Psychology Essays

They advocate change in institutional, societal, individual and group levels. The codes remove barriers hindering services offered. This paper analyzes the ethical violations in multicultural counseling, group counseling and family and marital therapy. C.1.

There are two types of memory, the short term and the long term types, but the short term memory type has been pointed out to be the area that the two sexes have got a vast difference. While some have argued that differences in humans in terms of memory are due to anatomical differences between men and women, some have argued that it is purely psychological.

This essay will begin with the statement that the author thinks that he is not only a happy person but permit me to assert in all humility that happiness is like me!  Happiness is the state of mind. To gauge all the dimensions of happiness is an impossibility. I understand the true meaning of happiness and therefore I am happy.

Being a citizen connotes rights and obligations. Different societies and states have different rights and obligations for their citizens. United States citizenship is an official standing within the country that comes with responsibilities and rights available only to its citizens. United States Office of Citizenship and Immigration controls citizenship.

Many researchers have concluded that reduced perception of pain occurs during and after exercise under experimental and clinical conditions (Smith, 2004). Other researchers contest these claims and the results of these studies stating that the hypoalgesia felt in these cases is not a response to aerobic exercise.

In fact, other studies clearly depict that anxiety is one of the major causes of OCD.  According to the research conducted by Elliot & Smith (2008), Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can in simple terms be defined as a disorder that emanates from feelings of anxiety. 

Traits and behavior are topics discussing factors affecting leaders and the roles they play in society. They illustrate the ways in which leaders behave and how they conduct themselves. The theories illustrate the difference between a trait and behavior, and the reasons of why they are significant to the skills approach. The discussion relates the concept learned to that of the former American president, Bill Clinton.

I found the ideas realistic since I have at time made decisions without realizing the factors that were driving me to make it. Fatigue is one factor that affects decision-making. In most cases, fatigue is associated with depletion of glucose in the blood, which hinders proper functioning of the brain.

Thus, harsh regulations that are meant for adult criminals were not considered as right ones for children. They eliminate the concept of harsh punishment for the children when found guilty. According to them, children should be treated and rehabilitated to make their future productive rather than punishable.

Child care is the monitoring of a child’s growth and development from infancy till adolescence. There are various options for child care facilities like day care centers, baby sitters etc. In general, child care providers have extensive training and proper knowledge about a child’s physical and emotional requirements.

The marriage practices and family arrangements that the couple adhered to in forming the family are something that guarantees the psychological and social well-being of the parties involved. They are necessary and not just blind preferences that have no context. The emphasis on Filipino customs reflects anchoring on what is known.

Cindy’s website with the headline of “CINDY JACKSON, Global Plastic Surgery & Anti-Ageing Expert,” reveals the whole concept of her as a person. Cindy’s social self revolves around assisting others to achieve lasting beauties results. She seems obsessed (if not too harsh to use the word) with remaining young and looking beautiful.

The study of individual difference is one of the most established traditions in the field of psychology. This study dates back to the last century. Researchers in the individual differences’ sphere attempt to describe how and why people are being different. In addition, they take into consideration the impacts and consequences of these differences.

The onset of PTSD comes as a result of the human brain attempting to protect the individual against the intensity of the traumatic incident. It is a normal function of the brain to react in a way that promotes coping in the individual, and each person is unique in how their brain responds.

The emotional Stroop test is used to process information about emotions. It is used as an information-processing approach to assessing the information of individuals. An example is of rape-related victims in which individuals show longer times reading or solving tests that contain rape-related content. This is because emotional aspects come into play hence producing a negative effect on the respondents affected by rape trauma (Sternberg & Mio, 2009).

He met with William Crozier who worked in the psychological department this time. The two worked on the psychological development of animal, as this was the field that Crozier had already made his name in. the behavioral framework that had been set by the two was based on the behavioral measures (Thorndike, 1995).

In understanding behavior, research studies have in the past advanced two types of learning. These are learning through classical conditioning as well as learning through operant conditioning. Both employ cognitive conditioning. It dates back to my early childhood when I started this behavior of biting nails.

