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Another sidelight to the form of bullying can be seen by studying their effect on girls and boys separately. The research clearly indicates the association between aggressive behavior and physical built-up. In the case of girls, the bullying is generally verbal and targeted toward giving the victim a feeling of low-esteem
To study the origins of extreme actions and conflict: in most social-psychological explanations, prejudice is implicitly at the root of the conflict. It is, therefore, important to understand what prejudice is and what are its determinants. Prejudice seems to affect and a discriminatory action towards somebody based on his or her social membership.
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Webster’s New World Dictionary defines the word intimate as 1) most private or personal, and 2) very close and familiar. Intimacy, therefore, is the state of being in a most private or personal, close or familiar relationship. In communications theory, intimate space is an area around an individual, which, when violated, causes distress.
In many abusive relationships, the welfare of the child or children of the couple is ignored even though they are witnessing abuse, and experiencing trauma. “Children who witness domestic violence are more likely to attempt suicide, abuse drugs and alcohol, run away from home and engage in teenage prostitution"
Crying is the means of communication until the infant learns to talk or move. I used to cry to draw attention when I was neglected. Certain actions like sucking the thumb start accidentally initially, but later these actions are intentionally repeated as the infant derives pleasure in doing so, says Piaget. Gradually reflexive actions start taking place.
This is followed by the Trait theory of Gordon Allport, where he makes many trait distinctions and talks about functional autonomy. In this theory, further contributions were made by Eysenck and Cattell, who were, as a group, called Trait Theorists, though they differ from each other considerably in important respects.
This necessary group mentality includes similar behaviors, values, and beliefs thus diminishing the threat of in-group conflict. Humans are conditioned to conform to a group and feel compelled to obey even if the group consists of total strangers. Evidently, the loss of independent thought along with compromised personal beliefs and moral values is less feared than the feeling of isolation.
The author states that Watson disparaged psychology’s previous focus on mental states and argued that the true object of study for psychology must be that which can be observed: behavior. He showed particular scorn for Freud’s thesis that unconscious sexual impulses are the basis for conscious anxiety and pathological behavior.
Parents' cognition about their children, their parenting and about themselves is possible predictors of treatment response. A study of these parental cognitions to children’s treatment outcomes would be conducted using a sub-sample of participants from the bimodal treatment study of children with ADHD.
It is characterized by feelings of doubt, anxiety and fear of mortality, accompanied by physical changes and often leads to behaviour modifications. Precipitating factors can be physical, psychological or hormonal. Both men and women are affected but respond in different ways. The midlife crisis can be combated with a healthy lifestyle and a positive attitude.
In conclusion, depression is a growing concern for psychiatrists as the number of patients is increasing every day. Depression is curable no matter how dangerous the symptoms are. The only thing that the patient needs to understand is the proper and timely treatment. Medication, psychotherapies, and self-help have been proved scientifically effective for the treatment of depression. It is very important to consult a doctor for medical advice.
Our perception of an object’s identity can endure no matter what forces act on the object in the environment. The object may be compelled to reorient itself, alter in perspective, and even fleetingly disappear. Models exist that account for object recognition but a good model should also explain the chance of change in a stimulus.
Psychodynamic counseling translates the concepts and principles of psychoanalytic psychotherapy (psychoanalysis). In this type of counseling, the counselor would take the role of a neutral figure (as far as possible) providing less information about himself, preparing a high possibility that the haunting past and present relationship do reflect in the fellowship.
By the time, therapy is drawing close, clients will have learned if they did not know it already, that change is not a smooth, linear process but a series of advances and setbacks. Therefore, relapse prevention is a realistic strategy to pursue by pinpointing future situations. Now, I am hopeful that very soon I would be able to defeat not only my psychological fears but also those disorders, which were never revealed upon me.
The widely accepted definition of health is given by World Health Organization (1948) in the preamble to its constitution, which is; ‘Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity’. In recent years the statement has been augmented to include the ability to lead a ‘socially and economically productive life’ (WHO, 1978).
Anxiety thus signifies the paradoxical existence of the intimidating and the pleasing in one and the same form of language, thereby indicating something about the possible function of art, and its modes of expression and figuration. So, based on Lacan`s concept of Real, we can conclude that the effect of the uncanny refers to a psychic event that precedes the distinction between reality and imaginative reality.
