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Thomas Aquinas and Immanuel Kant did a significant amount of work on moral philosophy. Kant was a believer that moral requirements are based on the standard of rationality which was referred to as the “Categorical Imperative”. His arguments concerning ethics and moral value were deontological and his work on ethics is referred to as Kantian Ethics.
The revelations of Jesus are Immutable, Imperishable, and Permanent. However, Socrates made efforts to reach the same truth and his thinking process was similar as compared to the revelations of Jesus. Most human beings ‘are interested in the news of the day and problems of the hour.’ Spirituality is concerned with permanent wisdom.
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According to Jean-Paul Sartre, the main criticisms brought against the concepts of Existentialism are first, that they force the man to understand his isolation and thus can never return to solidarity with the rest of his race and second, that they lead to complete caprice because of man’s isolation from others.
In the U.K. the rights of the individual are protected. This is not true in every society depending upon social and political orientation. In free societies, however, there is a recognized balance between freedom and control-- between what people are technically allowed to do versus laws that often say otherwise.
The shift from religion to science was pushed along by the excitement that discoveries by Newton and Galileo generated. It was made apparent that natural science could also order the natural world. Political thinkers reasoned that if Newton’s metaphysics and natural science could order the natural world.
He states, “the representation of an objective principle so far as it necessitates the will is called a command (of reason), and the formula of the command is called an imperative” (Kant, 24). The imperative is an ought; it is the voice in our heads that pushes us to do good.
The reason I say this is, while individual players such as Daniel Bayl, James A. Brown and Andrew Fastow are mentioned by name, the reality is their individual integrity is only a small part of the equation. The two entities are Enron and Merrill Lynch, both major corporations. They are the real actors in the case.
Persons are what we are as individuals, and bodies are what we belong to as inhabitants. So there are two different substances – the person and the body. The former being is in itself conscious of its being while the latter is external, not having any kind of mental properties. I would like to argue being a thinking thing or a purely mental being.
His concept of true happiness would be more along the Buddhist and Hindu lines of Bliss, that true happiness is a result of the contemplation of the divine. (Gurtler, 2003) Of course, this is a highly ethical viewpoint, but not to be completely discarded. Being happy is often taken for feeling happy, what one author calls “the smiley-face” feeling.
Ahimsa is also the philosophy of life because it teaches to love not because another person is wholly pure in thoughts and actions but because he understands that the other person is also created by the same Creator as himself. He is also a part of the broader concept of family that has one single creator who is called by different names by people living in different places.
The author states that the Sage King is an individual who is not only wise in the philosophical ways of the world but who has enough power to implement his ideas and policies in a practical way. It is important to remember however that such kings were as often “created” by poets and philosophers (like Confucius).
The author states that the Achaemenid kings and their dynasty ruled Persia from 550 BC to 330 BC. The kings of the Achaemenid dynasty have used structured governance with a satrap or governor to rule over the areas. In those days, Cuneiform was the best-known method of writing and some clay tablets with the Cuneiform inscriptions still exist today.
As part of going through the main discussion, specific examples coming from its respective texts will be provided accordingly. As part of the conclusion, my personal reflection will be expressed in detail explaining how I view the two traditions of critical thinking as explained by Fisher and Nietzsche.
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Plato holds that it is the form of good that governs the entire soul of the individual and therefore one needs to seek both knowledge and truth in his pursuit of the ultimate form of good; however, Plato believes that the form of good is superior to both truth and knowledge as they are stemmed from the form of good.
One might argue that the notion of a freedom fighter might be the same as the understanding of a freedom fighter. In a broader sense, it predominantly differs in terms of perspective.
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The author shows that in book three, he points out the importance of providing each person with the opportunity to expand their mind through intellectual study and the importance of the intellectual study to develop quality leaders who are interested most in guarding and protecting the state that created them.
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Although Socrates says that the path to the greatest good is in right action, Plato insists that it is instead in the right thought (Strathern, 1996, p. 25). When one is full of right thought, the perfect form can be found within the human soul rather than the body and thus can only be harmed by the type of wrong actions outlined by Socrates.
