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Language and thought are central to all human activities since they are the medium of our mental and social lives. Language is used both to communicate with others and to monitor our internal thoughts, states Lund (2003). Language and thinking are inter-dependent according to cognitive psychologists.
The revolutionary technological advancements have not only altered the very scenario of human life but also have introduced latest methods in the fields of a corporate environment, banking sector, business activities, medicine, counselling, research, law & order, and others. The changes can also be observed in the teaching profession.
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The increase of the elderly population – an inevitable outcome of the aging tendency – has considerable implications for the healthcare practices with care professionals increasingly involved in working with aging patients.
Egan’s Model is a stage-wise counselling model that goes through three stages. Basically, the first stage involves problem definition and insight. Both helper (counsellor) and client build rapport and trust and explore the identified problem. The second stage further investigates the client’s perspectives using insight-focused methodologies.
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Napoleon Hill asks us to read aloud the statement twice daily—once after getting up and once before going to bed. It is almost like a daily ritual and saying a prayer that slowly becomes a part of our persona. The author promises that as we do it, we will verily see the money accumulate in our hands. That is ether playing its role.
A recent research on Maslow’s theory of motivation was carried out by Strawser et al, hypotheses that an individual’s needs are arranged in a hierarchy from lower order to higher order needs. “A satisfied need is no longer a motivator”.
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Jean Piaget, a French psychologist first published his theory in 1952 which was recognized as one of the most famous and influential theories of cognitive development. It was Piaget’s theory of cognitive development that became the springboard for all other intellectual theories. Piaget believed that development took place in a child through interaction between the biological processes.
In specific reference to homosexuality and schizophrenia, it is demonstrated below that heredity and the environment cannot be separated as distinct and separate entities, rather the appropriate conclusion that must be drawn is that both heredity and the environment may play a role in the determination of individual phenotypes.
The good news, however, is that there is a myriad of different possibilities for people who are trying to live with OCD. There are several different types of therapy available, that can help a person learn to control, and eventually beat their obsessive-compulsive disorder. There are also medications and even surgery that can be used to help a person beat this horrible disease.
An analytical definition of a person is that he has recognition, existence and legal capacity under law. This definition usually includes the rights of the person and the duties and corresponding penalties if they are violated. The normative view recognizes a person as a significant member of society that has sufficient intelligence.
The field of developmental psychology is full of interesting topics for research and discussion, perhaps one of the most interesting being that of moral development in children. When and how do children acquire a conscience that will guide them to make morally responsible decisions throughout their life span?
The Applied Psychologist’s role in organizational culture is valuable and must be given its due attention and priority. The demand for more psychologists is increasing in organizations due to the reality of stress-related problems at work, and adjustment to changes that are becoming second nature in various occupations in this day and age.
Of all the notable figures in modern psychology, Carl Jung occupies a place of both significant contributions and substantial controversy. Noting many of the applicable labels advanced by critics and admirers alike, Sonu Shamdasani writes that “...the number of divergent views and interpretations of Jung has prodigiously multiplied.
A tragic event can incur a horrible feeling, or a joyous one can make a person have positive emotions. Emotions can often be triggered by the different actions that also happen in our lives, while at the same time they can influence these actions. If a person is experiencing sad emotions, they may act in a way unlike their normal behavior, and be moody or ill-tempered towards other people.
The enactment of the HIPAA and FERPA had affected the practice of the psychologist on different levels. Although there are some advantages that are brought about by the enactment of these laws such as the upgrading of the means and delivery of services to clients, there are also a number of disadvantages brought about by these laws.
The problem sterns from psychological fear and the aims of the treatment should be focused on removing the fear itself. A personal approach and individualized treatment can only help in treating this case. Additionally, medication also becomes necessary for providing immediate relief to the suffering individual. Therefore it appears that a combination of psychotherapy and medication is the best-suited method in the treatment of claustrophobia.