Earlier studies have suggested that older adults have a more positive outlook on life and that all individuals other than adolescents tend to view things that happened in the past from a more positive perspective. Therefore, the method of conducting this study, through retrospective reporting, seems to bias the study even further.
The most serious consequence of not recognizing and treating depression in older adults is this group’s higher rate of suicide. Moreover, determining why older adults commit suicide continues to be a dilemma faced by many individuals in the helping professions. Perhaps older adults commit suicide because they are often depressed.
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Assessment is probably going to be a key feature of a practical and effective center. Assessment of the needs of the bereaved immediately before or following the death of their loved ones, plus ongoing assessment throughout the process of providing services will insure that the needs of our community are met.
Anxiety disorders differ in sense of symptoms and appropriate treatment, and the comparison of pharmaceutical vs. psychological intervention shows different results in cases of separation anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and panic disorder. My conclusion will be the following: medications are likely to normalize neural system functioning and remove negative symptoms.
The author states that the difference between bipolar disorder and unipolar disorder, also called major depression, is that bipolar disorder involves energized or activated mood states in addition to depressed mood states. Mood swings cause impairment not only in one's mood but also in one's energy level, sleep pattern, and thinking abilities.
This data will help to identify the inner personality of Dr. Smith. The variable in his profession includes religion and sexual orientation should be analyzed and prepared for review which will be in turn read by many patients. So that the conclusion could be received in terms of whether they would recommend him or do not recommend him.
The majority of foster children are removed from their homes due to neglect and abuse (physical, mental, sexual) from their parents or caregivers. When the causes of maltreatment are looked into, Belsky (1993) says in his article that there is “no shortage of causal agents” that is raised to give explanations on why such abuse and neglect happens to a child.
In order to cure a sex offender, a complete assessment should first be made by mental health professionals to decide what treatment an offender should get. This assessment deals with the risk factors, which instigate a person to become a sex-offender. Professional assess those factors through actuarial and clinical means.
Fear of flying can be reduced only when one learns to look deep within because this stems mainly from the desire and failure to control the circumstances. During combat, one is not in a position to control the circumstances but a victim of circumstances. Combat stress is definitely a cause for concern as it affects the nations whereas the fear of flying is an individual concern.
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Violence among members of a family, whether initiated by the husband, wife or regarding deviant sibling behaviors is a complex and controversial issue. Its causes and therapeutic solutions have garnered the attention of medical and psychiatric professionals as well as advocacy groups, social counselors, lawmakers and those that enforce the law.
The concept of spirituality has been receiving increasing importance in the well being of a person. This includes a healthy body and mind. Debates and discussions have taken place that integration of the mind, body, and spirit is essential for a healthy life. Research reveals that spirituality is being extensively considered in the Occupational Therapy (OT) process.
A strong point of the terror management theory is its capacity to clarify the cognitive processes, which are the reasons for terror management responses and the difference between reactions to conscious and unconscious mortality thoughts. When thoughts of death impact explicitly on the minds of individuals, the initial reaction is bringing in to play proximal defenses.
A comparison of these two approaches shows that the Cognitive Behavior approach is a short term therapy that focuses upon adjusting the thought patterns of the patients, however, the humanistic approach is more long term and is geared towards improving the inner well being of the patients on a long term basis. While the Cognitive approach offers a more structured approach.
Physical abuse was reported in 33% of the 88 families. In comparison, neglect was reported in 47% of the families in the intervention arm and 51% of the families in the control group. The rate of abuse or neglect was 57% in the intervention arm, and 67% of families in the control arm had at least one report of abuse.
Research has shown that playing violent video games such as Mortal Kombat, Doom, or 3D can increase a person’s aggressive thoughts and behaviour in both a laboratory venue and in real-world situations. Playing violent video games may be more detrimental than viewing violent television shows or movies because they are especially enthralling and interactive.
To people who think about ending their own lives, suicide represents an answer to an otherwise insoluble problem or a way out of some unbearable dilemma. It is a choice that is somehow preferable to another set of dreaded circumstances, emotional distress, or disability, which the person fears more than death.
The purpose of this research was to examine how actions are experienced as involuntary, with a view to understanding certain psychopathological conditions. The researchers contended that if it were the case, that actions carried out by a person, yet experienced as if 'something made me do it', the legal implications, as well as the medical, were of great importance.
