Psychology Essays

Two articles investigated the impacts of terrorism on specific populations. The first article is “The Effects of Terrorism: The Aftermath of the London Terror Attacks” by Bux and Coyne (2009) and the second article is “The Impact of the Madrid Bombing on Personal Emotions, Emotional Atmosphere and Emotional Climate” by Conejero and Etxebarria (2007).

The Breakfast Club was designed to explore stereotypes as they collided in the framework of Saturday morning detention which served to create an equalizing element. In detention, all the power and social structures were contained within the individual, without the support of peers, thus breaking down some of the barriers between the characters.

Daniel Goleman has revolutionized the concept of intelligence. The studies of human intelligence are presently a flourishing field of scientific inquiry with a broad range of perspectives and approaches leading to its understanding.  It is in this context that the role of working memory in the functioning of intelligence should be investigated.

The insights gained from psychobiology are very helpful in this regard, partly due to the major advances in scientific knowledge and medical technology, such as more powerful MRI and PET scan machines which can actually monitor the changes going on inside the human brain due to an interaction between drugs and disease, for example.

Aggression is defined by the way in which one person has an effect on the other, the intention of that effect being some form of harm. The various forms of aggression outline sets of behaviors through which individuals seek to gain something from the action. The types of behaviors that exist are developed through observation on the success of those behaviors.

Stress has been significantly associated with several illnesses within the human body. Although in several cases, the disease may not be a direct result of the effect of stress, however, it can be concluded that stress has the capability to enhance the effects of a particular disease that an individual is already suffering from.

This proposal will involve primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions to address the issue of substance abuse, more specifically drug abuse and addiction. The proposed program will cater mainly to adolescents (10 to 18 years) and young adults (18 to 25 years), the age groups most prone to substance abuse.

Being happy required stepping away from ourselves and creating happiness in others without expecting payback or recognition. People are unique, and each person should strive to achieve happiness without any interference. Human happiness is influenced by several factors, some of which are beyond human control.

Norm using in psychological tests is highly used and readily accepted in society, and they assist in interpreting psychological tests. In order to reach the best findings and interpretations, psychologists should always use test instruments in their practice of psychology. There is also a need to consider if research supports the presumptions underlying. 

Maslow’s Theory of Human Development asserts that human beings intrinsically want things and are motivated to yearn for what they lack in their lives. Moreover, once one’s particular level of needs is satisfied, they no longer motivate people. They are motivated to pursue higher needs instead. The highest level of human needs is self-actualization.

Through healing rituals, group enactments and self-revelation in drama therapy, participants form deep and meaningful connections among themselves. This is crucial in making their life journeys seem sacred and significant in their own existence. In these groups, people teach, learn and heal from one another, which is significant in mental healing. 

Burgess was of the opinion that scientific research could establish the quality of a marriage. In effect, Burgess turned his views into a logical conclusion and developed a technique for predicting success in marriage through analytical procedures. Burgess structured his research design to determine the predictive outcomes in a successful marriage.

Piaget and Erikson contributed a lot to the field of developmental psychology. Though drawing inspiration from diverse sources in the 20th century, their contributions cannot be ignored despite the time gap. The paper highlights similarities as well as differences between the two stages. Stages were the main focal points of the theories with each preceding stage unique from the next. 

The item characteristic curve (ICC) is a mathematical expression that links the probability of success on an item measured to its characteristics. Within this mode of recognition, it is understood that there are infinite possibilities for IRT models; still, there is only a limited amount in practical use. 

The experimental results were analyzed using the t-test. A primacy effect was shown among the first serial position. At a significant level 0.05, the values were calculated to be 0.21 for the immediate recall, which was greater than the critical value hence the primacy effect was proved. A strong recency effect displayed with the late positions of the immediate recall.

Men and women have similar communication techniques. Differences emerge when they are communicating in detail. It is difficult to identify a clear distinction of the communication approach used by both genders. However, their uniqueness is identifiable in the critical expression of their knowledge. The communication technique cannot be judged as a suitable approach to relaying information.

A study conducted by Wolffe and Sacks (1997) had found lower performance at school among visually impaired children. The study used a total sample size of 48 with an equal number of sighted, blind, and low vision children. The research followed a quantitative approach towards the research where a questionnaire was used as a research instrument.

