Medical science Essays

The risk factors associated with osteoporosis is getting old; this will raise the chances of getting the problem since the bones become weaker as a person gets old. Osteoporosis is known to run in families if one of your parents had a hip fracture the chances of you getting the same problem is high.

Sickle cell anemia was the first genetic disorder identified, linking disease phenotype to gene, and is today the most common type of sickle cell disease effecting 70,000 to 80,000 Americans. The thorough literature search was done to gather and study all available material on sickle cell anemia.

The acquired immune system is responsible for the destruction of foreign particles once they have entered the body. Acquired immunity is a useful evolutionary adaptation because

This case study includes the practice and policy context of working with people with mental disorders and who lack mental capacity, their diagnoses and how these issues relate to the case study. In order to understand all the factors that have an impact on a mental disorder and how they interact in each case, it is necessary to form a model that explains the cause, as well as predicts the best treatment for the disorder. 

A section of the population has overtime held the opinion that it is disreputable, while others believe that it can be called for, notably when the health of the mother is at risk. The aspect of assisted suicide has in like manner generated much debate with people arguing that it is wrong. Over and above, it is far-reaching for health practitioners to keep themselves updated regularly on the principles that govern their practice.

The cyclical changes of the breast are important when scheduling the breast MRI. The normal breast MRI shows a generalized contrast enhancement and the strength of the signals increases in a stepwise fashion. But during the luteal phase, the increase in the hormones may result in the increased enhancement in certain areas of the breast owing to the cystic changes.

Those who oppose human cloning argue that this unnatural style of reproduction has an overwhelming potential for decisions being made based on reasons of vanity in regard to children. Advocates of cloning practices say that it may, among other things, serve society as an effective alternative treatment for infertility. Society remains divided on the issue.

The clinical objective is to compare home therapy of i.v. antibiotic treatment with its hospitalized counterpart. The first element of the design, a patient determination matrix, is well done. By recruiting only those patients who had chosen the location of their treatment prior to selection for the study, the researchers were able to prevent bias within the sampling population.

Perhaps some more researches will show that Nitric oxide plays an important role in the development of tissues and cells. Nitric oxide holds the record as the smallest, lightest molecule –and the first gas—known to act as a biological messenger in mammals. The journal Science dubbed nitric oxide its “Molecule of the Year” for 1992”.

Returning to play necessitates regaining proprioception, the body’s ability to sense joints movements, and limb positioning crucial to coordination in rugby (“Using Proprioception,” 2011). The proprioceptive system consists of receptor nerves in the muscles and ligaments in joints, which work with the brain to produce appropriate movements.

Sonar is used to deliver chemotherapeutic agents to target tissues and this is known as acoustic targeted drug delivery. Other therapeutic applications of sonar are phacoemulsification of cataract, cleaning of teeth in dentistry, sclerotherapy and endovenous laser treatment for non-surgical treatment of varicose veins, lipectomy, and elastography. 

The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange since 1944 under the symbol JNJ. Well-known consumer products like Band-Aid and Acuvue contact lenses are now household names. Johnson & Johnson (J&J) came into existence in response to the needs of society.

The context of medical knowledge in Europe as stated in the reference was influenced by the idea of humoral medicine of Greek practitioners. In fact, among any translation, it was not hard to do it on Latin text as well as it was not hard to influence people there on the concept and idea about humoural medicine. 

Research in today’s world is as important as eating, drinking, or surviving. It is vital because the world has gone so advanced that now we all need to keep running at the same pace to achieve greater heights in life. Research is all about finding out the unknown, looking for facts, and discovering more about the world around oneself.

According to the Review article by Kourtis, et al, pediatric HIV-1 is still a major pandemic, despite the reductions in transmission from mother to child that have been achieved. Mother to child transmission can take place during pregnancy, labor, delivery and postpartum through breastfeeding. The exact timing and mechanisms of transmissions are still speculative but important for refining perinatal HIV-1 prevention strategies.

Back pain is a condition that is characterized by pain along the back or neck downwards and the condition often occurs as a result of complications in the structures of the spine such as nerves, bones, muscles, and joints. Back pain is increasingly becoming a major health concern as most people are nowadays affected by the condition. 

The norovirus is considered to be an important cause of epidemic viral gastroenteritis all round the world. It has been reported to be a cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in 23 million people in the United States (Brooks et al 2004). The norovirus has also been reported to be a cause of 20 percent of childhood viral enterocolitis (Robbins et al 2005).

