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Not only human beings but animals also face aggression in their life. It is such behavior, which intends to injure the other party. In other words, it can be said that aggression is the presentation of an aversive stimulus to a victim, which is usually unwilling. Aggression has two main types that are hostile aggression and instrumental aggression (Bernstein, 2010).
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PTSD affects intimacy, parenting, and caregivers with different impacts being felt by different persons depending on emotional attachment variables. It would therefore be expected that spouses and children would experience the highest emotional and financial burden than a house help or members of the extended family (Boxer et al, 1996).
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Nicotine is treated in a similar manner by providing nicotine through alternate means until the individual stops associating the effects of nicotine with the act of smoking. The dose of nicotine is then slowly reduced until the brain adjusts to lower and lower levels of the drug and finally achieve pre-addiction responses.
These children have significantly low academic performance as their requirements are not addressed properly. All the five fingers are not equal, so is every individual on this planet. The mental calibre of every child is not the same, so to make a low performing child better in academia and studies, the rectification of his needs and wants along with learning deficiency should be fulfilled.
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Early childhood is the period from birth to eight years. In this stage, the child is actively growing both physically and intellectually. The major development task in early childhood is the development of various foundational skills where, by the time the child is three years old the height doubles, weight quadruple, and has mustered a number of skills.
Erikson’s eight-stage psychological development model can be used to assess the past life experiences of an individual. Each stage is associated with either positive or negative development outcomes. Positive outcomes lead to more satisfaction with life and better outcomes in the next development stage.
According to Trayner Corporation (2003), “those who are strong in Dominance (high D’s) like to take action to achieve the results they desire; those who are strong in Influence (high I’s) seek contact with all types of people and look for opportunities to generate enthusiasm from those around them.”
The mere choice of only wearing a uniform to school improves students’ social environment in school, discouraging the need to wear ‘cool’ clothes in order to fit in. Wearing a school uniform even decreases the chances of students joining gangs or engaging in violence or crimes.
Information reception, storage, and maintenance are highly influenced by background conversations at the time information are being absorbed; say when reading or studying. Speech and/or music in the background affect memorization or the extent to which an individual can remember what he/she has read or studied.
In this regard, how can a person tame their tongue to be tuned to match the numerous accents available all over the world? This is a very difficult phenomenon because even amongst our same, we may pronounce words differently. More so, this is just like the various biological differences that vary from person to person, yet they do not make any of us superior to the other.
According to Sigmund Freud, human beings are under control of the id, the ego, and the superego that controls the desires and satisfaction. Civilization and its discontents (Freud) largely dwells on the superego, ego, and the id nature of humankind that mainly aims at benefiting one's desires but fails to protect the surrounding environment (Heffner).
I have had a number of experiences with people using the Ego’s defense mechanisms such as a friend of mine. Whenever he is annoyed, he is always pushed into unconsciousness and he normally try to forget the cause of anxiety. He does not always want to talk about the issue or even engaging in activities that may remind him of the source of anxiety.
Sexual offenses have been increasing in the last few years, it has now become both a social and a health problem; a social problem because of the challenges that face a society with such offender in terms of security and relationships, and a health problem because of the medical complications that the victims face (Barbaree & Marshall, 2008, p176).
Autism is a collection of disorders in brain development that are all together referred to as autism spectrum disorder. The term spectrum is used to encompass the variety in which the disease presents itself. This can be the symptoms, skill level of the patient, the impairment level, or the disability shown by children suffering from autism spectrum disorder.
This relates to the development of a person. According to Freud, it is evident that he tries to explain why persons behave in various ways during their young ages. Oral stage: At this stage, Freud explains that children experience the world through their mouths as adults experience the same through actions such as nail biting and overreacting.
Online social networks were used to recruit participants who were then selected at random. Residency within the locality of the study was the inclusion criteria to facilitate access during data collection. Participants were then contacted on phone, the scope of the study explained to them, and an appointment made for data collection.
The test on the subject between variables on the density versus gender shows that there they are not related at all. This is shown by the F value which is less than 0.05. The research findings are in line with the literature (Dovidio1982) whereby the females were more likely to get help as compared to the males.
