Chemistry Essays

The position and intensity of the peaks vary based on the source of the organic matter, such as household discharges, site geography, and farm discharges. By using various fluorescence indices, for example, humification index (HIX) and the tyrosine: tryptophan ratio (Tyr/Trp), one can distinguish the source of the contaminant.

The effect of particle shape on total porosity (round vs angular sand) also depends on various variables. Soil porosity is dependent on the size, shape as well as the mixture of grains. For instance, particle shape influences some constructing properties such as permeability and internal friction angle.

Every chemist at one point or another encounters the need to determine the structure of a compound. There are various methods that can be used to determine the structures and geometries of complexes such as the Nickel Triphenylphosphine complexes we are focusing on. UV-Visible spectroscopy.

A sample of Geritol syrup was analyzed for its iron content by the o-phenanthroline method. The intensely orange-red colored complex formed, i.e., iron-1,10-phenanthroline was read at 508 nm in a spectrophotometer (2 different models namely, Ocean Optics Spectrometer and Spectronic 20 Spectrophotometer. 

The author states that the conjugate acid or conjugate base of an indicator takes a color different from that of the original substance. In a titration, an indicator is added to a mixture with an unknown amount of analyte. An indicator changes its color once reacted to the titrant, signifying the equivalence point and endpoint of the titration.

Lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH, L-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of lactate to pyruvate in the presence of NAD+ as the oxidant. The enzyme assay is based on the conversion of lactate to pyruvate in the presence of the coenzyme NAD+ which, in turn, gets reduced to NADH.

Plasmids can also be used to propagate foreign genes and are referred to as vectors (Casali & Preston, 2003). In this practical, purified plasmid pBR322 was isolated from E-coli strains grown in the presence of ampicillin. It consists of 4,361 base pairs together with tetracycline (Tet) and antibiotic resistance genes for ampicillin (Amp).

The cells are grown in the presence of x-gal. If there is successful ligation, the colony will remain white, but if not, the colony would turn blue. This procedure is a simple and faster way of detecting successful ligated genes. The organic X-gal compound contains galactose which is associated with a substituted indole and is normally used to test the presence of β-galactosidase.

The biosensor is simple and less expensive to make and its performance can be easily tested compared to the TNT biosensor. The TNT biosensor has a limited detection with a catalytic response that depends on the concentration of the solution.  It also has high flexibility and therefore, highly adaptable compared to silicon sensors.

The virtual online SEM is an instructional primer and tool that simulates the real instrument. It can greatly assist a learner to understand how scanning electron microscopy is used to produce clear images of specimens for scientific or industrial applications. It is also easier to learn to work with the real instrument after working with a virtual SEM.

The AMMRF Myscope website provides SPM modules that make it easy to understand the principles of working of AFM. The virtual online AFM is an instructional primer and tool that simulates the real instrument. It can greatly assist a learner to understand how atomic force microscopy is used to produce high-resolution images of specimens for scientific or industrial applications.

Measurement of glucose concentration is a basic laboratory technique that can be utilized in both clinical and industrial applications. Accurate measurements of glucose concentration are very significant in the diagnosis and management of diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, and hypoglycemia.  

Control of wetting behavior of both liquids and solids by measurement of contact angle has some important industrial applications, such as the establishment of how clean semiconductor wafers are, penetration of pesticides when applied to plants, waterproofing materials among many other fields of applications.

Synthesis of three dimensional ZnO nanostructures through the hydrothermal process by use of ammonia and zinc acetate at a temperature of 65oC yields successful results. The temperature during the synthesis process has an effect on the particle size, bandgap, sensitivity, and structural defects. Increase in temperature beyond the required temperature results in an increased size of particles.

Photometry equipment was switched on and the solutions were aspirated into the unit one by one. The results from the readings were recorded in a table. When the solution was passed through the flame the solvent matter evaporated leaving the metals behind. The flame burned the metal into an atomic state. The metals iron moved from a lower energy level to a higher energy level.

In this lab, different materials were used as beams to determine the characteristics of such materials. The materials under test included aluminum, brass, and steel. However, the lab makes use of the simply supported beam. The deflection of the beam is determined by hanging a known mass at the center of the beam.

To produce the test specimen, three samples will be produced for the concentration of each salt solution. K2CO3, NaCO3, NaSO4, and NaCl solutions of different concentrations will be prepared at room temperature by mixing separately with 100ml of Deionised water. Quantifying portions will be used carefully to give the precise concentration of salts solution.