When a teenage girl becomes pregnant emotions prevail over morality. Morality may prohibit abortion but the young girl’s parents more worried about their daughter’s life if she became a teenage mother. Abortion is a personal, life-changing and a traumatic decision that the woman has to make and here her emotions count the most.
The term is generally applied in the discipline of political philosophy, which was used by different philosophers and thinkers. The notion reflects the protection and security of human rights, freedom of thought, expression of ideas, and action granted to the individuals on the principles of justice, equality, rule of law, and impartiality.
The principles of the justice of war are mainly agreed upon, and they consist of the following: "having a just cause, being the last resort, being declared by a proper authority, possessing right intention, having a reasonable chance of success, and the end being proportional to the means used" (Moseley, 2009).
There are two important senses in which the theory is used. The first says that choice qualifies to be rational only when it is deliberative and consistent. The choice maker can give the proper justification for the choice. Taking time for a particular choice and making particular things as choices makes the choice of the individual consistent in nature.
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In Thomas Hobbes’ ‘Leviathan’, he mentions how “no man is bound…either to kill himself, or any other man and…the obligation a man may sometimes have, upon the command of the sovereign to execute any dangerous, or dishonorable office, dependeth not on the words of our submission; but on the intention, which is to be understood by the end thereof.
This is the mind which decides their being or being not. In his opinion, a person does not have ideas of minds but he/she has minds with ideas because minds are active and ideas are inactive. Thinking substance attains utmost importance in the philosophy of Berkeley. Various ideas come and concentrate in the mind and give rise to the subjects.
The author argues in a well-organized manner that essentially, the concept of the binary opposition is engendered by the Western propensity to organize everything into a hierarchical structure; terms and concepts are related to positives or negatives, with no apparent latitude for deviation (Fogarty, 2005).
The author states that Descartes’ book Meditations constitutes six meditations which are written reflectively using a technique of referring to the previous meditation as happening “yesterday”, although the entire work was written over a timeline of several years, and not in six days.
Plato invites us to imagine a group of life-long inhabitants of a prison-cave with no knowledge what so ever of the outside world. When shadows appear on the walls of the cave the inhabitants take them to be real entities. This explanation of Plato directs towards the fact that “most of us live in ignorance most of the time.
Children form their total personalities before the age of four. Thus a child raised to be virtuous tends to be virtuous. A child raised to be a crook will tend to be a crook. Many criminals have blamed their childhood for their crimes. Yet if the duality of human nature was only blamed on being a product of society, then upstanding citizens would not snap and commit crimes.
“The Apology of Socrates” is Plato’s version of the speech given by Socrates in his defense of the charges of corrupting the youth and creating new deities brought up against him by men of Athens. Interestingly, the speech did not resemble our current perception of the word apology which is accepting the responsibility for a mistake committed.
The author explains that Daoism has transformed and developed from China, Japan and Korea. Unlike Buddhism and Christianity Daoism has no single founder, or single holy messages such as noble truths and Bible. Today Daoism established as a meaningful and highly prominent religious community.
Every time even the most minor deception is revealed and the truth is made known we are re-united with the Light. So, Let there be Light. Those are the words by which you can create your own magnificent world. The above quote mentions that Truth and Light are the two words that are closely associated with each other.
In the “Apology” Socrates is convicted for not obeying the rules of God and demeaning the citizens of Athens. In response to the charges put against him he defends himself by giving a speech in which he rejects the accusations made against him. He questions politicians, poets and craftsmen and discovers that they in fact lacked proper knowledge.
The author states that included in that activities, for example, are arts and sciences for example medicine which is aimed to achieve health, shipbuilding which is aimed to build a vessel for one’s journey and visual which is aimed to create paintings that can be appreciated by the public.
The author states that Ethos forms the root of ethical means credibility or ethical appeal, it is simply “the state of being”, the soul, the mind and shapes and forms of a person. In this appeal, one of the problems of argument is to project an impression to the reader that you are someone worth listening to.