Routine laboratory workup is usually normal in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. ESR is normal; however, this can be elevated in patients with primary generalized osteoarthritis (Isselbacher, et al 565). On the other hand, a straw-colored joint fluid with good viscosity can be observed among patients with knee arthritis.

Clinical studies on mice exhibiting Progeria-like signs and symptoms indicate that FTIs seemed to indicate improvements in subjects. Of the 13 mice on the study treated with FTI, only one died. The Progeria Research Foundation is hopeful that this piece of information would help them move forward in the clinical trials of children with Progeria.

In conclusion, the benefits for stem cell technology outweigh any of the possible ethical dilemmas it may put forth. Furthermore, it is clear there are no noteworthy ethical dilemmas that pose a risk to the regulation of research. The best way forward for stem cell research in the United States is to persuade people of its potential benefits.

Imaging technologies like fluoroscopy and CT assist in the diagnosis of diseases and conditions and also assist in therapeutic procedures. Treatment procedures like surgery and radiotherapy help in combating diseases and conditions, either by on their own or in combination as can be seen in the management of malignant tumors.

Antihypertensive pharmacogenetics has provided an understanding that genetics does play a role in the responses demonstrated by individuals to treatment by the different groups of antihypertensive medications, suggesting that genetics can provide a means to a more personalized selection of high blood pressure medication to ensure better control.

According to Falcone and Hurd the sperm used for artificial insemination has two sources; either the woman’s partner or an anonymous sperm donor. For the case where sperm is obtained from a donor, the woman does not obtain it directly from the donor, but the donor supplies a sperm bank which in turn provides the woman with the needed sperm.

The leukemic cells proliferate primarily in the bone marrow and the lymphoid tissues and then migrate into the peripheral blood. They interfere with normal hematopoiesis and immunity in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissue and after immigration into the peripheral blood, they infiltrate other tissues. 

The pH of Mr. Hg is obviously in the acidosis range. The PaO2 is slightly lowered, the PaCO2 is raised, the bicarbonate is slightly low and the saturation is quite low. The low pH is due to metabolic acidosis. Ideally, to combat this pH, the body should have attempted buffering action by means of carbonic acid - bicarbonate system.

Since the physical properties of the element make it as strong as steel, but 45% lighter, it has found extensive use in external prostheses as well as internal implants. For both the short and the long term, titanium and its alloys are used extensively in creating calipers and artificial limbs for human use.

Renal abscesses are made up of intra-renal abscesses, peri-renal abscesses, para-renal abscesses. Both these abscesses normally are the result of bacterial infection moving up from urinary tract infections or from systemic bacterial infections transporting themselves through the blood into the kidneys.

The Melchart et al. (2005) study while commendable for trying to put in the possibility of the placebo effect of acupuncture is essentially a defective study. Melchart et al. (2005) study assumes that therapies only have long-term effects, which is contrary to the facts or science of how many medicines and therapies work.

The solar disinfection of water at the point of consumption is recommended by Conroy et al. (2001, p.293) as “an important first-line response to cholera outbreaks” and to reduce the risk of water-borne infection among children younger than six years of age. This intervention requires readily available minimal resources.

From the utilitarian view point right actions are those that result in the most beneficial balance of good over bad consequences for everyone involved in the process. In their view, utilitarian advocates the stem cell research because of the tremendous benefits that it would provide to millions of people afflicted with diseases worldwide.

Looking out for alternative measures and substitutes would work to help illegal donations come to an end (Cohen 15). Artificial substitutes for tissues and organs would prove vital in this case. Advanced technology has helped generate tissues that make false teeth, synthetic lenses and many more. Though it’s a costly alternative, it would serve to cut the shortage of these organs.

So many challenges come up on mentioning euthanasia, coercion, loss of autonomy, the difficult to enforce and monitor all work to the disadvantage of euthanasia. The technical aspect of euthanasia will disapprove in most cases the practice, this is in consideration of diagnostic errors and medical advancements in curing conditions initially considered terminal.

After exposure to the antioxidant, the bacteria will be plated to selective nutrient agar plates laced with antibiotics, fusidic acid, and mupirocin. The number of antibiotic-resistant colonies that have survived will be counted and adjusted to the viable cell count, which has been simultaneously determined.

