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The micrometer was then used to measure the thickness of the foil-glue-paper-glue-foil sandwich and also the paper and foil separately, to obtain the distance of separation (d) between the capacitor plates. The relative permittivity of the paper dielectric was then calculated using the capacitance equation.
The toriconical head is also a key player in influencing the discontinuity stress at its junction since as a cylinder end closure whose head is toriconical and has a sphere portion; the closure has two key discontinuities. That is; the junction between the cylinder and the sphere encounters a discontinuity as well as the junction between the cone and the sphere.
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The materials that were selected had to have been of different materials and also different cross-sectional areas to get a wider scope of results. The specimen is loaded into the apparatus a measured force is applied with the dial gauge showing the deflection which is then recorded by the operator.
The laws of thermodynamics dictate energy behavior, for example, how and why heat, which is a form of energy, transfers between different objects. The first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy and matter. In essence, energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can, however, be transformed from one form to another.
Variation in the type of saturant and its dependability on the heterogeneity of the rock, pressure, and temperature control the elastic properties of the rocks. Moreover, it is important to characterize heterogeneities to acquire physical parameters and understand the mechanic's flow within the carbon reservoirs.
For linear motion, when an object is moving in a straight line, its speed in a given direction is the velocity (Asada, Futamase & Hogan 2011). Velocity increased with time is acceleration. In a circular motion, speed in a circle is angular velocity and when the angular velocity is increased, centripetal acceleration increases.
The rate at which objects fall from a given height to the surface of the Earth is referred to as the acceleration due to gravity, g. In this case, we will use a simple pendulum to obtain the value for g. The period T, or the time of the swing of the pendulum, depends on the length of the string and the acceleration resulting from the gravity.
A pendulum is a mass that is suspended at the end of a string and it is free to swing. According to history it was known and used by the Chinese and later on it was developed by Galileo around 1600. Galileo found out an important property that makes the pendulum important in timekeeping that is, a pendulum period is independent of the amplitude of the swing
Therefore, with the introduction of atomic clocks, scientists can reveal the truth regarding Einstein's assumptions about how time can speed up or slow down depending on whichever person is drawing the observation. On the whole, from this concept comes the idea that the greater the gravitational pull on a clock, the slower time runs.
The view factor's role is to determine the amount of radiant energy received per unit time by another surface in contact with another surface (Heat transfer principles in electronic Cooling, 104). Concerning the view factor, a black body is a body whose energy is equal to the other body's energy, they are exchanging heat.
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A black body is a body or surface which is not reflective at all. In other words, a black body is a body with absorptivity of 1 and hence it absorbs the entire radiation without reflecting any (Howard, 2000). On the other hand, a grey body refers to a body that reflects some of the radiation and hence its absorptivity is less than 1.
The main purpose of this report to provide details of an experiment that has been carried and aimed at examining the relationship between elastic deformation by buckling of struts with a range of end conditions and eccentricities of loading.
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Surface roughness decreases with an increase in the cutting speed and the optimum cutting speed obtained when using a small cutting nose radius is higher than that obtained when using a large cutting nose radius. Therefore, it is economical to use a large cutting nose radius in the manufacturing industry to come up with the best value.
The color of an overheated metal piece changes levels of black and blue, this is because of the high temperature that reacts depositing the product color on the sides of the metal. This place becomes porous and can well react with the air outside forming rust and with time, the metal wears out reducing its life span (Sathiya et al, 2012).
However, scientists have been working tirelessly to use the technique of wireless transmission of radiations to enable wireless power transmission. Significant steps towards realizing power transmission without cables started in the 1800s when scientists such as Heinrich Rudolf Hertz and Nicolas Tesla pioneered wireless transmission.
Microwaves according to the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department are electromagnetic waves with a frequency between 300 to 300,000 MHz. After the absorption of the energy, polar ions, as well as molecules in the food, will collide or rotate consistently with the changing heat, and the electromagnetic field is then generated for cooking.
The paper “Classical Mechanics of Fluids, Heat Transfer, Thermochemistry and Fluid Dynamics of Combustion” is a cogent variant of assignment on physics. The list of Navier-Stokes equations is stated as follows. Equations of energy conservation are stated as follows (Bansal and Bansal, 2010): Gravitational potential energy, PE(grav) = mgh, Elastic potential energy, PE(elastic) = (1/2)KX2
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The total amount of heat that is required to increase or raise the temperature of any system by one degree Celsius is the specific heat. Normally, heat and temperature are related in such a way that that they expressed in one equation where c is the specific heat capacity. If there is a phase change in the system the relationship does not exist.
