Psychology Essays

The problem of normalcy and abnormality in clinical science has been a debatable subject for a long period. This paper seeks to verify whether there are precise boundaries for abnormal behavior.  The terms mental illness, mental disorder, and psychopathology are frequently applied interchangeably by experts in psychology and related disciplines; all are associated with the study of abnormal or unusual behaviors.

According to the paper alcoholism poses serious health risks like heart and blood pressure complications as well as social problems like loss of a job due to absenteeism. According to statistics, social drinking contributes much to the problem of drinking in society today. The bio-ecological model is an evolving theoretical system for the study of human development.

Eating disorders can be manifested as either consuming extremely small portions of food or severe overeating. In essence, eating disorders are characterized by abnormal eating patterns that are as a result of other pre-existing mental illnesses such as stress, depression, substance abuse, anxiety disorder, and obsessive concern over body weight and shape.

He defended psychoanalysis strongly but would later differ from Sigmund Freud’s structural theory and develop his own self-theory. He made notable contributions to the field of Psychology. His theory of self had four fundamental components. These components include the nuclear self, biological component, and the one born in infants.

The affected person’s family experiences financial problems due to the regular treatment of the disease.  The continued treatment of the disease leads to the patient as well as his or her family members experiencing spiritual doubts and this calls for psychiatric help. There are also cases of dementia and delirium resulting from brain metastases.

The paper has discussed that social psychology offers a great insight into understanding human behavior. The paper has discussed various contemporary theories in social psychology that tends to explain various ways that behaviors can be acquired and observed thus, creating great insight on social behavior.  

Maggie is a woman who is psychologically and emotionally strong. However, she still suffers from stress despite her strong will to solve the problems of her family. Indeed Maggie must have been deeply stressed since the doctor noted her high blood pressure. Maggie’s strong-willed character manifests very clearly in Selye’s stress theory.

 Moreover, the emerging psychiatric and psychological complications which are brought about by drug abuse and alcoholism addictions have proved to have severe implications for the prosperity of contemporary mental treatment services. 

Stress has been considered as a significant component of life and the ability of human beings to cope with its impacts on health and well-being depends wholly on their level of resiliency. In the absence of coping mechanisms, stressed persons can potentially induce illness, depression, hypertension, or coronary heart disease.

There are mainly four theories regarding what controls personality. They are psychoanalytic, trait, social cognitive and humanistic. Naturally genetic influence, age, culture, education all are recognized to be the significant contributor of personality development.

The emotion of happiness is mostly directed to in the field of Positive Psychology, through which the above verification provides that happiness is directly affected by our mental state of aiming and aspiration. In Psychology, the responses of happiness have been easily studied as specific tools have been developed.

Women suffer adversely because of hormonal imbalances and research should concentrate on establishing a remedy for the effects of hormonal changes that do not have adverse effects. In addition, psychologists should work on providing a prophylaxis to these forms of depression. As a female, having knowledge on the prevention of these forms of depression will be useful.

Schizophrenia is a psychotic, neurological disorder that involves awareness, behavior, approach, as well as the way of communication of the individual. It is the condition that influences the interpersonal relationship, as well as occupational abilities of a person.

This circumstance has already been a part of the American lifestyle and is hitting a lot of people, making them react either positively or negatively. People who experienced painful events from car accidents with teenage drivers involved are open to whatever changes that they think would improve safety on the road.

The author explains that a theory is a replica of certainty that helps to explain, understand, control and predict the said truth. Personality can be used to mean the characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting that refers to consistent and distinctive ways in which one’s ideas, feelings, and actions are organized.

Women in Psychology: Karen Horney. Women in Psychology: Karen Horney Background Karen Horney is a renowned personality in the area of psychology as evident in her numerous contribution such as her work at the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute and New York Medical College.

The study was done by Woodhouse, Schlosser, Crook, Ligero, and Gelso and it involved 51 participants who were undergoing therapy sessions. The study examined how therapists rate the levels of client’s transference and related them to secure and preoccupied-merger attachment. The level of transference was measured from the therapist’s perspective.

