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Nuclear as a source of energy appeared to take care of most of the downfalls of fossil fuels, but its disasters are a significant risk to the economy. An example is the Fukushima meltdown of 2011, and the Chornobyl one of 1986 resulted in massive social costs as countries struggled to normalize the effects of the accidents.
The above plot shows the interatomic force versus distance curve an AFM tip experiences as it approaches a surface. At approximately what distance would an AFM tip sense the attractive interatomic forces? (2 marks) b. At approximately what distance would an AFM tip sense the repulsive interatomic forces? (2 marks)
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Heat is a form of energy, specifically, the energy movement from two entities that have different temperatures. Since all objects have thermal energy, heat can also be defined as the transference of thermal energy from an object to its surroundings or to other objects. There are three ways that thermal energy (heat) can be transferred: Conduction, Convection, Radiation.
According to Jensen and Wallace (2004), antennas refer to devices that convert electromagnetic radiations/signals into electric currents in conductors. This depends on whether they are used as transmitters or receivers. It’s composed of electrical circuits that provide interconnecting links between free space and receivers or between transmitters and free space.
Generally, Data for the critical slope using average n and c are displayed in the appendix. Based on these data and the graph above, it is clear that the manning’s coefficient, Chezy’s C, and Darcy-Weisbach friction factor have different values but they do not vary greatly from the published values.
Different materials differ in strength and the objective of this experiment was to determine the most suitable material. Each of the specimens was subjected to a tension test. After loading the machine, the changes in length were recorded. The tension test provides basic design properties on the strength of a material that was drawn on a stress-strain curve.
Thus, the study will evaluate and present from several literature studies some of these alternative conceptions while presenting their origins. The study will explore the conceptual change theories, as well as the importance of teachers being aware of alternative conceptions.
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Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) is described as the energy emitted as well as absorbed by charged particles and may be dangerous to the human body, but depends on the density of the radiated power as well as the transmitter distance. Scores of man-made and natural sources emit electromagnetic waves.
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves that are part of creating the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum is made up of; visible light, microwaves, radio waves, ultra-violet rays, X-rays, and gamma rays. These electromagnetic waves, including microwaves, are all arranged in order depending on their wavelength and frequency.
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The wind has the energy and power to holder the direction of the airfoil as well as the velocity magnitude of the same. The performance of an airfoil in the wind is usually affected by many factors among them an attack angle. In this case, we are going to study the effect of the attack angle on airfoil velocity magnitude.
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When objects hit each other, a collision is said to occur. After the collision, each object experiences a force for a very short period of time. Normally, this force changes the momentum of the colliding bodies, or it imparts an impulse. If the system of particles involved in the collision is isolated, then the momentum is conserved.
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Electron microscopy is of two types; transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM.). The two are almost similar but differential by their operational criteria and structural layout as will be discussed in the report. X-ray knowledge is very essential in the health-wise of humans.
The course or direction taken by the flow is dependent on variation in temperatures. Air density tends to be higher where temperatures are higher. As such, air will move upwards and outward if temperatures are higher indoors. The cooler air from outside will then flow in through lower sections in a building.
At first, an experiment was conducted aiming at examining the main types of fluid flow, which include Laminar, Transitional, and Turbulent flow. Further, the aforementioned experiment was aimed at establishing the relationship between the three types of fluid flow mentioned above and the Reynolds number. A lot of parameters were determined.
CNC machining is advantageous to conventional machining as the former process is more precise and can be done over and over and should be expected to produce the same results. The precision of the process allows for the contouring of complex shapes that would not be possible otherwise, Complex 3D shapes for example. CNC is also appropriate for repetitive tasks because of these features.
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In conclusion, the conduction of the hydraulic jump experiment was able to determine among other things that the occurrence of the jump is experienced due to the separation boundary layer as well as the formation of a vortex. It also became clear that there is a loss of energy that is experienced during the jump.
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Gradient coil is among the most advanced technology that has changed the nature of scanning and imaging within the healthcare sector. Magnetic Resonance Imaging is one of the latest imaging techniques that have been considered useful in the current age. Gradient coils have enhanced the nature of imaging achieved in MRI.