According to Blumer (1969), we need to understand the environment, the interactions, and the meaning individuals attach to it and how this, in turn, formulates behavior. Therefore, when beginning work with an individual client, observations must be made of the various behaviors displayed and a particular one should be targeted.
The ICD-10 proposes more strict criteria. First of all, either obsessions or compulsions (or both) must be present on most days for a period of at least 2 weeks. The ICD-10 states that resistance towards the symptoms need not always be present or the patients with chronic OCD may find that active resistance makes the symptoms worse.
Self-actualization was the key concept in Rogers’ theory. This concept maintained that people and organisms are constantly moving to enhance and expand themselves. Rogers believed that all people are constantly moving towards self-actualization and, in some cases, the right therapeutic environment is needed to facilitate that process.
Thus it is observed that a child’s behavior is often learned in early life. If the child shows violent or aggressive behavior, it is the prime duty of the parents to help the child deal with their emotions without using violence. A safe and loving home contributes a valuable role in the temperament of a child.
Poe’s story “The Purloined Letter” uses a new technique where the author rambles and finds reasoning for crimes and delivers a narrative investigation of it until the crime is solved. Thus the reader is taken into an entire journey of psychological and imagined journey of manifold interpretations of characters, situations, and events.
Other thoughts, such as those that control one’s heartbeat and breathing, determining which muscles must be used in order to pick up a pencil or placing the words one is about to speak in the appropriate order, tend to fall more into the realm of the unconscious. The field of study presently being conducted may also affect consciousness.
It is quite essential to state that from the numerous research studies discussed in this paper, it may be said that indeed, personality variables have effects on one’s health or illness. With the fast pace of today’s lifestyles, people need to adapt their personalities to the various situations they come across.
In person centred counseling the focus is on building good interpersonal relationship between the client and the counselor. Through this the client becomes comfortable and sheds all his inhibitions while discussing his problems. As a diploma student I knew what Rogers meant by the person centred approach. I had basic knowledge of how a counselor should deal with the client.
Ellis believes that we have an inborn tendency towards growth and actualization but we sabotage our movement toward growth due to self-defeating patterns we have learned. Through therapeutic processes, the client learns skills to isolate and dispute their irrational views which were mostly self-constructed and maintained by self-indoctrination.
Trait theories have been used to develop various psychometric devices providing an easy framework of a continuum in understanding the interaction of an individual’s personality, interaction with the world and with self, as well as beliefs about the outer world and inner world in general. A good deal of understanding helps to compare between individuals and to identify the appropriate environmental setting of an individual in question.
A key element is the literature review of credible journals and is crucial as a method for highlighting the true impact of having homosexual parents on the psychological, intellectual, and social well-being of a child.
Given that quite a large proportion of female offenders have been victims of abuse any program designed to help stop the cycle of re-offending should look at the reasons why these women have become victims of abuse in order to change the cycle. Some female offenders have been raised in family situations where domestic violence is part of everyday life.
Each individual is a unique package. Each package has its own belief system, family background, experiences, perceptions, etc. Now picture an assortment of packages under a wonderfully-decorated Christmas tree. They are bound to be clustered with some standing out and some, subtly existing under more attractive packages.
To treat drug-addicts is not like the treatment of patients with cold or headache. Each addict is a special person and his problems are his own and they are quite intriguing. The broad rules of the treatment game, areas under but as you go on to treat more and more cases, the horizon of your experience will also expand.
Sometimes the feeling of inferiority is caused by peer’s opinions. The child’s peers are in the same situation and they are also influenced by school and their parents, but they may have different values and that is why sometimes their activity or the way of communication can cause, or limit, on the contrary, the feeling of inferiority.
In undertaking an examination of John Everett Millais’ “Ophelia” and Tom Hunter’s “The Way Home”, it is necessary first to have an understanding of Freud’s theories of mourning and melancholia. According to Freud, in his essay entitled “Mourning and Melancholia,” both of these emotions are a direct reaction to grief over the loss of a loved one.