He was a communist right through his youth and rose steadily through the ranks in military intelligence service till his father (he was also a non-practicing Jew) approached the Israeli embassy for emigration to Israel. Though Bauman never shared his father’s Zionist ideology, he had to face the brunt of official apathy towards Jews.
This research will begin with the statement that whenever we consider the social nature of a government, i.e. what constitutes a government, what legislation it should pass, what laws it should uphold, what freedoms it should defend as well as what duties its citizens owe to the government and their city or country we refer to this branch of philosophy as political philosophy.
In the theory of class struggle, Karl Marx declares that because society is comprised of an evolving class struggle, there is no egalitarianism to establish morals or political alternative. Marx asserted that the course of history was driven by the clash of conflicting forces entrenched in the economic structure and property ownership.
The author of the paper states that the progression is important in that it goes from a lesser way of thinking to a more enlightened one. Slave morality is articulated through the “Slave Revolt Hypothesis,” a complex hypothesis that deals with how some of us are “slaves” and some of us “masters.”
Jeremy Bentham, the jurist and elder statesman of English philosophy, lives on in his legacy of great ethical and political theorizing. Developing in an age of increasing conservatism and fearfulness of the future, Bentham grew to hold contempt for the past and hope for the future. As such, he is a legendary social reformer and political theorist.
The author states that known for his many thought-provoking contributions to literary criticism, French semiotic Roland Barthes’ discourse on the difference of the ‘text’ and the ‘work’ is something that has been a subject of many deliberations. In deduction, ‘text’ is often placed secondary to ‘work’ in terms of implication.
Facial looks and sexiness of the body do not actually count towards what we know as beauty. My dear ladies and gentlemen, I need to tell you that beauty is more within than outside. It is comprised of thinking ideologies than facial cuts and dimples. This is indeed true because beauty within any person is difficult to judge since it is hidden deep down inside.
Modris Eksteins argues against this view to some extent, pointing out the various ways in which Germany embodied the new world spirit prior to the Great War that led to its eventual decline. As he points out, it was during the war that a beneficial socialism was born as a result of the need for every soldier to help his brother
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For several centuries, humanity has been ruled by a dominant dualism, good and evil. These two plain words bear with them a burden that is almost beyond description, one so grand all kinds of artistic creations have tried to articulate them, and religions all over the world are built on them.
The author states that if this hypothesis is rejected, this leads to an error called Type I Error which occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected even when it is true. Hence Type I error would occur if it was concluded that the infants detected the difference between the slides, when in fact they did not.
The author states that Nietzsche would have questioned the validity of slavery on a moral basis. If slavery is wrong today, then was slavery wrong then? Obviously, since it was legal under Egyptian law, then slavery was not wrong then. It was a defining aspect of ancient Egyptian culture.
The focus of this analysis is to critically evaluate the pros and cons of Zizek’s arguments regarding the two revolutions with specific reference to Zizek’s edited “Revolution at the Gates, A Selection of Writings from February to October 1917” (Zizek, 2002).
Utilitarianism and liberty come to loggerheads at this stage. Where such a state of liberty can ever be promised to an individual? Is it not simply a utopian dream? Can history provide any such example? Yet Mill argues that particular truths can have meaning, but one may not know the principles behind them.
The author states that what he learned was in order to sift the chaff from the bran, one had to pick and choose carefully only those principle points and make sure it is factually presented. Even though we may be certain of the authenticity of the facts presented, yet we cannot hope that it would be understood by everyone.
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The Republic is a philosophical treatise concerned primarily with the question of justice and with the living of a just life. Its principal emphasis, then, is on the conduct of individuals. However, The Republic relies quite heavily on analogies between the individual self and the political state.
Judging by texts like The Prince, Leviathan, and Discourses on Livy, Machiavelli and Hobbes are both not friends of religion, but Machiavelli is much less a friend than Hobbes is. This is because Machiavelli sees morality as subterfuge, but Hobbes recognizes a basic morality, even if he doesn’t necessarily come out as a champion of the conventional religion of his time.