The article recognized that persons with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) were highly vulnerable to developing anxiety-related disorders. This notion was contrasted to those persons without ASD and those with different developmental disabilities. Consequently, the research aimed at investigating the effectiveness of behavioral group treatment in minimizing the effects of anxiety symptoms.

The study discovers any advantages of androgyny through the application of the life span theory of personality by Erikson. In his theory, he states that one’s ability to succeed in future endeavors of life rests on the grounds laid when young. Therefore, adult psychological development, regardless of sex depends on how well they dealt with issues that affected them as they approach adulthood.

This essay discusses that personality theories have outlined a wide range of explanations concerning a person’s behavior. Carl Rogers has immensely contributed to the field of psychology through his person-centered theory. He worked as a medical psychologist, and there is no doubt that, his career contributed to the development of his theory.

This paper reviews an article that studies the efficacy that language intervention during early childhood has on learning abilities of such children. The choice of the article has been informed by its relevance in understanding the learning psychology of children and how such could be nurtured to ensure that a child exhibits excellence in acquiring literacy skills.

According to the paper school uniforms play a large role in masking differences in students and preventing them from forming groups related to their wardrobe. For instance, without uniforms, those students who wore a certain type of clothing would likely form a clique, thus leading to the creation of invisible barriers within the student body. Some students claim that school uniforms suppress their individuality and freedom of expression.

This can be illustrated by the use of the pink color which is a color that most girls identify with, especially during adolescence. The company uses a hot pink Fuchsia and a minty green teal and flowers which surround its package when in the magazine. The advert of the brand camel no 9 and a slogan that states, light and luscious.

Various researchers have tried to determine the primary causes and effects of teenage pregnancy. According to most studies, teenage pregnancy is primarily caused by sexual abuse, poverty, lack of knowledge, and alcoholism.

Frequent scratching of the skull was a target behavior in my personal analysis. This behavior was undesirable in personal and social settings. It would express an elevated level of impaired hygiene. It would also reflect my personality. Frequent scratching of the skull would irritate class associates and other companions in life.

Domestic violence research paper: Domestic violence can be termed as the hostility and viciousness that occurs within a family unit and relations, especially among people who are required to love, care and protect each other. In addition, these people have a social responsibility to provide and give guidance to each other.

The framing effect refers to the different ways in which people react to a choice which majorly depends on how it presents itself, either as a loss or a gain. This concept has been explained using many theories including cognitive theories, motivational theories and prospect theories. Cognitive theories try to explain the framing effect in terms of the cognitive processes that are involved in weighing losses and gains.

Mental health specialists explain depression as a feeling of low self-esteem, low moods, and a lack of interest in enjoyable activities. The word depression derives from the Latin deprimere, which means to fall down, and it was introduced in the 17th century to depict one's state of mood  (Gilbert 1999).

Counseling is an important field in the broader field of psychology. Counseling has existed over the years, even in different cultures, before being adopted into academics. This simply reflects on the process of one person seeking advice from another person.

Originally, the bible was written in Greek, Hebrew, and Amharic. As Christianity grew, there was a need to translate it into English and other romantic languages. When doing the translation of the bible, some of the nuances were lost since English did not necessarily have an exact translation of Greek, Hebrew, and Amharic.

As a Black American living in rural Georgia with strict Christian parents amid rampant racism, his early life prepared Martin Luther for his later life of activism against racism and other segregation forms. Though his parents tried, they could not prevent Luther from encountering the racial prejudice the permeated American society in that period.

This approach involves co-operation existing between the social professionals with no similar, but interlinked professional and educational backgrounds. The mutual co-operation is ensured by their link to a common corporate culture, and due to the fact that they are used to working within some common and collective institutional background.

Effectiveness of Therapeutic Interventions to Autism Name: Institution: Course: Tutor: Date: Introduction Autism can be defined as impairment in growth of brain and central nervous system characterized by impaired social interactions, disorders of verbal and non- verbal communications and stereotyped behaviors which in some cases can be repetitive and/or restricted.

