Essays on the difference between classical and positivist understanding

This suggests that the difference between offenders and non-offenders is the result of something that went wrong with them at a biological, psychological or social level (Newburn, 2007).... The other schools are the classical and the Chicago school.... Positivism provided another perspective in criminology which has been influential in understanding criminal behaviours.... Positivism in criminology was associated with positivist's, such as Cesare Lombrosso, recognized as “the father of modern criminology”....

Tierney (2010) elaborates further that the main difference between the early classical school and positivism in criminology is that one stands behind the notion of “free will” and the other supports the theory of “determinism”.... The notion of positivism, which was not coined as such in those days, stemmed from a philosophical understanding which was closely related to mathematical logic.... The notion of positivism,which was not coined as such in those days, stemmed from a philosophical understanding which was closely related to mathematical logic....

omparison between classical and positivist thinking ... he development of ancient theory has demonstrated that classical and positivist schools of criminology are a contemporary method of addressing with criminal actions.... The developers of this theory considered that a difference between deviant and normal behaviour and thus criminals who had a higher class in a certain manner committed crimes.... The positivists' school of thinking was developed in the nineteenth century by Cesare Lombroso and supported by Enrico Ferri with the main idea being the use of scientific methods in the understanding of criminality and crime itself....

Therefore, both schools' influences have a primary role in understanding present and modern criminology debates as their legacy still accounts in the present criminological and sociological controversies.... The paper "Key Criminology Schools of Thought - positivist and Classical" states that the key ideological disparity between positivist theorists and classical theorists is how the two categories differentiate how some individuals are increasingly more prone to crime than others....

This essay focuses on the version of 'positive philosophy' that the only existing knowledge is one of the phenomena.... It discusses positivism in terms of methodology, or technical issues of the survey method – is considered nowadays a predominant approach to the construction of social research....

(a) Propositions whose truth, logically speaking, can be known merely by understanding them, or by deductive reasoning alone, independently of the evidence of experience: truths of reason.... (b) Propositions whose truth, logically speaking, cannot be known merely by understanding them, or by deductive reasoning alone, but which depend on the evidence of experience: truths of fact. ... Propositions stating matters of fact cannot be known to be true merely by our understanding them, or by our deducing them from other propositions known to be true by the understanding alone; if we can know them to be true at all, they must be known through consulting experience....

According to them the difference in subject matter between sociology and physical sciences calls for different methods of investigation.... According to Thyer (2010), positivism is part of the objectivism epistemology that focuses on empirical understanding of social life (18).... nterpretevism claims that an understanding of a group's action must be preceded by a consideration of how the participants understand their actions (Crotty, 2003: 69)....

A major difference between the positivist school of criminology and feminist criminology is the treatment of gender in criminology research and reasoning.... A major difference between the positivist school of criminology and feminist criminology is the treatment of gender in criminology research and reasoning.... Positivists that followed Lombroso carried on the tradition of measuring a variety of psychological, economic, social and physical factors as a means of understanding ‘crime and criminality' (Walsh and Ellis, 61). ...

ollins paraphrases Calhoun in order to explain the difference between anomie and strain according to Merton in the following terms: 'Anomie can be separated into two specific categories: macroside and microside.... There is a real need of acquiring a better understanding of criminal behaviour so it can be prevented and deterred as much as possible in a modern society characterised by complexity, unequality, and diversity among its members. ... It also emerged in opposition of the classical School of Criminology that was grounded on the standpoints of classical Greek philosophers, especially stressing the importance of free will (O'Connor, 2006)....

Positivism – although mainly understood in terms of methodology, or technical issues of the survey method – is considered nowadays a predominant approach to the construction of social research, inasmuch as key principles and features of the positivist concept of human knowledge are deeply embedded in the design ideology and practice of the research....

Borowski explained that the concept of causation is one of philosophical importance because of its intimacy to the explanation and understanding of a phenomenon or event and that the paramount aim of science entails identifying and systematically analysing causal relations that holds true in nature.... The reasoning behind the concept argues that a problem can be better tackled and/or alleviated by the understanding of the root cause(s).... The reasoning behind the concept argues that a problem can be better tackled and/or alleviated by the understanding of the root cause(s)....