The amount of NaOH used affects the concentration of nanoparticles of iron oxide produced. According to Husein, Rodil and Vera (2003), using water dilutes the microemulsion solution, and therefore a less concentrated microemulsion solution of iron oxide nanoparticles is expected. The effect of water is often described by the water to surfactant molar ratio.

When the transition metals bond with the ligands, repulsion occurs between the d orbitals electrons and the ligands which consequently steps up the energy of the d orbitals.  Because of the characteristic arrangement of the d orbitals in space, the energy is not stepped in a similar manner but splits into two groups.

The energy requirements of contemporary society demand significant advances in battery science and technology. The storage capacity of rechargeable Lithium-air batteries tends to be very high. The theoretical specific energy, on the basis of the mass of Lithium in isolation, has been observed to be in excess of 10,000 watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg).

The graph shape, in this case, can be explained at a molecular angle as: There is was the production of zero benzoquinone in the course of oxidization of the catechol. Later, melanin was formed as a result. The color of the solution became deeper (from pink to brown) as the size of the polymer increased.

Impedance measurements were made when the electrodes were being put slowly to fill the melt surface. A drop of impedance was recorded when the electrodes initially came into contact with the surface. The electrodes were then dipped into the melt deep and then retracted slowly to a shallow depth where it was left for approximately ten minutes.

The reactivity is studied within the group and the period of the elements. When the element in the compound is more reactive than the independent element, there is no reaction. For metallic elements, their reactivity reduces across the periodic table as one moves from left to right. The elements in the periodic table shift from metallic to metalloids.

The study of enzyme kinetics also represents the principal way to identify potential therapeutic agents that selectively enhance or inhibit the rates of specific enzyme catalyzed. Together with site directed agenesis and other techniques that probe protein structure, kinetic analysis can also reveal details of the mechanism.

The graphene layer is rolled up into a cylinder to form carbon nanotubes (CNT). The formation of type SWNT or MWNT is decided by the shape and size of the particle and the surrounding environmental conditions. A buckyball is constituted of 60 carbon atoms arranged in 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons and looks like a “truncated icosahedron".  

It is undeniable that replacing cement with another material to construct buildings and other structures will be a greater challenge, thus the better way to minimize the negative effects of this industry is a global effort to continue innovating and improving the processes to ensure that the cement industry does not help destroy the environment.

Global tracing of stearic acid and its derivatives are subjected to the terms of a particular country’s tariff regulations. In the year 2004, for example, the Indonesian government calls for a reduction in the tariff of its stearic acid product in its trading transactions with The Republic of China (World Trade News, 2004).

Rock salt occurs in an extensive stretch of sedimentary evaporite rocks that are the result of drying enclosed lakes, seas and playas. It forms when saline water evaporates in basins that are somewhat enclosed. This mineral is very prevalent worldwide, and occurs in underground deposits - more so in non-arid areas - and as a solution in seas or oceans as well as in several inland lakes of the arid areas.

Scientists have accurately established that atoms achieve the status of stability by either losing gaining or sharing electrons. The nucleus comprises the neutrons and the protons. The addition of the neutrons and the protons gives the atomic mass of any specific element in the periodic table.

In Belgium, in 2008, an incident occurred at a refinery in Antwerp. The company produces fuels like butane, propane, benzene, kerosene and gas oil. On the day of the incident, a power line failed to render the refinery without electric power supply. This caused a safety valve to open and release approximately 40m3 of hydrogen sulfide.

Sterilization is a complicated process as individual ingredients in a formula, the container and the closure all need to be sterilized before they are combined. The product cannot be sterilized once it is in its sealed container, which means that the combining of ingredients, the filling and final sealing must be carried out in a controlled environment of very high status.

What is the structure of thebaine? Thebaine (6,7,8,14-tetrahydro-4,5-epoxy-3,6-dimethoxy-17-methylmorphinan), has the structure shown above. It has the formula C19H21NO3. Thebaine has been obtained via the utilization of the crystal X-ray method which is conducted at low temperatures (Mahler & Stevens, 1996).

The common atoms are those of nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen that are found attached to the atoms of carbon Bloomfield V., Crothers D., Tinico I, (2000).Every atom of carbon has a valence of 4 and this makes the atoms being formed more complex.