Even though acute and corresponding chronic stress is the renowned risk factor for myocardial infarction and abrupt cardiac death, the presence of the causal connection has been perceived with skepticism. Nevertheless, an escalating body of evidence confirms a connection though the mechanisms remain indeterminate.
This paper illustrates that cognitive psychology evaluates how mankind acquires and applies the knowledge and/or information in their day to day activities. Cognitive psychology is closely affiliated to the interdisciplinary cognitive science and also influenced by artificial intelligence, computer science, anthropology, biology, physics, and neuroscience.
The study hypothesized that the perception of animals as dangerous and harmful would be significantly related to fear of the specified animals. After undertaking the correlation the most significant relationship was found between fear, harmlessness, and strangeness. This means that very ugly and harmful animals elicited more fear.
The independent variable of our experiment is the syntactic complexity of the sentences, and the dependent variable is the accuracy of response to a question. Therefore, the hypothesis is that the sentences with fewer transformations will result in subjects recalling better than those with more transformations, and will decrease subject’s reaction time.
The victim may avoid making major decisions, such as switching careers and other vital decisions that may tend to be highly stressful. Such decisions may worsen the victim's situation or even add more problems because of their consequences. The victim needs also to find enough time for adjustment to the situation.
Creation of a positive attitude towards the subject can improve understanding in students. Studies have shown there is a relationship between emotions and learning. Students tend to learn better when they are in a good mental state about themselves and have a positive attitude towards the subject. The same applies to the teachers.
Less agreeable people have better relationships with other people in society, show high levels of happiness and maintain poor relationships. They mostly end up having better careers, especially because they strive to win the support of other people as most people consider their personality as rather unpleasant (Hofstede and Robert 55).
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Sleeping disorder is a form of medical disorder affecting mental, physical as well as emotional functioning. It is associated with inappropriate sleeping patterns as for instance, failure to falling or continuing with the sleep, feeling of sleepiness at inappropriate times, excessive sleep period, projection of abnormal behaviour during periods of sleep and many more.
Personality is a representation of distinctions and attributes that make up and influence human thought and behavior. But it is such a complicated topic that a simple definition does not justify its richness therefore researchers and psychologists have developed parameters and explanations to give an accurate understanding of these distinctions within a personality.
Imagine one hanging out with friends after a long busy week. One is just enjoying themselves with talks, games, and some drinks. One enjoys themselves for several hours after realizing that it is a bit late for them to get home. They understand that one has been there for some hours taking drinks, but none of them show any sign of being drunk.
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric illness that is characterised by hallucinations, delusions and disorganised behaviour or speech. Medical researchers have identified numerous factors that lead to the illness such as prenatal development, genetics, psychological processes and neurobiological disorders
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The prisoners with high ‘Impulsive-Antisociality’ were easily able to rectify their deficiency of reporting about the second target than the prisoners who scored low on the same scale. Therefore, my view about the AB paradigm among the people having a high score on externalizing behavior has changed.
Counseling Psychology is my career choice. It is suitable for me because, it marches my attributes, abilities, talents, and academic competence. In addition, This career shall underscore my passion, interests, attributes, and opportunities among other stops, connections, persons, literature, and works of guidance and counseling that largely remain a darling to my heart.
Simply stated, this theory refers to the way in a person may understand and know themselves within a group setting. One of the significant contributions that Tajfel gave in this theory is that the social groups that people belonged played a key part in influencing self-esteem and instilling a sense of pride.
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PTSD has several symptoms which include: anxiety, depression, loss of control, low self-esteem, nightmares as well as feelings of tension. Families of veterans often share these symptoms. Some research has found the spouses going through guilt, anxiety, recurring distressing dreams, and depression even though they never actually went to war.
Parent are advised to provide enough warmth to infants in order to protect them from adverse weather conditions and diseases. Moreover, it is also important to expose them to sounds such as music (this should, however, be regulated). Children should also be allowed to look at televisions at safe distances so to nurture their visual skills.
People continually better their ability and capacity to achieve a stable and lasting happy state of mind. This “pursuit of happiness” does has social and political dimensions, as societies and states which provide their citizens with the fundamental needs and liberties do create an environment that better nurtures self-growth and leadership.