The import of international bodies of law and provisions in both countries is normally regulated by realist and positivist influences.... enerally, debates on the efficiency of different legal cultures with a view to borrowing the rules which are generally acceptable across cultures is an imperative realist and positivist culture that leads to the promotion and creation of consciousness of the law to universal interests.... s a Nigerian, I benefit from English legal scholarship by understanding international positivist doctrines of law touching on different areas such as: the equality of men and women in the eye of family law; equal treatment of employees in employment law, and the supremacy of a democratically-elected government....

the difference between the two schools can be brought down to the issue of intellectual orientation, as Gramsci and the followers, in contrast with the Frankfurt School, are mainly concerned with political economy rather then political and normative theory.... According to the scholars that support this view, social inquiry must combine but not separate the two poles of philosophy and social science, normative and positive, explanation and understanding.... This approach allows being practical in a moral rather than simply instrumental sense: "Critical theory, through the process of self-understanding and self-reflection, is able to provide a critique of the existing social order and point to its immanent capacity for change and for the realization of human potential....

ehavior therapy, the earliest of the cognitive and behavioral psychotherapies, is based on the clinical application of extensively researched theories of behavior, such as learning theory (in which the role of classical and operant conditioning are seen as primary).... This marks a first difference between interpretivism and positivism.... Herein lies the supposed conflict between quantitative and qualitative approaches - quantitative approaches traditionally seek to minimize intervention in order to produce valid and reliable statistics, whereas qualitative approaches traditionally treat intervention as something that is necessary (often arguing that participation can lead to a better understanding of a social situation). ...

the difference between two models is that while the second one does not make any rigid difference between the law and the tradition the first one does make such a difference giving much stress on international law.... Realist positivism treats the power of the state and the \ interests of the state as the principal driving force in global relations and it has rude approach towards international law per se, having its link with classical and structural realism that stresses on the power and abilities of the state....

Positivists researched the biological reasons of criminal behaviour and thought that by using scientific research on the biological parts of the criminal, that we could make an understanding of which types of people would be likely to commit crime.... The paper argues that to rely on positivist research as an idea for preventing crime would be dangerous, and has been abused and in today's society would not be accepted as a single or main idea behind criminology....

To show the clear correlation between guided travelling today compared to 5 years ago, towards city guides.... Using a Smartphone allows it easier to communicate, and the substantial difference with a Smartphone, is that you can access a browser, Internet, directly via your device....

edagogical experiences of the authors have been presented in this study with an a priori and a posteriori assumption-presumption approach that delineates parallel processes of understanding and knowledge assimilation related parameters.... n the first instance ontology of the paper is based on the pedagogical underpinnings of understanding and knowledge acquisition.... Instead there is a relative model of understanding concepts (Haefner & Altoona, 2004)....

From this perspective there is little, if any, difference between the division of knowledge into disciplines, the division of the world into countries on a map or variations in the landscape: they all exist only in the human mind.... Adherents of this paradigm claim that human being is not capable of perfect and comprehensive understanding of reality admitting that only serious analysis and accurate collection of information can bring the researcher close to such understanding....

ccording to Wilson and Herrnstein (1985) "criminology is the study of delinquency and crime with the goal of developing a body of knowledge including all the dynamics that surround crime and criminals to assist in their understanding of the phenomenon". ... hus, the focus of the science of criminology is to evolve a deep understanding of crime, the reasons why people commit crimes and the nature of the people who commit crimes namely the criminals.... Scientific understanding of crime and criminality is at the base of biological positivism....

Hart's Contribution to Analytical Jurisprudence" paper states that in the present context the main point is that the distinction between general and particular jurisprudence does little or nothing to illuminate the similarities and differences between Hart and Dworkin.... Hart's Postscript and the mutual courtesies of the two friendly protagonists suggest that the differences between them can easily be exaggerated....

The paper "the difference between the Classical and Neo Realistic Approach" highlights that despite classical realists and neo-realists originated from the same direction of realism, their perceiving of the cause of the global conflicts and the notion of power is rather different.... REALISM Foreword: This research paper considers the difference between the ical and neo-realistic approach in the sphere of international relations. ... Nevertheless, this thesis contradicts his own understanding of power as a powerful weapon on the international arena....

) observes that, Western Marxists are not motivated in understanding Marxism as a purely social theory rather they interpret Marxism as theory of practice.... estern Marxism critique Orthodox Marxism positivist/empiricism approach, which stress the primacy of facts.... Its quest is to resolve the apparent ambiguities and inconsistencies within classical Marxism.... Orthodox Marxism builds on critiques of capitalism, classical economics, and liberalism....

In employing the methodology of hard sciences in the understanding of criminal behavior, one then is lead to believe that the human actor is universally governed by a law of nature that can be charted as it is being observed.... (1942) understanding human nature.... understanding crime and delinquency: a sociological introduction.... However, the failure of positivist school and determinism to take into account the decision making ability of human beings and the tendency to see men and women as specimens and organisms in a controlled laboratory marks the ineptness of this particular school in laying down the etiology of crimes are its biggest error. ...

have different and unique political cultures, whereby each government is expected to work in accordance to that cultures; thus, resulting in disagreement due to difference in understanding.... he aim of the study will be to examine the international relations (IR) between United States and Russia as well as bring about understanding why the ‘reset' policy eventually failed, despite the fact that it had resulted in numerous achievements in bilateral relations....

