Finance & Accounting Essays

In the paper, the regulatory failures that especially the western industrialised countries faced and which led to the universal economic crisis in the year 2008-09, is examined along with the findings about the causes or roots of the arising financial crisis along with certain immediate tasks that should be followed in order to cope up with the financial crisis has also been discussed.

The Audit Committee is answerable, used for making certain it analysis at least once a year the credentials, and presentation. The Audit Committee will evaluate every future take on by a company or its subsidiary of administration point or senior persons previously working through the sovereign auditors who offered checks towards the corporation.

“A contract is breached if one party introduces a fundamental change which is unacceptable to the other party.” Morris et al (2007). In practice, when a person fails to do as promised in a term of a given contract, there is a breach of contract. In Johnson V Agnew [1980], there was the failure of one party to discharge what was promised in the contract.

This COCO method is thought to be more concrete and user friendly method of Internal accounting control system. The concept of managerial accounting has been mentioned in this COCO framework. What is Internal Control? Internal control can be explained as any action taken by an industry to assist increases the likelihood that the purposes of the industry will be achieved.

Activity Based Costing vs. Traditional Costing Sober Public Limited Company Abstract Globalized market environments pose opportunities and challenges to organizations in equal measures. In order to adapt to the changing global market environments, firms and companies need to adjust through restructuring in many areas within the organizations, including, but not restricted to, change in accounting techniques.

According to the financial statements for the year ended 30 December 2011, Boeing has reported a net income from sales of products and services for the fiscal year 2011 of $ 4.018 billion.  According to their Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, cash provided from operating activities for 2011 was $5.844 billion (Boeing Annual Report 2011, 55). 

2. Analysis 2.1 Task 1 - The business . 1 Describe the type of business and its ownership. This should include: The business's name, the form of business organization (Sole trader, partnership or limited company) The business will be named as ABC Company and the same would be limited company as the same would be better than sole trader and partnership because of the limited liability of the owners as an overwhelming advantages as against the first two Limited liability, as name of suggests, would involve less risks for owners compared to sole trader and partnership.

As the paper outlines, Marks and Spencer’s annual report has limited information on the company’s employees against its CEO’s claims that its people are its major asset. This is reiterated by the facts presented in its annual report in 2011. However, it can be seen that information regarding the company’s most valuable asset, its employees are limited due to its present value evaluation.

In the middle of 2000, Lehman Brothers predicted that Amazon Company is unable to succeed. Bezos had to struggle against negative predictions, in accordance with which his Company should have bankrupted in 2001. Amazon for Bezos is a creative field for the realization of his great talent of a businessman, manager and a strong leader.

By the year 2007, the company had a net income, standing well over 6 billion, and offered employment to 93,000 people globally (Boyd, 2011 p83). Nevertheless, its financial muscles and extemporary economic performance does not make it immune to problems, notably financial crisis and scandals that rocked the company starting 2003, all the way to 2005.

Bloomberg provides the financial world with news, analytics, and financial data through several indices. After reviewing goldmines of financial data, investors must ultimately choose where to spend. Consistency during periods of recession is a strong indicator of the health of most funds. There exist an implementation of sustainability programs.

The author explains that the banks granted loans assuming that markets were efficient while overlooking the underlying risk. The financial crisis of 2007-2012 highlighted the redundancy of efficient market theory as an explanation of the financial decisions. This statement has been evaluated with the help of the following course of events.

CME is the world’s leading market for trading currency. The company offers services in a wide array of financial instrument such as the futures, options, Forwards and Swaps. These instruments are used to reduce the adverse effect of unfavorable movements of in the currency value.

The form of business is taking place between businesses in two countries that are quite far away apart. Campbell Soup Company is based in the United States while Hen Hao is based in China. While Campbell does her valuation based on the USD currency, Hen Hao on the other hand conducts her valuation based on the Hong Kong Dollar currency. 

The dissertation, An Investigation of the Impact of Oil Price Changes on the GCC Stock Markets, aims to investigate the impact of oil price fluctuation upon the stock market index of the GCC countries over the last five years. The world has a voracious and an insatiable appetite for oil. It is the rudimentary raw material to drive our economies. 

The cosmetic industry in china has evolved into a fully-fledged market over the years with the flourish of a number of brands. From the course of the project, it can be concluded that China became the ground for the success of a number of cosmetic companies across the world. A large number of foreign brands entered into joint ventures.

Accounting Principles: Events After the Balance Sheet Table of Contents Introduction Events after the balance sheet date, formerly known as post balance sheet events, are an important part of accounting. They are handled under IAS 10 Events after Balance Sheet Date (Ramachandran & Kakani, 2009).

On the other hand, if the companies are involved in exporting the local items to the other countries, then they face a risk of depreciation of foreign currency or strengthening of the domestic currency such that the receipts earned in foreign currency, can be reduced while converting them into domestic currency if the foreign currency depreciates.

Home Retail Group on the other hand has witnessed a decline in the spending in their markets. This is because the customers have faced pressures on their amounts of disposable incomes hence less is available for their spending on discretionary items. Some of the sections of the multi-business have flourished, and among these is Argon.