Modern diagnostic medical laboratories have state of the art automated instruments leading to efficiency and reducing human errors in most of the diagnostics (Davidson and Mike 10). Consequently, technicians have been required to study the theoretical, technical, and technological aspects of the career. 

Some people view human genetic modification as a technique that offers hopes of futuristic therapy and fantastic human enhancement. There are those that have fears that it will create a world where eugenics is commonplace, and the human genome is corrupted (Frankel & Chapman 02). Consequently, such contradicting views have elicited a raging debate over the bioethics of conducting HGM.

Energy metabolism refers to the process of energy generation from various nutrients. It encompasses a series of interlinked pathways that tend to function either in the absence or presence of oxygen. The aerobic metabolism usually converts a single glucose molecule into various molecules. There are also countless chemical reactions that often take place within various cells.

As medical science evolved, nurses are faced with an increasing number of tasks from communication, technical, clinical and even administrative. As the roles that nurses play increase, the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) issued the Code of Professional Conduct ( NMC, 2002) which provided guidance on the scope of a nurse's practice and the degree of integrity entailed.

It is quite important to state that in medical practice, the health care team must bear in mind that the sign for applying technology is not the plain accessibility of that technology. Rather, clinicians should have evidently defined goals as well as endpoints of therapy in mind when relating such therapy. 

Joe Hogan, the President, and CEO of GEMS were expected to decide for himself if he should alter the Global Product Company (GPC) concept launched by his successful predecessor while dealing with the pressures of rapidly evolving healthcare technologies. GPC was set up to cut costs, by shifting the design, engineering and production activities from high-cost countries to low-cost countries. 

According to this paper, it is clear that metals where formerly considered to be those elements which had a metallic luster and were good conductors of heat and electricity; this is still the standard adopted by the average person, to whom metals are not merely elements such as iron, copper, or gold but also the great class of alloys including such materials as steel, brass, bronze, pewter, or cast iron.  

The newly available as the debate on the have given rise to legal and moral conundrums that have not been sufficiently resolved.  Just as the debate on the broader implications of genetic technology continues, the number of patients willing to avail of the technology is also on the rise. Such trends are witnessed here in the United Kingdom, as elsewhere in the industrialized world.

In general, the GMC guidelines “Withholding and Withdrawing life-prolonging treatments: Good Practice in decision making ” (the Guidelines 2) assert that where a parent successfully overrides refusal of treatment and gives consent, this consent cannot be vetoed by another person with parental responsibility.

Tablets are solid dosage forms usually prepared with the aid of suitable pharmaceutical excipients. The excipients can include binders, glidants (flow aids) and lubricants to ensure efficient tableting; disintegrants to promote tablet break-up in the digestive tract; sweeteners or flavors to enhance taste, and pigments to make the tablets visually attractive.

It is essential to state that it is very imperative that sufficient training related to tracheal intubation should be given to paramedics, which should be accompanied by continuous practical experience, which is lacking currently due to a number of risks associated with the method of airway management.

Generall, the court’s approach to the standard of care in medical negligence cases differs to other negligence cases and the Bolam test defined the standard of care as being “of the ordinary skilled man exercising and professing to have that special skill, a man need not possess the highest expert skill ”.

It is quite essential to state that the paper discussed some of the significant aspects of two specific techniques: Spectrophotometry and Immunoassay (Immunochemistry). It is an expectation that the paper will be beneficial for students, teachers, and professionals in better understanding of the topic.

Cannabis is one of the most abused drugs among young adults aged between 16 and 24 years in Europe. Notably, cannabis use leads to adverse psychological, social, and mental health problems. However, certain addiction and behavioral theories like the Prime theory and the Transtheoretical Model may help us in addressing cannabis dependence.

Generally speaking, it is expected that the clinical applications of flow cytometry and gel electrophoresis technologies to clinical medicine will continue to expand and provide a greater understanding of the molecular basis of disease, as well as the clinical screening and management human diseases.

It is recommended that the safety measures are necessarily taken so as to reduce the risks of radiography and produce effective results of it. In conclusion it can be said that radiography is a successful process which should be still followed but with immense care so that the lives of patients are not affected.

Oftentimes, children who have been diagnosed with ADHD are slow to develop social skills and may have poor grades in school. It is estimated that one-quarter of children with ADHD have a learning disorder.