Morgenthau elaborated six principles of political realism, which remained at the very core of his contributions toward the understanding of international politics.... For the first time, scholars found it imperative to broaden the agenda for understanding the causes of war and the prospects of peace in the international society of states, giving rise to the sub-discipline of international relations (IR).... Morgenthau elaborated six principles of political realism, which remained at the very core of his contributions toward the understanding of international politics....

n important point of understanding is that behavioral theories are represented by a S-O-R paradigm.... The second part of the procedure, which may be viewed as indicative action is performed with obligatory reference to checklists and other reference material and is dependent on the level of learning and understanding of aircraft systems and their performance characteristics. ... onstructivists generally agree with Max Weber that they need to employ interpretive understanding (verstehen) in order to analyze social action....

o develop a comprehensive understanding of the nature of the society as it applies to Weber and Durkheim, it is imperative that the theories of Marx are understood.... The nature of society for each of the three philosophers remains hidden somewhere in the production relations, though the three differ on their understanding of this nature.... Weber is a non-positivist whereas Marx and Durkheim are positivists.... Weber is a non-positivist whereas Marx and Durkheim are positivists....

harles Taylor is another philosopher who became relevant to the history and development of anthropology because of his insights on the culture of modernism, and on the manner in which anthropologists tried to interpret the difference between 'non-modern' and categorically, modern, cultures.... This is actually an important issue that surrounded social science during this period: the emergence of anthropology, or qualitative methodologies and perspectives, versus the dominant quantitative methodologies and positivist perspective in the social sciences (Jones, 2004:3)....

Essentially, though, these categories can be explained within the two major scientific schools of thought: the Classical and the Positivist school, the difference between which can be ascribed to the consciousness of individuals to commit or not to commit a crime.... In the paper 'Theoretical Dimensions Involving Criminal Behavior,' the author focuses on understanding the causality of crime, which is the most pursued area of criminology, producing various theories from different scientific fields and from both experts and ordinary people....

It stresses upon understanding behaviour.... (2006) Models of understanding criminal behaviour and the sentencing process: a place for criminological theory?... Lombroso's positivist criminology established a theory of multiple- factor approach towards the causes of crime.... he positivist school of criminology assumed that offenders had features that were not to be found among the non-offenders.... Upon segregating the chief causal sources, criminal conduct could be prevented Cesare Lombroso and Criminal Behaviour Introduction Lombroso's positivist criminology established a theory of multiple- factor approach towards thecauses of crime....

This marks a first difference between interpretivisim and legal positivism .... Hohfeld maintains that legal analysis is frequently muddled and inconsistent because of an improper understanding of the fundamental legal conceptions.... Can the philosophy of law dealing with contract theory; will theory; and the classical approach to contracts where individuals freely enter into said contracts be shown as consistent with Hohfeld's analysis of fundamental legal conceptions Is the use of his analysis of practical value when either creating a law or writing a contract Does a party to a contract have rights, privileges, power, and immunity as well as duties, no-rights, liability, and disability ...

xperimental results in understanding Biological influences on crime: 8 ... Ecological theory: These theories found /focus on interrelations between crime and the physical (crowed housing) and the social environment (poverty, unemployment, disease) in urban areas. ...

Because of generation gap, the difference between Marx and Weber's contribution in the study of society can be noted in the sense that Marx's study was made when he tried to examine the impact of capitalism and bureaucracy including the influence of capitalism on society's economic and political perception.... Having a strong interest in analyzing the impact of religion to the entire society, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber are among the prominent sociologists who were known for their unique classical and seminal sociological theories between the later parts of 19th century up to the present time....

Its idea of intellectual development is hence redundant: “progress in international relations theory is identified narrowly with positivist science, and positivist science sets standards that are best met by the sort of parsimonious structural theory offered by Waltz” (Crawford 2000, 75).... This is definitely the case with Walt's portrayal of the association between classical realism and neo-realism.... Whereas a sufficient recognition of neorealist theory demands a firm grasp of Waltz's removals from classical realism, an idea into the significance of this theory to a prevailing discourse position in international politics demands an understanding of this symbolic technique....

New classical and Real Business Cycle Theories ... On the other hand phenomenology is concerned with the understanding human behaviour from the participant's own frame of reference (Hussey and Collis, 2003).... The main groups of economists involved in the controversy are the Keynesian economists and the classical economists.... According to the classical point of view the business cycles are the result of disturbances in the production and spending....

Therefore, undoubtedly the impact of organizational innovation on organizational effectiveness has always been and will always remain a classical subject of investigation.... The paper "Advantages and Disadvantages of Innovation in Dell Organization" discusses that innovation is often referred to as the driver of business or a way by which new ideas sees the light of the day in the form of different products or services....

the difference between Baker's theory and Jeremy Bentham's theory is that, if Jeremy's theory considered that it was possible to annihilate crime completely, Backer's theory acknowledged the fact that society could not completely do away with crime beneath a give level.... This philosophy was however replaced by Chicago schools and positivist theories.... Theory Policies Beccaria appealed for reasoning principle where he called for state understanding as a kind of contract, and utility principle, above all, as of the biggest happiness for the biggest number....