Humanistic psychology is often referred to as the ‘third force’ in contrast to two major psychological schools that dominated American psychology throughout the first half of the 20th century, behaviorism and psychoanalysis. This school focused mainly upon human consciousness that they considered to be the main determinant of behavior.
The author states that the rationale behind choosing this subject was that it enabled fact-finding missions in all the theoretical constructs of vision science, which can be addressed better through the perspective of vision development in infants at a very nascent stage of their growth.
A crucial question for faith today is whether or not it can reflect innovations to the challenge of individual choice, and adapt its life to the demands for change that they place upon it. “The very choice of such individuals symbolizes the intricacy of the interrelationship between individual and communal faith” (Dennett 2006, 45).
Different social, cultural and community contexts can influence the development of the child. Each child is unique and the individual characteristics affect development. The child’s state of well being also influences development. Highlighting the child’s disabilities and comparing it with others can damage the process of development and learning.
According to Cormack (2000), the purpose of a research critique is not just to provide a review or summary of the work but to carefully examine all aspects of the work. Critiques of research are typically conducted as a means of verifying the conclusions that have been reached, determining their validity and assessing.
Sheila has identified that her needs for love, achievement, and freedom were affected in her relationship with Linda. She desperately wanted to keep her love; her achievement at her successful business management was questioned, and she has lost her freedom to decide on business matters by herself because she kept on considering her business partner’s feelings.
Whether or not a person is genetically predisposed to commit a crime, what type of social and psychological developmental factors are present which encourage deviance must be all be examined on an in-depth, case-by-case basis to determine the reasoning. One or all theories discussed may play a role, individually or in concert with others.
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Occupational psychology is one specialized field of psychology that seeks to improve the performance of people at work and in training, as well as enhance their level of satisfaction with their jobs. For organizations, its chief concern is to increase their effectiveness by looking into how an organization works and affects the people in it (Wedderburn, 2004).
Experiments are undertaken in subjects when the nervous system of the organism under study is temporarily or permanently altered. Biological psychology deals with mental processes and behaviors like sensation and perception, motivated hunger, control of movement, learning, and memory, sleep and emotions.
Counseling is a form of helping in which establishment of interpersonal communications is critical. Counselors are trained in effective communication skills, which are equally important in youth work. Counseling is not age specific though individual counselors may prefer to work with specific age groups
It is like gold going through the fire so that it can be refined and polished. The therapist needs to be thoroughly trained in reading and interpreting a client’s verbal and more importantly, non-verbal communication and adept enough in bringing out the real feelings and thoughts of the client out in the open.
While automated programs to identify images can be very helpful in filling in the lower end data regarding a particular image, studies continue to indicate that end users are searching for images using higher-end search terms. This means that image classification must still be conducted manually until the semantic gap can be breached by more automated processes. Further research should be conducted on the possibility of image comparison.
In order for the therapy to be successful, the client must be committed to being cooperative and ready to discover truths about himself, no matter how ugly it may be. In the course of the therapy, the client is expected not to make any drastic life changes that may affect the analysis of the clients’ problems.
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is a considered a psychological intervention approach. It is variously understood to mean either the behavior therapy alone or the Cognitive therapy alone or even a combination of the two therapies. However clear distinctions are to be made between the three concepts with the emphasis that CBT.
The author states that fear can sometimes prove quite limiting, as when one is too afraid to cross such a bridge as the only way to reach a destination. To overcome such fear, a cognitive/behavioral approach was adopted as an attempt to resolve this anxiety for one test subject and remove or reduce the restrictions on the movement it imposed.
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The proposed research provides insight into the child-rearing practices and the formation of adult personality, in which the ideas about the meaning of life, social relations and the development of character play an essential role.
Of all the therapies, this is the least directive, because Rogers felt that true personal growth would only occur when people became more able to think through problems and make decisions for themselves.
Positive Psychology is also concerned with building positive institutions. “Understanding positive institutions entails the study of the strengths that foster better communities, such as justice, responsibility, civility, parenting, nurturance, work ethic, leadership, teamwork, purpose and tolerance”.