or radioactive
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Crystallography is done by use of X-rays and the concept of diffraction of light or electromagnetic spectrum. Crystalline structures have an effect on a beam of incident X-rays and cause them to diffract into
The article talks about the formation of the comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty that imposed a ban on nuclear tests across the world. This was after a series of nuclear tests that lead to environmental pollution and even death. This ban ensured that there is proper handling of chemicals to reduce their exposure to the environment.
Electrochemical reactions occur when a chemical reaction is followed after application of external voltage in a process known as electrolysis. This can be clearly illustrated by what takes place in a battery. In the same way, chemical reactions do occur in molecules;
Consumption of affected water is the key route through which exposure to the toxins arises. Traditional water treatment techniques are effective against cyanobacterial cells, but useless for removal of dissolved cyanobacterial toxins.
The chemical structures of molecules can thus be drawn.
The process is done by creating charged particles from molecules. The sample which may be solid, liquid or gas is charged by bombarding it with electrons. This results into the molecule sample disintegrating as
It is a question of every scholar whether gases have definite mass. We often are left with question whether it is possible to establish the relative weights of gases. Gases have relative weights and this experiments aims at approving this hypothesis
The author states that organic molecules contain carbon atoms that combine with other carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atoms to form polymers. Apart from these, water is the main constituent of a cell and all of us know how it is used in common households. Water, an inorganic compound, comprises 98-99 percent of the human body.
This should be avoided. A perimeter must be set up to protect emergency responders and the public. The transport load should be recognized with shipping documents, placards, or any
Fireworks' invention dates back to 200 B.C as an accidental kitchen explosion of a bamboo piece put in the fire due to lack of appropriate fuel. Since, then date, this crude invention has led to extremely advanced developments that saw it used even as a warfare tool (gun powder) (Ochiai, 2011, p. 111).
Early detectors were more qualitative than quantitative. Detector tubes that provide precision, accuracy and selectively are required. Dragger tubes have been made with the capacity to measure more than 300 gases and vapors (Drager 20). The draeger tube
pH is calculated by taking the negative log of the concentration of H+ ions present in a solution. A 1 molar sulfuric acid has a pH of zero while caustic soda or concentrated sodium hydroxide has approximately 14 pH. Substances react differently depending on the pH they have. Solutions having very high or very low pH are corrosive.
that the heat of enthalpy for NaOH to HCL was higher as compared to NaOH to CH3COOH, a factor attributed to the fact that in one case, a strong acid was used while in another case, a weak acid was used.
Conventionally, enthalpy changes when a strong base is mixed with a strong
This paper, therefore, concludes that ettringite is the key crystalline hydration outcome of CKD-FA, vibrator grinding for four hours is the most efficient mechanic-chemical activation technique. The addition of NaOH hastens chemical disbanding but lowers ettringite development in the hydration of the binder.
Chain growth polymerization can be symbolized using this chemical equation. (-M-)N (polymer) +M (monomer) -> (-M-) n+1 (Peacock and Allison 86). In this case, n refers to the degree or extent of polymerization and M occurs as an unsaturated
Clemmensen reduction method is normally preferable in cases where there is introduction of an n-alkyl group onto the underlying aromatic ring subsequent with the acylation. This is
According to Lardan H. understanding ‘Series of waves converges to series limit at an air wavelength of 364.60 mm …’ (Lardan, 1998, pp. 49 -53) clearly reveals that the
Epstein Barr Virus, commonly referred to as ‘EBV’ belongs to the herpes virus family. It is one of the most commonly found human viruses. This study used the samples of tonsils from patients suffering with the chronic tonsillitis. So, a total of fifteen tonsillar tissues were obtained from eight donors.
At this point, the ice bath is used to cool the solution in the flask to a temperature of -780 C. Then a cannula is used to transfer the solution of 1.47M butyllithium and hexane into a 100 mL calibrated cylinder, which should have a joint that is made of ground-glass. The cylinder should be dry, and septum stoppered.
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des calculation of the radiance balance (heat fluxes, heat conduction) and mass balance (freezing, snow accumulation, melt, evaporation) for the three chosen glaciers in Nepal. It was found that the glaciers in the humid areas show the increased mass wastage comparing
Basically, PVC is classified into broad categories which are thermoplastic and thermosetting resins.
PVC is linear in structure which comes about through head to tail addition of molecules to a polymer chain. These monomer
Reportedly, there is a significant overlap between therapeutic and toxic drug concentration ranges such as fungal-derived immunosuppressive drugs, Cyclosporin A also known as Prograf® and FK506 known as Tacrolimus ® commonly used after soft organ transplantation and in the treatment of autoimmune disease.
According to Hansen (15), the information provided by these groups link the origin of Ag to some stars. For instance, Crawford et al. (1998) claim to have identified Ag in seven stars. In relation to their assertion,
Organic chemist’s ability to predict the importance of new compounds before they are synthesized is still rudimentary (Wyatt and Warren 661). The possible medicinal uses of natural products with their diverse molecular structure have been and still are the subject of
The author states that the formula of Magnesium can be predicted with the use of atomic theory, which leads to the electron structure of Magnesium and Oxygen atoms. The aim of the experiment is to compare the empirical formula of Magnesium Oxide developed after the experiment with the formula developed during the experiment.
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There is no recommended dietary intake (RDI) for fibre as such in Australia. However, the Australian Department of Health has among its dietary goals for Australians an increased intake of fruit, vegetables, bread and cereals, all of which are sources of dietary fibre. The greatest amount of dietary fibre in wheat is in the outer layer or bran.
r, energy could shift between forms or undergo inevitable conversion from electricity to heat such as the kind of energy transformation taking place in a calorimeter. Following the law of conservation of energy which states that energy is given neither to generation nor
Using this approach, the concentration of the NaCl solutions could be directly determined. The PH of various solutions was also measured using an electronic PH probe, red
Questions: A) It is clearly seen that solubility rules are generally followed in all the experiments. By using them, it is possible to predict the outcome of almost any exchange reaction.
Generally, the addition of co-solvent is capable of increasing the solubility of hydrophobic substances such as the paracetamol drug according to recent studies. Organic solvents like alcohols are completely miscible with
A micro-emulsion may also be formed. As seen in the results, C1 has the highest value of droplet size before and after dispersing. Furthermore, it also has the highest creaming percentage, and by extension a high chance of coalescence. The addition of a second emulgent, coupled with adequate energy supply may cause a greater dispersion of the molecules to form an emulsion.