However, my deduction is not enough to substantiate my hypothesis that interacting and sharing leads to better understanding thus I explored existing theory about how people learn.... In fact, according to Fraser & Getswicki (2001) referring to the works of Schon (1983), taking a reflective stand toward each other's constructs and by recognizing the effect of each other's perceptions can lead to a better understanding than if they simply listened to the teacher or read and copied text....

Neoliberalism, which is more logical and positivist sees environmental crisis in the light of violent human behaviours which have long been demonstrated by their capacity and willingness to engage in organised violence against one another (Barkawi & Laffey, 2001, p.... However the second one suggests the approach IR has adopted towards understanding environmental issues is based upon a regime theoretical framework and therefore does not provide any insight into the practical approach....

There much to learn from having to combine the two but there is beauty in learning the difference of each, too.... There much to learn from having to combine the two but there is beauty in learning the difference of each, too.... ) informed that generalizability, prediction and causal explanations as purposes of quantitative research while contextualization, interpretation and understanding actors perspectives as purposes of qualitative research....

n addition, the humanists exhibited a huge confidence in the power of reason as a basis of thoughtful understanding with regards to human nature and man's place in the natural order.... During this time, “Europeans underwent a transformed interest in Roman and classical Greek civilization, and consequently, in learning mathematics, science, philosophy, science, and the arts” (Adams, 2005, p.... Here, the revival of classical texts fueled the shift of philosophical interest from technical studies in metaphysics, theology and logic towards assorted inquiries into philology, morality, and mysticism....

In addition, the humanists exhibited a huge confidence in the power of reason as a basis of thoughtful understanding with regards to human nature and man's place in the natural order.... During this time, “Europeans underwent a transformed interest in Roman and classical Greek civilization, and consequently, in learning mathematics, science, philosophy, science, and the arts” (Adams, 2005, p.... Here, the revival of classical texts fueled the shift of philosophical interest from technical studies in metaphysics, theology and logic towards assorted inquiries into philology, morality, and mysticism....

However, despite the presence of quite distinct difference between the two, leadership and management cannot be separated in an organisation due to the harmonious operation of the two.... otterman, J 2006, 'Leadership Versus Management: What's the difference?... Leadership and management what is the difference.... nderstanding leadership and management in an organisation requires an understanding of the relationship between a manager and a low level employee (Goeke & Antonucci 2013, p....

Because of generation gap, the difference between Marx and Weber's contribution in the study of society can be noted in the sense that Marx's study was made when he tried to examine the impact of capitalism and bureaucracy including the influence of capitalism on society's economic and political perception.... Having a strong interest in analyzing the impact of religion to the entire society, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber are among the prominent sociologists who were known for their unique classical and seminal sociological theories between the later parts of 19th century up to the present time....

In addition, the capitalist owns the product and will always pocket the difference between the value οf the labour and the value οf the product - referred to by Marx as 'surplus value' - purely by virtue οf his ownership.... In Europe, Marxism was the most respected challenge to classical and neoclassical models, but in the United States institutionalism offered a many-sided alternative.... The key to understanding a given society is to discover which is the dominant mode οf production within it....

For Lukacs the proletariat is the first truly universal class: for the first time in history, there existed a class whose self-understanding was the understanding of society as a whole, whose fate was the fate of society as a whole.... Georg Lukacs stands as a dominant figure in twentieth-century Marxism....

Nevertheless, some political scholars consider this division or analyse the possibility for shared understanding.... This approach separates most from positivist premises, theorizing about not only the politics of the state and social movements but also the politics of language (Driscoll & Krook, 2011).... In comparison, a number of feminists view their research to be post-positivist although a number of other feminists also research within a positivist design....

Hart's misconception arises from his lack of understanding natural law theory as its pillars. ... n addition to supporting Fuller's views and understanding of law and morals, let us look at Roberts (2011) article- inquiry as to whether article VI of the European Convention on rights of man need rational outcomes in trial of criminals.... Hart's understanding of classical natural law theory.... Even though Hart did not understand classical theory of common law, he at some extent recognized that morals play a role in society as a form of arbitration....

Critical criminology offers alternative ways of understanding the control of crime.... Critical criminology offers alternative ways of understanding the control of crime.... Although critical criminologists sometimes use quantitative analysis to apply an empirical approach, yet critical criminology, for the most part, adopts an approach that is qualitative and interpretive to the social reality's understanding in the crime's realm.... classical vs neoclassical theory of crime According to the classical theory of crime, every individual has his/her own free will, so anybody can be a criminal depending upon what choices he/she makes on his own....