The author explains that people of this group possess a fear of being humiliated or harassed by their actions. Their fear may be so rigorous that it hampers with school, work, or other day-to-day activities. Whereas many people with social anxiety realize that their fear of being with people may be unreasonable or excessive.
It has been estimated that only 5% of smokers who intend to quit smoking get through succeeding in stopping smoking permanently. This is because of the many factors associated with the process of recovery. Moreover, the individual's motivation to quit smoking is what gets the person to move successfully towards the objective to be done.
Change is usually a widely inadmissible idea for most people. Other individuals, however, are not bound to the norms of society. Such individuals will put extra effort to initiate necessary change in society. According to a Christian Science monitor (1), these individuals are entitled to the difficult tasks facing society.
Learning is enhanced by using the most effective method of instruction that keeps the learner engaged. Emphasize has been put on having one-one student interaction as it acts as a motivator to a student who feels that the teacher is focused on them as opposed to teaching a big class where students are different.
The application of psychological concepts in Buddha requires one’s perseverance, diligence, and patience. Scholars and professionals have been using Buddhist psychology to reduce human suffering by utilizing disciplines like psychiatry, nursing, social work, and medicine. Buddhism psychology can have negative effects if not applied well; it can lead to insanity and depression.
Both psychoanalysis and behaviour therapy are effective even though their methods are completely opposite. The difference between the approaches is that psychoanalysis tends to get rid of the deep-down personal traumas in order to influence the consequences when behaviour therapy works with the consequences of changing the behaviour patterns into new ones.
Erickson sought to develop a theory that would explain the role of the environment in negotiating different stages throughout the lifespan. However, it appears that Erickson gave more attention to infancy and childhood and described the crises in these stages in depth. However, the stages that define the crises in adult life did not receive much attention.
This was after the start of prosecution of World War II criminals who had participated in the mass murder of millions of people because of what is believed to be out of obedience. The experiment was aimed at measuring the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who ordered them to perform certain actions.
It has been identified as useful in the treatment of numerous problems varying in nature (Nevid, 2009). Research has demonstrated that it has successful outcomes in the treatment of depression, anxiety conditions such as phobias, BPD and GAD, and other problems like psychosis, sexual issues, and sleep difficulties (Hofmann & Reinecke, 2010).
The manner of the study depicts a researcher who ignored sampling as a crucial stage in any psychological research. The study strictly recruited men, and it is interesting how Milgram used a population of the same cultural and socio-economic backgrounds (Milgram, 2009). He ignored the fact that scientific authority compels individuals to react in a certain way.
Counseling is fast becoming a well-sought after profession. The selection of an appropriate psychotherapist or counselor requires careful considerations in understanding the diverse therapies used in the process. Even though most approaches are deemed effective, the affected parties may find ideal techniques to be more appealing as compared to others.
Every research involving human participation has to go through a process that is formal in the review of the ethics of research. In my view, the confidentiality of the participants should be highly regarded during the research process. Members are to fully disclose what the research entails, why their participation is required, risks, and benefits of the study.
The basic factor as to why various individuals may vehemently fail to lose unwanted body weights is because these individuals overly rely on dietary elements of weight-loss programs such as heavy lifting as opposed to the psychologically motivational weight-loss factors. Perse, issues accompanying weight-shed are broader than dietary ones, and weight-loss program offers.
The participants had 15 minutes to answer 30 questions 15 of which were of the high level of processing and 15 of low. In the process of answering the questions participants were presented with a distractor- they had to name the alphabet backwards. After each answer, a participant had to recall the only letter from the English alphabet.
Reconciliation is the process of ensuring two groups can remain compatible. It is not about having concern on only one of the sides. In fact, the reconciliation cannot be about one side but rather indoctrination or assimilation (Ashmore and Jussim, 1997). Additionally, Mandela never seemed to be concerned with the pursuit, goals of either side.
There is concern about whether society should attribute mental disorders to individuals. We shall evaluate and address the concerns raised by moral skeptics. People should not be classified as having mental disorders, as the illness lacks a scientific basis and can’t be diagnosed through an autopsy, and can’t follow a defined biological pathology.