Adults form the most important members of the society. The current society looks upon them for important decision making not only at the family level but also at national level. This essay will strive to tackle some of the challenges associated with aging, and shed light on people’s perception of aging on decision-making.

As a result, carers have the responsibility of ensuring that these people manage to survive and live comfortable lives. However, statistics shows that the carers face multiple problems when dealing with such people. For instance, older carers may experience increased financial burdens that may even cause poverty.

There are five major approaches in psychology. These are biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic. Each approach attempts to explain human behavior differently. An approach is a view that involves certain assumptions about human behavior.

The study will also elucidate the healthcare team structure established by the Australian administrations for making the treatment of grief. In the end, the study will elaborate on the two most popular treatment methods that are frequently being applied for the complete convalescence of the patients suffering from grief in Australia.

Prevalent Behavioral Issues in Children Exposed to Domestic Violence Prevalent behavioral issues in children exposed to domestic violence Introduction Domestic violence refers to patterns of forced and assaultive actions that result to abuse such as physical, sexual, psychological attacks in relationships, used by one partner to gain or maintain power never another partner.

Family as a system of roles: A family is composed of many individuals who have certain responsibilities to ensure the integrity and sustainability of the family unit. Drug and alcohol misuse not merely has effects on the actual enthusiast as well as his/her existence, but also the day-to-day lives connected with members of the family (Edith, 1993).

The case study involves my childhood friend James who was my neighbor as well as my classmate. James was often seen as facing difficulty in class reading assignments and finding it relatively difficult to differentiate between similar looking alphabetical letters and numbers; he also often complained about numbers and alphabets dancing in the notebook.

The prenatal experience increases the reinforcing efficiency of the target stories. The result with the reinforcer increases the chance of the newborn reacting (DeCasper, 1986). It is argued that these reinforcement probabilities and ratios that are used on experienced infants are mostly determined by the typical pregnancy conditions (Harlene, 2003).

Further recommendations require the clinician to maintain an active role in long-term treatment planning and family support as well as the support of the individual and clinicians specifically making inquiries about the use of alternative/complementary treatments and being prepared to discuss their risks and potential benefits.

The primary purpose of narrative therapy is to provide a fresh approach to counseling, as well as social work, which provides a respectful and non-blaming environment. This approach further allows people to consider themselves the experts of their own lives.

This idealization of beauty with females is being attributed to human history since its civilization. It has been argued by Elayne Saltzberg and Joan C. Chrisler (2006) that, the ideal female body has become an integral obsession for female individuals in the modern world.

A child with autism suffers from various social and language difficulties that include unclear communication efforts and social relations (Bridges, 2004). Other developmental disabilities such as attention-deficit hyperactivity, and developmental coordination enuresis among others are normally diagnosed during childhood years.

Researchers have unearthed that emotional awareness is pertinent to child’s development since it allows the child to develop emotional self-awareness and the capability to understand feelings. Emotional awareness also empowers an individual to handle emotions appropriately, demonstrating how to handle stress and upsetting or conflicting feelings.

In testing the claim, the researchers used a total of twenty-five participants who were exposed to different pairs of crossed, vertical, and horizontal bars. One of the bars used in each pair was white while one was red or blue. To correctly identify the orientation rather than the color of the nonwhite bar demanded appropriate binding.

In the first example, the answers collected will be more valid than those collected by researcher B. In example A, the respondent either finds it hard to use the device or finds it easy. But in the second case, the respondents might not know what defines fairly easy or fairly difficult. There is no clear definition of what fairly easy entails.

In contemporary psychology, the mind-body debate helps in studying cognition, especially in the field of cognitive psychology. Cognition entails the study of mental processes taking place in a person’s brain. In cognitive psychology and contemporary psychology, the mind-body debate strives to highlight the relationship between the mind and body.