The therapist seems to be making use of the technique of interpretation as an element of psychodynamic counselling approach by attempting to interpret the feelings of the client by reading between the lines. Although Jeremy has allowed the client (Simone) to freely talk of her past experiences and feelings, he interjects with possible interpretations.

REM is mainly thought to process a particular day’s events. The second theory counters the belief by REM theorists that the rapid movement of the eyes happens during dreaming to reflect whatever the person was doing with the eyes during the night (Jung, 1963). They argue that babies in the womb also do that and it can only be of other factors but not dream.

Policies and programs recommended by federal governments demonstrate more constructive options presented to respond to challenges induced by mental illness. In turn, the elements should provide intensive services within the communities for purposes of aiding mentally ill individuals and leading functional lives (Reid, 2011).

Pain is a universal sensation, meaning that all people can experience it in the same form. At the same time, it is a well-known fact that different people tend to experience pain differently: some are excited about making piercing and easily withstand another session of tattoo making while for others even a regular injection causes many sufferings. 

The amount of perceptional change with respect to sexuality was evaluated in the paper. The focus was on females who had no conventional sexual beviour as well as sexual attitude. The paper was designated for a review of such cases over a time period of two years. The change between bisexual females and lesbians were discussed.

The interviewers may have failed to capture some important information that is expressed by the interviewees through other communication means other than words. For instance, if they had conducted face to face interviews, could be that they could have gathered some information through interviewees body reactions.

Most parents have in the past been cited to support or defend their children when cases of bullying behaviors are reported. This is dangerous in that children involved in such behaviors feel that they are supported by their parents. In some instances, when some parents are defending their bullying children, they are fond of using the phrase “kids will be kids”.

Even though nowadays religion has lost its previous influence, the Bible still insists on the existence of a higher power which in its own way directs earthly life, its fate and destiny. And that is one of the reasons why scientists do not like to talk about obsession. A great number of facts, both in the Bible and mental hospital records, describe incomprehensible events.

The history of this term takes us back to the times of Aristotle, who had chosen the term “pathos” [pl. pathe] for the emotions. Like Plato, he was convinced that only a reasonable regulation can give true freedom and responsibility, but his experience (theoretical, medical and pedagogical) showed that the fight with emotions is useless. 

According to some social psychology scholars such as Cast and Burke (2002), the presence of people helps significantly in improving the performance of an individual. However, the measure of the level to which they help in improving the performance is not defined. The nature of human behavior tends to be confusing.

Studies have shown that domestic violence has remained a hidden problem in that, many are the times that victims of the violence remain silent despite the torture they may be going through. It is also seen that in most cases the victims suffer from the abuse repeatedly and stay in the abusive relationship. Others leave but still go back after some time to the same person with the hope that the perpetrator has changed or ‘making things work’. 

The standard error simply pertains to all possible error found within the sample mean values. Often times, the use of a bigger sample size can result in smaller values in standard error. In the study of medicine, the values of standard deviation and the standard error should be within the range of positive or negative 1.0 (Merritt, 2007, p. 160).

Theory of associative learning heavily dwells on what happens when two different stimuli are presented together. In this animal study. The main focus lies on the advantages of concurrently influencing theories of associative learning. This study showed that attention is a major contributor to association formation.

In the study by Pinel & Treit (1979), it was found that the kind of response noted depended not only on the kind of UCS but also on the properties of the stimuli. In this particular instance, two different signals coming from the same UCS were used. Pinel & Treit (1979) found that when the rats were subjected to diffuse tone.

The concept of predictive attribution as provided by social psychology reflects on the attributions made in a manner so as to predict future events. The case provides that other “fast-food companies fear that it could trigger a rash of further suits” resulting in more payouts. This indeed is not based on the conceptual arrangement of predictive attribution.

The tale of Sykes and Delia in Zora Neale Hurston’s (1997) short story, “Sweat”, throws light upon their abusive relationship and the rebellion that finally makes Delia assert herself. The story portrays the fact of how hatred keeps Delia from helping her husband out of his agony, and she prefers to see him die in front of her eyes.