The author of the following paper states that these toxic substances in the working environment can cause physical, chemical, and biological to workers. The table below shows occupational hygiene hazards, their state of matter, the ways through which they enter the body, and the duration or nature of exposure.

In the collection and treatment of municipal wastewater, many developed countries depend on a centralized aerobic wastewater treatment system. Few methane emissions are produced by these municipal wastewater treatment systems, but there can be a high rate of methane emissions from large amounts of biosolids.

The plastics industry is one of the many chemical industries that has had the greatest impact in human life. Ironically, not so many people are quite aware of the extent this industry has had in virtually every aspect of their life. It is practically impossible to imagine a world without plastics today. 

Methanol (CH3OH) is known as the ideal liquid form hydrogen source for fuel cells because it is easier to produce hydrogen from methanol which has one carbon molecule. Methanol is a fuel and the potential applications of methanol include its use as a hydrogen carrier for fuel cell technology applications and turbine fuel for electric power generation.

Humans have always been familiar with catalysts in their everyday lives, for example in the making of soaps, fermentation of wine to vinegar. The name Catalyst was first proposed by Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius in the years 1835. The word has been derived from the two Greek terms ‘kata’ which means down and ‘lying’ which means loosen.

It is generally common in organic chemistry to encounter molecules that comprises mainly of carbon structure with various functional groups being attached to the carbon chain. Regardless of the molecule containing the functional group, its unique chemical properties are given by the functional group thereby influencing their chemical reactivity.

Carbon is a group 14 semi-conductor element that falls within the second period of the periodic table. It is represented by symbol C, has an atomic number of 6 (Z=6), and its electronic configuration is of the form 1s2 2s2 2p2 at the ground state. The distribution of electrons, neutrons, and protons within the atomic structure of carbon is illustrated.

These remote sensors can either be passive or active sensors. The passive sensors will respond to external stimuli. On the other hand, active stimuli will respond to the internal stimuli and do not depend on the earth’s reflected energy (Fix, Andreas, et al p 818206). The paper also highlights the advantages of the FTIR method.

Clearance decontamination is the last level of contamination that necessitates equipment’s as well as personnel’s decontamination to a level that can allow disposal, employment, maintenance as well as transportation at no restrictions. Clearance decontamination is necessary for chemistry departments whereby it is done on the equipment, facilities, etc.

The lipids are obtained in diet through oil and fats. Nutritionally, oil makes the foods that human beings eat to be palatable and bring a sense of satiety. Omega-3 oil that is obtained from fish is good for the health of the heart since they are low in cholesterol. The fat adipose tissues are used during starvation by being broken down by the body 

In the second task, the learner must complete a series of practical tests and produce a report identifying an unknown organic compound. You will also have to interpret spectra relating to the unknown compound. This will cover some criteria which have not

So in any combustion of fuel there must be correct balance of time and mixing of fuel so that a proper combustion of fuel must take place and this will also minimize flame impingement and will provide highest combustion efficiency and return it will reduce emission of harmful gases into the environment.

The development of fire protection measures is constantly challenged by architects with unique features and structures. As a result, fire protection engineers use performance-based designs. In this case, the engineer has to be aware of a fire scenario and the ability to predict fire behavior with practical engineering tools.

Relationship of neuronal function to nutrition: All the nervous system phases including the activities at synapses and axons are influenced by nutritional status. The brain is fueled by glucose, and glucose is metabolised in presence of minerals and vitamins in the mitochondria, to form energy intermediates like adenosine triphosphate.

The experimental setup consisted of water with a cleaning agent (electrochemical corrosion) and freshwater with oxygen (chemical). In such circumstances as these, water with a cleaning agent catalyzed the corrosion process of the metal while conditions with oxygenated water occurred naturally and slowly as compared to its counterpart.

Not all of the cells are transformed, due to inefficiencies, a given portion of the cell takes up the plasmid. The transformation efficiencies for the colonies in the second ligation plate had 20100 transformance/µg, which is higher compared to transformation efficiencies in the first ligation plate which had 21 transformance/µg.

UV light absorption causes most of the sunscreen active ingredients to undergo structural changes or chemical reactions on the skin. Normally, these ingredients quickly return to their original state to absorb more UV radiation. However, these ingredients may degrade with time and lose their UV protectiveness, hence lowering the absorbance (Lowe).