Cognitive-behavioral theories have been developed for several anxiety disorders, including panic disorders, social phobias, generalized anxiety disorders, and, of course, OCD. Researchers have examined and compared the effectiveness of CBT to no treatment at all, stress management training, and SRIs to treat OCD.

The psychiatrist uses specially designed assessment tools. The diagnosis is based on the patient's reported symptoms like social and functional issues emanating from the symptoms. Next is the psychiatrist to determine if the patient’s symptoms and degree of the effect related to any specific mental disorder.

The impact of “feral children” often becomes applicable to scenarios such as children who develop without or with minimal caregiving by parents. This could be applicable in the field of criminal psychology where we look at the deprivation of caregiving and the effect on the child psychologically and physiologically.

The study expounds on the different elements of the psychoanalysis theory, and the method in which sessions are executed in a psychodynamic approach of counsel. It concludes with the concept of psychotherapy, with its significance during a person’s recovery state- to achieve optimal health and well being.

The reference for this part of the literature review is taken from a rehabilitation blog that gives specific information about pornography and its possible link to sexual addiction (“Teens”, 2011). The blog has information that has been taken from a variety of sources including some peer reviewed sources.

The client explained that they were experiencing some stress about an upcoming family event that they were required to attend. The client admitted to being distant from the rest of the family, and events like this caused discomfort and awkward moments all around since a number of the older relatives were unable to relate to some choices of the client.

Family therapy help family members improve communication, solve family problems, understand and handle special family situations (for example, death, serious physical or mental illness, or child and adolescent issues), and create a better functioning home environment.

Russell Simmons is said to be the pioneer of hip-hop black music in the mid-1970s. He changed his focus on hearing rap music, and innovated to produce a new genre of music based on beats and rhythms – the hip-hop. Hence at a youthful age of 27, Russell Simmons was already an entrepreneur of novel music.

Minority in society are challenged due to their position in society. Sometimes some minority groups in the society may register psychological problems because of their position in the society. The United States of America has a number of minority groups who may face the challenge of upholding their language or culture.

 Language development on the isolated child is a slow and challenging task. Therefore, such children tend to experience delaying language. Indeed, their memory might not process the information early enough, as the child who develops with his/her mother. 

There are two types of AD. It can happen as early as before 60 years old if we are lucky enough to have the early onset AD that is very uncommon and has very rapid progression. Late onset on the other hand, is what we commonly observe for the senile population that happens around after they age 60.

Mitchell (p.222) states that divorce is a “complex social phenomenon as well as a traumatic personal experience”. According to Maslow’s theory, human needs arrange themselves in a hierarchy, and individuals attempt to satisfy basic-level needs before modifying behavior to fulfill higher level needs (Gambrel & Cianci 146).

Different researchers have established that fetus develops within a complex environment, which later affects their subsequent development after birth. In this perspective, it has been identified that at no time in the life span does development occur faster, or is the environment more important than between conception and birth.

One of the seven sins is blocking. There are times when we remember the first letter of a word but we can’t remember the entire word. This is usually known as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. The sound of the word and the meaning of the word are located in different places in our brain (Begley).

It chronicles her growth from a self-proclaimed “strange” girl to an irrepressibly artistic young woman. It tracks her depressing and chaotic life as she struggles to endure the manifold psychological maladies that threaten to devour her being. The book is a personal account of her battles with bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, anorexia, bulimia and numerous unsuccessful attempts at suicide.

Addiction Behavior Introduction Drug addiction is not a regional or national problem; rather it is a global problem. A successful treatment program for drug addiction needs to revolve around cultural realties. In the drug addiction society, the twelve-step fellowships need to be adopted.

Specific areas of research have been developed to address these gaps in knowledge and to develop a better understanding of human functioning. Multicultural psychology is one of the upcoming specializations in psychology that attempts to understand the complexities if human behavior in context to the interactions between humans who come from different cultural contexts and to use this understanding to not only build theory about these conditions, but also to enhance the interactive experience for people from all cultures (Nagayama-Hall & Barongan, 2001).