Though reverberation time is never recommended to be measured by recording the room response to the excitation with an impulsive source because of no repeatability of that kind of measurement, we have discovered that this method is suitable since the results are normally in good agreement with those outcomes obtained using other methods.
The heat flow meter was broken last year; therefore, another method was used in determining thermal conductivity. Nevertheless, the heat flow meter has been fixed this year and it is operational. Thus, I used it in calculating thermal conductivity. Additionally, I used last year's method results to compare if the test results were tallying.
The Electrospun Nanofiber diameter decreases with the increase in the collector to the capillary distance. When the capillary to collector distance is too small, the solvent is not exposed to complete evaporation for sufficient time thus the nanofibers formed have flat shapes (Agarwal, et al., 991).
Only those terms with Reynolds Number and Prandtl Number in the momentum equations need turbulence modeling. Turbulence affects the flow of fluids, and, as a result, turbulence modelling caters for this effect in fluid dynamics. Besides, it enabled fluid dynamic designers to predict the characteristics of a particular flow.
The conservation of energy is simply the first law of thermodynamics which states that the rate of change of heat inside a fluid element is equal to the flux of heat into the element and the rate of working done by forces acting on the mass of the element or on the surface of the element (Rexfort, 2004).
The equation of motion requires turbulence motion. Turbulence models are significant since it is difficult to capture every scale of motion directly. In addition, steady-state solutions are preferred for detailed and time accurate motions. Unsteady motions cannot be resolved, hence, require modeling.
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Unlike in the case of the solid fuel, the liquid or gaseous fuel spread through convection and radiation. In most cases, the flame spread is spontaneous as the fuel occupies the confined surface faster than solid materials. In addition, liquids and gases have low densities compared to solids, therefore, burn faster.
A person is moving to a fire exit through a corridor (Fig. 2). His speed is 1.25 m/s and constant during his travel. In the corridor, there is a strong air movement. The speed of air movement is 0.3 m/s and the width of the corridor is 10 m. Find the minimum time needed to reach the fire exit. Indicate the right direction for his evacuation.
It has to be noted however that the severities of the above ignition sources as well as causes of fire have been documented differently. Before expounding on each source, this study has taken a case study as presented in the report by Fire Dynamics (2010) Simulator on the severity of different sources of ignition in the United Kingdom.
Different types of materials have different thermal conductivity. Metals have the highest values of thermal conductivity because they good conductors of heat. Insulating materials have low values of thermal conductivity as they are poor conductors of heat. The higher the insulation property, the lower the value of thermal conductivity.
The concepts of the transfer of heat and energy from one substance to another have been greatly used in practice. One such application is the heat exchanger which is used to transfer thermal energy between different fluids, between solids and fluids, or between a fluid and solid particulates, at different temperatures and in thermal contact.
This experiment is concerned with the determination and understanding of the Young’s Modulus concept by carrying out three different experiments. These experiments include the one involving deflection of beams where the supports to the beam are different. This experiment involved the set-up of a simply supported beam.
The engine used illuminating gas and offered practically reasonable service. It was in effect a transformed double-acting steam engine, which has slide valves for admitting air and gas and for getting rid of exhaust products. The Lenoir engine developed limited power, had high fuel consumption, and used only approximately 4% of the fuel energy.
What is known to many people when it comes to the measurement of resistance is the use of voltmeters and ammeters. That method is very direct and therefore easy to undertake. The biggest problem, however, with this kind of measurement is the fact that they are prone to the internal resistances of these meters.
The paper "P-V Diagrams: Definition and Applications" is a wonderful example of an assignment on physics. The concept of PV diagrams drawn from the ideal gas laws has increasingly become utilized visual aid for creating an understanding of the working of engines. The parameters of ideal gas law are usually expressed in the form of presenting the pressure gas.
A Pressure Verses Volume (PV) Diagram represents a plot of pressure change denoted by P in relation to volume demonstrated by V for a given process or process. These sets of processes lead to the formation of typical thermodynamic cycles. When the cycle has operated to completion, the state of the system remains the same.
