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In the United States, the taxable income is calculated based on two primary accounting methods; cash basis method and accrual basis method. According to the Internal Revenue Code, taxable income can be calculated by the taxpayer with respect to the cash receipts and disbursements method and the accrual method.
It is essential to note that Connor and Sehgal examined the intercepts of the multi-variate regression system to explain the cross-sections in mean returns. When the CAPM was used, it was found that all 3 stock portfolios gave positive intercepts. They were significant and lied in the 95% confidence level.
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The BoE agreed, in cooperation with the Financial Services Authority (FSA) and the UK Treasury, to act as lender of last resort to Northern Rock; the bank’s sources of funding in the capital markets have suffered from the tight liquidity squeeze, and private sector banks, as well as other lenders, are unwilling to extend it sufficient credit.
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It is quite important to state that CAPM bears some notable merits but the empirical approaches to it that have been developed over the years add new dimensions to CAPM. Fama-French approach to CAPM is a modification to the CAPM model and it presents some logical evidence towards the findings of CAPM.
The non-profit organizations are facing ever-increasing costs, strong competition from the rivals for a lesser amount of donations as well competition from the for-profit organizations; therefore, these corporations have moved to more creative, entrepreneurial, and non-traditional approaches to fund development.
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Due to the recent recession of the American economy that started in 2007, both mortgage lenders and people have experienced great losses. Homeowners, who lost their jobs due to the economic crunch, were unable to pay their mortgage and creditors, such as banks, started taking legal actions against those homeowners resulting in foreclosures.
The researcher states that the three main divisions in which Yule Catto is operating are:
Polymer Chemicals: The key products are emulsions, synthetic lattices, adhesives, natural rubber latex, polyvinyl alcohol, and acetate, etc.
Pharma Chemicals: The key products are generic and ethical pharmaceutical actives.
Impact Chemicals: The key products are inorganic specialties.
The author states that one of the benefits of preferred stocks is that they pay a guaranteed dividend to the stockholders. Common stocks, on the other hand, pay a dividend only if the board of directors declares it. Another advantage of preferred stocks is in case of a bankruptcy preferred stockholders receive compensation in the liquidation.
Accounting information provides a barometer in the same way that a blood pressure meter is made useful for deciding for good health. The fundamental role, therefore, is in the provision of that information as a way to measure and manage resources in an organization for the accomplishment of business objectives that must also be measurable.
The financial auditors are responsible for conducting an auditing process to assess the validity and reliability of financial activities and financial statements. Auditors’ negligence may produce very serious issues like a financial crisis. The financial crisis of 2008 became more intense than it would have been otherwise.
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“It is a fundamental insight that, under uncertainty, risk-averse decision-makers will prefer stable income and consumption streams to highly variable ones. Under the assumption of risk aversion, a decision maker’s utility will, therefore, be higher, given that he is able to stabilise income or consumption streams”.
The author states that Caterpillar provides the design, manufacture, marketing and sales of mining, construction and forestry products while under the second line, Engines, it does the same as the first but this time on electric power generation systems, petroleum, locomotives, marine, industrial, construction, agricultural and other related products.
Their objective is to turn around the performance of the company in which they invest. Suppose a company has business plans but is unable to fulfil it on account of the dearth of resources than the private equity fund steps in by providing the necessary financial support. In June 2006, Myer store was taken over by private equity group.
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These companies have to reveal their financial results to the general public due to the fact their shares are sold in the marketplace. The Securities and Exchange Commission obligates these companies to prepare financial statements in every accounting period. It can help the average person interpret the financial data of a corporation to become wise investors.
Value addition and market reputation is the way furniture manufacturing companies make progress. Here by taking into consideration the past 5 fiscal years of FFM, a financial analysis is made. The facts and figures from the income statement and balance sheet of FFM have contributed to the calculation of financial ratios.
It is important to have in mind that the findings of CAPM are valuable only under standardized market conditions – where the distance between the ideal market and the current market is not too long; otherwise, i.e. in markets that suffer from severe turbulences the findings of CAPM would not help to estimate the performance of investment – even at an average level.