The instructions should be written, and the frequency of the inspections, testing and maintenance should be based on the amount of work done by this Superconducting magnetic energy storage facility. The instructions in place should at least match the minimum requirements has laid out by the manufacturer of the storage.
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Microwave sensors are devices for motion detection that operates by flooding a given space with an electronic field. In the event of any movement or acceleration within the area disturbs this field and generates an alarm. These sensors are usually used for motion detection in long, narrow, flat perimeter zones.
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The synthesis and characterization methods for nanostructure ZnO are highlighted with a majority of the methods that are affiliated to photocatalysis being diversely mentioned in this proposal. Nanostructure synthesis for photocatalysis is centered on methods such as chemical, vapor, pulsed laser, and electrochemical vapor depositions.
This analytical technique is normally used together with synchrotron radiation. X-ray diffraction methods are very crucial for the structural study of various materials. Gordon, Giessen, and Buras among others separately introduced the idea of using this new energy dispersive X-ray diffraction to obtain structural information.
In the renewable energy field, it has been established that the field of fluid mechanics is not only a subsidiary to such power generators as wind, ocean, geothermal and hydroelectric. This begins right from the design stage to the production stage in which equations derived to deal with matters pertaining to fluids are used.
From the given values of ma and the relating to the pipe cross section the was calculation of volume per unit time and velocity as can be seen in column 6 and 7 respectively.
The bearing of the low-pressure turbine went below the minimum due to this rotor imbalance, hence releasing debris. The low pressure was due to the aircraft turning and the failure of the engine (http://www.atsb.gov.au/). The manufacturers made fittings to adjust to low pressure where the aircraft is turning.
It happens if a system can store and transfer energy between any of the storage modes. If the energy keeps on changing from one state to another, some energy loss occurs in the process. However, if the damping is infinitely small the resonance vibrates at relatively equal to the natural frequency of the object or the system.
The objective of the experiment was to be familiar with the apparatus for generating and measuring the properties of ultra-high frequency (UHF) electromagnetic waves, to verify the basic properties of transmission lines as predicted by the telegrapher’s equations. Measurement of the speed of a TEM wave in a coaxial cable was carried out.
Wind pressures are differently experienced on claddings as compared to structures in high rise buildings. The differences that are realized on pressures that are induced by wind surfaces of buildings are not uniform and get unsteady due to the varying properties of cladding. Pressures that result in the production of loads on structures.
Atoms form an important aspect of particles in nature. In an atom, the electrons are found around the nucleus. The electrons are placed in the orbits possessing energy levels. The electron may gain energy by absorbing energy gotten from the 2nd level to their initial level packets called photons. This makes light to be emitted.
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Operations amplifiers are the basic building blocks of analog electronic circuits. It is a device that contains all the properties required for ideal direct current amplification and they are extensively used in signal conditioning, filtering, and they have the capability to perform mathematical operations.
In physics, an object is referred to as a black body if it has the ability to absorb all the electromagnetic radiation that happens to fall on it. They absorb and also emit radiation in a specific manner and also in a spectrum that is continuous. The emitted radiation is not usually dependent on the type of radiation that fell on it.
Oscillators do not require external input. This means that oscillations are produced by the method of positive feedback meaning the oscillator output feeds its own input. For a sinusoidal circuit, two conditions/methods are used to sustain a sinusoidal oscillation. The two conditions below should be fulfilled.
Several types of research have supported this study with a further study of gravity and acceleration. A small body accelerates in a gravitational field at an equal rate as the center of the mass of an object. This study, therefore, has a basis of the size of the object to the gravitational force law whereby smaller objects have a high speed.
The author of the paper argues in a well-organized manner that CTA works by adjusting the current flowing through the wire so that a constant temperature is maintained. This is attained by the use of a feedback circuit. The current required to maintain a constant temperature is related to heat loss (Stainback & Nagabushana, 1993).
The programme has been used successfully across a wide range of business applications in both manufacturing and service industries. Through the years, it has undergone facelifts and currently incorporates many functionalities. The programme is suited to environmental modelling since its ease use allows for flexibility and rapid deployment of the applications.