A negative outcome of the attempt to perform forensic and therapeutic roles can be a professional failure and inability to fulfill all the requirements of a role. The nature of psychotherapy demands investigation of meaning and evaluating narrative truth while forensic aims at facts without regarding any biases and misconceptions of a patient.

The overall findings revealed a very wide variation on the final words remembered by the various participants. These results coincided with one of the Glanzerald’s suggestions that the final words includes the last part of the recency effect and is usually easy to recall those words under the interference task condition.

Reconciliation is the process of ensuring two groups can remain compatible. It is not about having concern on only one of the sides. In fact, the reconciliation cannot be about one side but rather indoctrination or assimilation (Ashmore and Jussim, 1997). Additionally, Mandela never seemed to be concerned with the pursuit, goals of either side.

I have noticed an improvement in my emotional intelligence as a result of undertaking this course. While I was always emotionally intelligent to a certain extent, yet the fact that now I know what emotional intelligence is and have learnt its benefits makes me even more conscious about perfecting this skill.

Male and women have a number of structural elements in their brain that are different. Structure refers to the brain actual parts and how they are built including their mass and size. The female brain often has a large hippocampus as compared with the male. Furthermore, the female brain always has a neural connection of high density in the hippocampus.

I have better communication with my father now which is important for me. The birth of my son made me realize that I must do more for him as I want to give him everything I was deprived during my childhood in both material and non-material aspects. It is interesting to see how my son made me forget about all the troubles of the past and concentrate on our family.

LePera (2011) investigated the relationship between boredom proneness and mindfulness, along with the correlation between mindfulness and negative impacts like anxiety and depression. LePera used the Boredom Proneness Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Mindfulness attention Scale and a substance use questionnaire to attain data for further analysis.

During the holocaust, more than six million Jewish people killed only due to the nationality by Third Reich and their allies. So literally more than 20 million people who served Nazi army in this or that period of the state existence found it right and acceptable to kill Jews just because they were proclaimed enemies of the state without experiencing personal hatred to them.

Frederick Bartlett first proposed the concept of schemas and conducted a large number of experimental studies on this subject. In one experiment, he gave participants unusual and complex stories such as The War of the Ghosts and asked them to retell them six or seven times over a period of time (Brain 2001).

Roy Baumeister, Jennifer Campbell, Joachim Krueger and Kathleen Vohs in their article on self-esteem try to learn if high self-esteem is responsible for better academic performance, interpersonal success as well as healthier and happy lifestyles. The emphasis on high self-esteem is on the rise from therapists, teachers and even parents.

These factors include “goals, beliefs, values, interests…” and the way the individual perceives reality. Adlerian believe that the holistic approach automatically follows, in that if a counsellor can help individuals, society as a whole will benefit. Alder’s theory will be integrated into my student counselling because it directs greater attention to the student as an individual.

The addictive personality can be a reason that coupled with a genetic predisposition will cause an individual to need help to recover from the drug. Implications for treating it as a disease will mean that more people will receive assistance for there addiction and there may be more research into the causes and reasons why people find themselves addicted.

In the contemporary world, fame is associated with financial and societal excellence as individuals of such nature command great admiration such that their appearance either in the show business or marketing of products attracts considerably huge pay. The media has continued to play a major role in making people famous.

Certain factors may influence the kind of response that one provides in relation to his wellbeing. The measures of SWB may be biased depending on the situational factors that prevail at the time such information is sought. Researchers have shown that an evaluation of global life satisfaction may be affected by the mood of the respondent at the response time. 

Aaron Beck was able to create his style of therapy as a result of his experiences that he obtained not only from his education, but also from the lifestyle in which he lived.  As a result of his fundamental understanding of behavior and cognition, he was able to design a revolutionary style of therapy that incorporated the once two separate fields.

It is important however that people learn to understand that true happiness and freedom comes from within them. Each person can learn to be happy and live a free life with no matter how much little he or she has. The true desire therefore should be with how to seek happiness within rather than seeking happiness from external source such as the fast technological advancement.

A major reason why abnormality definitions differ between cultures is because of the ways in which people undergo mental disorders. In attempts to define abnormality one certainly has to confront cultural biases, which often raises the question of whether mental disorders are impacted by the fact that some abnormalities are highly specific in a few cultures.