Foucault has related old age homes to prison institutions. He has argued that the role of subjugation and interrogation are not only confined to the criminal justice system, but a person faces such throughout his or her life. A person has to subjugate to the law of the land as well as the culture in which he lives.
Hypnosis as a therapeutic practice has been studied and debated for centuries. The uninitiated generally consider the term hypnosis to define a trance-like state of consciousness. The subject is transformed into complete submissiveness by the hypnotist who assumes control of the subject’s mind and actions.
The author of the paper argues in a well-organized manner that psychology has been concerned with people’s physical health almost from the start of the 20th century. A large part of psychology’s participation in health care is a commitment to keeping people healthy rather than waiting to treat them after they get ill.
After Titchener emigrated to the United States, he would add his own spin to the psychology of consciousness founded by his teacher Wilhelm Wundt. Just as a chemist would break down a chemical into different parts, for instance, a chemist sees water as a combination of oxygen and hydrogen Titchener would classify the structures of the mind.
The author states that it does not prove enough the relationship that the mother and the child have when they have gained conflict towards each other. In my opinion, it is only through malice that association of the mother’s body parts to the relationship between the mother and the child that such becomes significant.
Damasio is the firm believer of the theory that the reasoning area of the brain and the area of the brain responsible for generating emotions virtually overlap each other. As a result and thus he derives the hypothesis that emotion and reason cooperate. He believes that this is the neural, or better to state physical evidence in favor of his theory.
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The causes and symptoms of sleep deprivation are varied. The specific effects of sleep deprivation on various systems have been researched by various studies. The effects on the brain include increased activity of the prefrontal cortex, reduced memory and decreased ability to perform cognitive tasks.
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The study used qualitative and quantitative analyses to establish its results. In both situations, questionnaires were used. The quantitative analysis assessed 445 variables and examples of questions included are provided within the report. The qualitative analysis allowed variables used in the quantitative analysis to be expanded upon.
Social learning theory emerged as the most comprehensive theory for explaining behavior. The theory is applicable in all diversifications of psychology when it comes to behavior. The limitation of this theory is that is cannot assess or predetermine whether behavior is positivist or classical, i.e. based on environmental factors or free will respectively.
The inherent conflict in these two issues, as they relate to downsizing, will become apparent. Friedman arguments that managers have a direct responsibility to the firm’s owners. According to Friedman, that responsibility is to conduct the firm’s business under owners’ desires, which generally is to ensure the firm’s financial health.
Ethical guidelines should be adhered to without fail when one is looking at intelligence and race. No one should be made to feel inferior because they are not the race that people associate with being the most intelligent. There is little that will change if we continue to view this debate as anything but irrational.
The overall view on the juvenile justice policy is that it has been facing certain controversies in terms of imbalanced punishments to the extent of capital punishment, resulting in increased violence in young people. There seems to be no factor in favour of preventing drug use. The problem of racial discrimination has also been added to this
In terms of statistical and quantitative or those that involve probabilities also have high impacts on the jurors, although it is not a guarantee that jurors comprehend the figures presented in the case (Smith, Penrod, Otto, & Park, 1996). There were also studies that examined the physical mediums as evidence such as pictures/photographs.
The author states that according to the theory, it will “permit” the idea that an individual may at any given time cling to incongruous viewpoints and ambiguous judgments about her/him or about a given state of affairs. We can comprehend how they are able to entertain and embrace inconsistencies, contradictions, and variations.
From this paper, it is clear that children with social, emotional and behavioral difficulties may be unhappy, unwilling to work and have the less positive child/adult relations. And they also have learning difficulties, poor social skills, and fewer friends, low self-esteem, emotionally unstable and be easily hurt.
As a student Christian Chaplain, connected with the psychiatric hospital on an eleven-week placement at two hours a time, I found myself to be the sole chaplain for the entire ward. At the end of each week, I had to report to the senior chaplain and three other chaplains’ students. This gave me an opportunity to meet various patients with diverse complaints.
Learning disability leads to major functional impairment and recognizes the need for lifelong support and intervention. The importance of discovering a learning disability at an early age is receiving recognition. It helps in effective counseling for students of all ages. Early intervention leads to easier solutions.