The paper “Роtеntiаl Flоws Аnаlysеs” is an engrossing example of a lab report on physics. Any potential flow is assumed to be irrational and frictionless. This is because of the degree of their viscosities’ effects of certain fluids being small enough and thus, they can be neglected. Due to these characteristics of the potential flow, it is applied in several applications.
Penetration resistance is widely used to measure soil compaction. In general soil with penetration resistance values of more than 2000 kPa (2 MPa) is considered to limit plant growth. Penetration resistance is highly sensitive to moisture content. It is also influenced by soil texture and bulk density.
The flow representation must be nonlinear and viscous. The model must be able to cope with flow separation and re-attachment. The unsteadiness due to the model must be included but the analysis is not straightforward because of input data erroneous. The computational requirement for such a calculation is very considerable since it a time-accurate.
Both the nylon and the polycarbonate have similar melting points since they both follow the same principle that when the environment is hotter, the temperature of the material is hotter as well. However, during glass transition, the molecular arrangement found in either the nylon or the polycarbonate affects the temperature increase or decrease.
Glass Transition Temperature represents the temperature at which the individual polymer chains become sufficiently mobile at a molecular level to move independently despite the fact that they remain entangled. The melting point on the other hand is the temperature at which a given material changes from a solid to a liquid, or melts.
Through an S bend having a diameter of 20 mm. The two conditions for the experiment are air as a fluid with an initial Reynolds number of 500 and the second fluids with an initial Reynolds number of 50000. This was meant to be able to study the relationship of Reynolds number as well as the inlet match numbers (Versteeg, p. 60).
When a beam of X-ray hits the sample, the electrons in the sample undergo excitation. The photons produced after excitation to excitation interact with the atoms on the sample surface, resulting in the emission of electrons due to the photoelectric effect. Some of the emitted electrons scatter through the sample as they move towards the sample surface.
The three alternative simulations that worked well with coarser meshes resulted in a steeper velocity slope although polyhedral mesh that has lengthened prismatic layer is more appropriate for the same purpose. The three simulations are also forecasted to generate slightly reduced pressure under helical coil stream tubes.
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We used two types of gold; (i) Chloroauric acid [HAuCl4], and (ii) Au clusters [Au9 (PPh3)8)] (NO3)3. We used UV light and a solar simulator as the sources of illumination to irradiate the samples. The HAuCl4 was pre-irradiated for 6 minutes before putting the sample into the solution. There were two techniques used to irradiate the samples.
The digital application is been used in modern applications highly because it improves and increases measurement sensitivity, which is reflected in the efficiency of workloads in a company. That is; digital power in modern applications has increased the load of work that can be done in a day while relying on digital power for success (Ming, 2011).
The velocity was affected when parameters were changed. When weight and distance were varied, the velocity of the racer was affected. This showed that the velocity of the racer depends on its size, distance, and mass. When the drag force is introduced, velocity is reduced. When air and friction are introduced, velocity goes down.
Newton's second law of motion states that force is directly proportional to the mass applied and the acceleration. It is denoted as F= ma. Gravity racers rely on gravitational forces to have forward motion. It is one of the simplest vehicle designs also known as soapboxes or downhill go-arts. It is a go-kart fitted with four-wheeled chassis.
Electronics and electrical design draw their strength from the basic foundation of design and analysis that are done in the laboratory. Complex circuits and multitasking systems have their fundamental principle anchored from the basic principle of circuit design. The general design as well as the implementation of systems have recently hit a notch higher.
This was achieved by burning 10cm of Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in the first experiment and 20 cm of PMMA in the second experiment. The experiments were conducted in a controlled fire box complete with all components of the fire triangle.
The flying principles of airplane use this principle of operation. By understanding the characteristics of fluids when inflows under different conditions is a key element in this part. In this portion, however, one will engage in the studying of the fluid flow in the pipe network. There are several methods of measuring fluid flow (BAECHTEL, 2015).
Endothermic reactions refer to the process where energy is conveyed from the thermodynamic system surroundings of space/system (Cengel, 2007). For instance, a blast can be described through the calcium carbonate thermal decomposition process. The surroundings have a lower heat compared to the heat they had initially.