In terms of personal observation from time to time, addictions or addictive behaviors arise as a result of learned behavior. Further, addiction is not a genetic predisposition, but a continued dependence on a particular habit to the point that, the addiction or addictive behavior becomes part of an individual’s system.

In such a way, the element of disgust serves as a symbolically restorative spiritual process through which an individual regards a new way of thinking, forms a disgusted response, and hearkens back to their previously held belief system. In such a manner, the research is predicated upon the measurement of disgust within a control and a test group.

It is illogical to worry about what is going to happen tomorrow while plenty of things needed to be done today. In other words, worry about death seems to be an unnecessary feeling. Humans are living in the earthly world and hence it is logical for him to think only about the things happening in this world.

Social phobia is different from other forms of phobias because its effects cannot simply interactions be ignored. While a person who is scared of heights can effectively avoid coming into contact with high places on all but the rarest of occasions, a person with social phobia must still interact with people regularly.

PTSD is a condition that interferes with an individual’s functioning on cognitive, emotional, and social levels; and the implications of this shall also be discussed. Given the particular vulnerability of the military personnel with respect to PTSD, it was deemed necessary to understand just what makes them so vulnerable.

It is evidently clear from the discussion that in the age of increased individualism and the unprecedented emphasis on personal identity and achievements, the self remains one of the most important, yet least understood concepts in psychology as the core of the human sense of unique individual existence.

These ethical codes are developed, modified and updated by the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC), which is an independent, not-for-profit and voluntary organization. After coming into existence in 1982, “ Code of Ethics” were amended in February, 1987, and its latest revised paper was issued in 2003.

NCDA is a leading body in developing standards for career counseling and evaluating the career information material. Its major goal is to promote career development throughout the lifespan by providing a blueprint for various career counseling firms to work on.

This is despite a huge step towards eliminating this blight on society. Discrimination can be overt or latent but it is a situation that is caused by personal and social biases. Attitudes towards discrimination can be a burden to some people in terms of job opportunities, educational attainment, access to health care services and in all sorts of social situations and other contexts.

The conclusion from this study states that phobias are some kind of unnecessary fears and anxieties which can be treated with the help of medications, exposure therapy, and behavioral therapies. Anxiety and fear are normal responses to the perceived threat. However, the perceived threats need not be the real ones always.

Psychologists who perform forensic assessments have regular experience with this practice more than insanity defense, since trial competency issues are frequently raised in the law courts. Competency assessors need to have a high level of clinical skills and knowledge, as well as substantial knowledge of the legal system.

Student’s Name Here Instructor’s Name Here Course Title Here Date Here Cognitive Psychology Take Home Final Essay Questions 1. Word Count: 338 A hierarchy is the arrangement of items in an orderly, level-based manner. Objects within the system are ordered on ranked levels that are arranged to be above and/or below other levels.

On the other hand, having common points of reference for people with varied social backgrounds is not as easy as it seems since there are numerous possible character combinations. This is the main reason for numerous theories and models whose main aim is to explain human behaviour, with the attempt to predict the reactions people would have in different scenarios.

The majority of psychologist in historic times was intrigued by the behaviour of individuals, prompting them to investigate why people behaved the way they did. An important theorist is George Kelly theory of personal constructs who emulated the constructs the people held and thus influenced their take on life events.

Kelly and Ellis have contributed key and significant knowledge in the cognitive therapy area. As such, the two have conducted considerable research and come up with theories to add up to the existing knowledge in this field. There are several identical and different views brought forward by each therapist concerning the field.

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES Name Institution Course Instructor Date According to Constantine (1998, p54), a group is a collection of people who are brought together in a coherent unit to perform a well defined obligation. Individuals in a group have regular contacts and time to time interaction, mutual coexistent, and they work together for a common goal.

Children face radical changes in early childhood arising from varying transformations such as learning centers, social groups, roles, and expectations. These changes have a far-reaching effect on the present as well as the long-term well-being of the children. Some of the theoretical explanations for these changes include psychosocial theory, advanced by Erik Erikson.