It can be understood that the right issue has both the advantages and the disadvantages to both the company and the shareholders as the company can incline its shareholders to purchase the shares and the shareholders can be benefitted by getting the shares at a much lesser price than that of the market.
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The paper has used a survey questionnaire to gather the perceptions of 33 purposively sampled Islamic banking clients. The results indicate that there is a need for Islamic banking to more clearly disseminate information. The study demonstrates how the UK public has not fully understood the principles of Islamic banks.
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BP’s headquarter is located in London, but its largest production unit is located in the United States. On the whole, its production capacity is roughly 3.8 million barrels of oil per day which is supplied through 22,400 service stations worldwide. The brands of the company include: Castrol, Arco, Aral, Wild Bean Cafe
IOs develop a way for cooperation and collective action among nations; they act as a basis of supporting international cooperation according to Endres and Fleming (2002). This may be through organizations including the Brettonwoods institutions and United Nations (UN). There are less formal arrangements including various alliances of countries.
The five main reasons that performance measurement systems are put into place are that organizational performance must be monitored; areas that need attention must be identified; motivation must be enhanced and accountability needs to be strengthened (Waggoner et al., 1999, p. 54).
From the analysis of provided four cases, various sources of funding for different requirements have been determined. All the four cases were different therefore proposed procedure was also varying. Now, the overall analysis can be summarised in respect of cases. For purchasing any fixed assets for an existing company can be applied.
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The art of progress is to preserve order amid change and to preserve change amid order. — Alfred North Whitehead. Since accounting is an art, J. R. Wambsganss and B Sanford discuss the diverse opinions on the accounting treatment of Pollution Allowances as assets in the balance sheet. Secondary resources are gathered to affirm or disprove the pollution allowance issue.
The strategy formulated in time warp 2 using the CVP (Cost Volume Profit) analysis is implemented in the years 2006 – 2009. The results are then presented to analyze the profit and performance of the products in this time warp. Based on this analysis, the pitfalls of the strategy are identified and recommendations are provided.
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It is clear that the deficiency of internal controls or entity level control systems was the major cause of these failures. Even though the persons at the helm of affairs had been the convicts in the case of Enron Corporation and WorldCom, an effectively performed entity level control system might have minimized the intensity of the disaster
To be identifiable, the asset should be separable which implies that it should be sold, transferred, licensed or rented. In addition to that, identifiable also implies that it should arise from any legal right or contractual obligation. Goodwill does not meet the definition provided by AASB 138 as it lacks the property of being identifiable.
Individuals are rated through credit reference agencies or bureaus while companies and countries are rated by credit rating agencies. Some of the major Credit Rating and Reference Agencies offering the services in the UK include Moody’s, Standard and Poor’s, Dun & Bradstreet, Experian, Equifax, Calcredit, Fitch Ratings among others.
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In 1984, FASB formed the Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF), which was a form instituted to make sure that the provision of timely responses towards financial issues as and when they emerged, were recognized. EITF comprises of 15 individuals who get selected amongst the public and private sectors as well as some representatives from the FASB
Inflation has to be present in an economy for it to grow however, it needs to be controlled and closely monitored and has to be addressed to while designing a monetary or fiscal policy for a country or preparing a financial budgeting policy for an organization or a country.
The globalized financial system fuelled the vulnerabilities of economies to the Global Financial Crisis. Hong Kong’s trade performance was negatively influenced by the crisis and between 2007 and 2009, exports of the country declined significantly. The banking sector of the economy was also hit by the financial crisis and because of the significant contribution of Hong Kong’s banking sector to GDP, the overall economy also faced major shocks.
The size of the projects is another factor to consider which could largely affect the IRR computation resulting in a wrong decision (Rosen, 1195, p. 244). Along with size disparity, we also need to consider time disparity and unequal lives because these ranking problems would also affect the results of the three appraisal techniques (Rosen, 1195, p. 244).
Despite facing numerous challenges, the company’s revenue grew from $1.5 billion to $38 billion in a period of just eight years. In the year 2002, the telecommunications company received coverage from all across the world for all bad reasons. The company had involved itself in the largest accounting scandals in the world’s history.