The paper "Modeling of the PV Diagram" is a good example of a term paper on physics. A P-V diagram is simply a graph of gas pressure versus volume plotted to show the state of gas and the amount of work done during a process of heat transfer. This is emphasized by the ideal gas laws which are used to indicate the amount of work done by the kinetic.
Fluid flow in pipes has been found to be affected by such factors as the physical traits of the fluid, velocity, changes in temperature, pipe parameters (inner diameter, internal pipe roughness, and length), the position of discharge and supply, number of fittings such as valves, entrance and exit conditions of the pipe and the pipe layout.
Typical applications of the steel samples tested include manufacture of automobile bodies, bridges, structural shapes as well as pipelines for low carbon steels. Manufacture of machine parts, gears and railway tracks for medium carbon steel and production drills, cutting tools as well as surgical tools for high alloy steels.
The paper “Dimensional Analysis - Kolmogorov Velocity Scale, VT in Homogeneous Turbulence” is a fascinating example of coursework on physics. The dimensional analysis of the kinematic viscosity yields L2T-1. The dimensional analysis of the fluid density yields ML-3. For the kinematic coefficient of viscosity, it is the dynamic viscosity to the fluid density ratio.
The outcomes of this report are clearly achieved since it is established for objective number one that the velocity around a bend differs with the frictional conditions and radii of the bend. These results are further indicated in terms of easy translational graphs that are shown in the sections above.
Air flowing past the wings will exert a force on them. In this regard, lift, which is a component of aerodynamic force, will act perpendicularly to the direction of oncoming airflow. On an airplane, the lift is the force that is generated by wings and propellers to keep the craft in the air. It contrasts with drag force since the latter is the component of surface force.
The Euler buckling load for the maximum eccentricity experiment is 33.1 N, which has an error of 36.9% compared to the theoretical buckling load. The Euler buckling for loads with eccentricity should however be lower because they develop moments that increase the bulking of the column (Chilver et al, 1999).
Semiconductors are described as useful components in the electrical and electronic industries. The fact that the nature of a semiconductor’s material electrical conductivity greatly depends on the level and type of impurities, these dependencies can be modified in a manner that provides paths, channels as well as junctions.
Solar power sourcing from the sun is a reliable and invariable source of power and can be utilised to provide power in locations that are remote (Banoni et al., 2012, p.8). Generally, solar cells do not need any repairs and run for years. Furthermore, extrasolar panels can amount occasionally when desired.
An orifice is an opening that is circular at the base or side of the reservoir. Fluid discharges in form of a jet are released into the atmosphere. The volumetric flow rates are discharged through an orifice and depend upon the level of the orifice upon the head of the fluid. The volume rate of flow can be used as a means of measuring flow rate.
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In the laminar region, which is closer to the surface of the material, the flame is thinnest, and the heat transfer from the flame to the surface occurs primarily by convection; however, as the height of the flame increases and hence the flame thickness and turbulence, radiation becomes dominant. The figure below shows the flame spread on the material surface.
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Measurement of fluid flow has been historically been performed with the use weir device (John, 2000). Sharp crested consists of a top structure that is flat and short on the upper edge. This is close to the bevel which is found on the lower side. In this type of weirs, the fluid flowing changes into an overflowing water sheet which is known as a nappe.
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The various forms of mechanical energy find their relationship with one another on the basis of the analysis of Bernoulli’s theorem expression. The mechanical forms of energy which kinetic energy; pressure energy as well as potential energy is summed up at any one particular point during the flow to be equal to a constant value.
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Heat is defined as the transfer of energy across the boundary of a system due to a temperature difference between the system and its surroundings. Heat energy transfer from one body to another is a result of differences in temperatures of the two bodies. The process of heat energy transfer from one body to another is known as heat exchange.
Sizewell B can generate energy for 2.5 million homes. That is approximately equal to the everyday domestic needs of Suffolk and Norfolk. It is capable of generating under 35 of the UK’s total electricity needs. Its estimated decommissioning date is 2035. Heysham power plant is divided into Heysham 1 and Heysham 2.
The reasons why turbulence models are required in CFD – turbulence models are ideal in CFD problems because turbulence can be used to solve complex problems. This is because CFD models consist of 4 components which include grid and geometry generation.