Undergraduates would incur an average credit card debt of $3, 173 (as cited in “Student credit,” n.d.). Indeed, since college students generally don’t have the financial means to settle payables for which they are legally responsible, they have become the fastest-growing demographic to file for bankruptcy (“College Student Bankruptcy,” n.d.).
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The company presently uses the strategy of working with the competition rather than against the competition. There is a major focus on developing strong relationships with competitors. Currently, the company is among the top five companies in the industry and is well recognized for its quality and excellence in products
The credit rating agencies failed to assess the real creditworthiness of many financial institutions as shown by the recent experience. The reliability of the credit ratings came under doubt. Since most institutional investors and banks relied on the credit rating agencies, the most complex, innovative instrument could be sold since it received a good rating from the agency.
Fed Gears Up For Stimulus - Federal Reserve of United States
Table of Contents
Agreement with the Article 2
Reference 4
Bibliography 4
Summary
The selected article is ‘Fed Gears Up For Stimulus’ published in The Wall Street Journal on October 26,
Seven more local and regional banks have closed their doors in the United States, bringing the total number of US bank failures to 103 this year, federal bank regulators announced. The numbers released by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation indicate that the failure rate in 2010 was quicker than the year before.
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The degree and value of finance vary according to the size and nature of business. Financial statements are the reflection of these financial activities. Companies are mandated to provide it to their stakeholders so as to keep their operations transparent and measurable. Government authorities responsible for maintaining business ethics and compliance has framed strict guidelines regarding its execution.
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The bank can serve as the company’s agent for documentation and structuring. It can counsel the company on various transactions. Like the bank can guide the company whether undertaking a transaction will be in the long-term interest of the company by giving guidance about the anticipated cost of funding and the expected returns.
Entering the South-East Asian markets and India as a retailer is one other step that portends growth. These markets are home to a burgeoning middle class that not only has access to spendable income but a taste for international quality clothing (Goodman & Robison 1996). Forward integration is very right.
The author states that the role of financial services is not only essential for the companies but it is also important for economic growth and development. They are the largest in the world in terms of earnings comprising of a vast range of businesses. But the financial institutions are also not free from criticism.
The directors and management of the company are responsible to maintain systems for record-keeping (Financial Services Regulatory Commission). The records usually include the entries of all accounting receipts and payments, sales and purchase of goods details, record of assets and liabilities of the company and annual stocktaking (Rikvin).
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As a consequence, it is almost inevitable that there is an integration of financial reporting standards, given the globalized world in which these economic and political factors become more and more important in the context of business, and therefore in the context of accounting practices and reporting.
While a large amount of research has overlooked short-term debt financing complications, Bennett and Donnelly (1993) examined the issue through long and short-term leverage within the United Kingdom, noting that capital structures experience substantial fluctuation when viewed in terms of industrial categorization.
The particular risk may or may not occur regularly subjected to the staff and the supervisors are clever enough to get the idea that some transaction is wrongly taken place. The banks have to be stringent if they wish to stop such mistakes because these things may harm the credibility of the banks pathetically.
In short term, the partnerships can fulfill their needs through taking bank loans and other short term sources of finances, however, since these organizations do not have shareholders, therefore, they cannot raise share capital and their sources of long term finances is the capital shared by the partners of the company.
Operating margin is the most critical measure of assessing the profitability of the firm’s operations and measuring how profitable a firm’s operations are. This is critical because the net profit margin may provide misleading figures because of the inclusion of extraordinary or one-off items in income statement which can inflate the figures.
The current Basel 3 proposals are just an improvement on the Basel 2 proposals that were made in the light of ever-increasing bank failures in the recent past. Risk management in the banking industry as based on the New Basel Capital Accord (Basel III) is intended to minimize the risk associated with the operational and financial procedures of banks.
The rules and codes of the society in terms of generalized drives towards ethical behavior must be followed by the company in its regards to the training of the employee and manager as well, and perceived as such by the individual, in descending order of relative size, to be a reflection of the greater society of which both are apart.
The firm focuses on the development of the market for its existing product of Polyolefin foams whilst also emphasizing on the development of alternative products of high performing polymer material. The firm is also continuing to expand its production capacity as well as increasing its research and development efforts in order to excel in its existing product line of Polyolefin foams.