The author states that the subprime mortgage crisis was as a result of lending to people who were not qualified for such loans. Behind such crisis financial instruments and institutions are often the key drivers. The mortgage crisis was a complete loss of business by financial institutions which had enjoyed low risk lending to the mortgage sector.

The company name is China Chaintech united company limited which has invested in the transport sector. Investment in the transport sector has economical benefits, for instance in relation to the location and pattern of activities contributing to the economy and hence helping to reduce disparities among regions. Appraisal for transport projects is done within a given framework.

Tesco PLC. Tesco offers a wide variety of food products, non-food products and also clothing through its 2,318 stores, with 326,000 employees around the European, American and Asian markets. The company provides its customers with financial services too (Datamonitor, 2004).

NLDST followed a similar trend increasing by 2 .16% from 88 .02 in 2009 to 89 .93 in 2010 and subsequently increasing by 8 .55% to 97 .62 in 2011. The increasing trend indicates deteriorating liquidity in the banking sector as more and more assets, customer deposits, and short-term funding are tied into loans which are classified as illiquid assets.

The study covered the financial ratios that firms, shareholders, investors, suppliers, distributors, competitors and other stakeholders including government agencies use to analyse the performance of the firm. Different types of financial ratios have been discussed in this chapter and all these financial ratios will be calculated for the three firms under study; Tesco, ASDA and Sommerfield in the study.

2. The process of delivering change within organisations In the course of introducing change, the government supports those professions where it experiences difficulty in recruitment, and emphasizes innovation and entrepreneurship. These are laudable strategies that would tend to engage the staff to invest themselves in their jobs.

Moreover, there are specific provisions that state that individuals who are carers are entitled to have flexible working schedules if they have a good reason, and an employer cannot unreasonably deny this.  There are also broad areas of employment law that forbid discrimination and harassment based upon certain aspects of an individual’s background or gender. 

The House of Lords’ decision in Majrowski v Guy’s and St. Thomas NHS Trust establishes that an employer is vicariously liable for workplace bullying or harassment by one employee of another.

In each contract, there is always a transaction in which benefits and profits are derived by one party and obligations or losses are incurred by the other party. The general definition of recognition is the acknowledgement of an occurrence. In accounting, the term is used to imply the acknowledgement of monetary value in transaction.

Bank management and customers, both are equal stakeholders availing the benefits of e-banking. A general perception over who is leveraging more from the electronic banking, the banks, or the customers, cannot be made unless an analysis of the benefits to both the stakeholders is accomplished. Customer satisfaction has gained much significance.

It deals with various ways in which the investors of the companies gets themselves assured about receiving a return on their invested funds. Corporate governance primary is involved with answering the following questions: How the investors of a company manage to get returns on their invested amount from the managers of the company?

In other words, such investors feel that risk is intrinsic to any investment. This belief is somehow misconstrued as the risk to an investment is always relative to the price paid. Hence, instead of focusing on the uncertainty that an investment may face such as volatility, it is recommended that investors measure the risks associated with their investments by valuation, which has more importance to investors than risks (Pratt, 1998).

There are in all four different lines of business that the company is engaged in, and also these are EBS, AIB UK, PBB for Personal and Business Banking, and CICB for Corporate Institutional and Commercial Banking. The latter two correspond to its lines of business for individuals and for corporations.

In the short term, the 1 year return of FLCSX was 19.74% compared to 17.72% returns in the international index of S&P 500. The following table summarizes the performance in percentage returns of international index S&P 500 and FLCSX for different time horizons: Performance Review Period (Yrs) S&P 500 (%) FLCSX (%) 1 17.72 19.74 3 11.42 12.87 5 4.91 6.27 10 7.82 8.72 YTD 14.55 15.62 From the above summary of YTD returns of FLCSX and S&P 500 it can be said that in the long run as well as in the short run, the YTD returns of FLCSX were greater than that of S&P 500.

Finance and Accounting Concepts Introduction Accounting concepts play an important role in recording the financial transactions and is a discipline that provides certain information related to financial transactions. Accounting provides important financial information to a wide range of potential users who are able to make several economic decisions for the allocation of economic resources.

The Down Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) was launched in 1999 as the first global index to evaluate the financial performance of the leading sustainability-driven companies worldwide (DJSI Annual Review, p. 3). The indices are produced as a result of the cooperation of S&P Dow Jones and RobecoSAM indices (DJSI, n.p.). 

Jim argued that “we simply decide without thinking much about the decision process.” This statement has a deep concern about what we may choose to do in our life. Therefore every individual should consider what has chosen to do otherwise he or she may end up regretting on the decision he made.

Hoosier Pet Palace is the newest for-profit business coming to Bloomington, IN. Unlike most businesses where their only goal is to make money, HPP is also looking to solve a social issue within the community. The purpose of this business is to provide animals with a home when their owners are out of town for long periods.

Credit risk is generally defined as the loss arising from failure by those under obligation, to honor the payments due from them. Many researchers consider probability of default as the pillar of credit risk modeling. Other components often sighted are loss severity and exposure at default.

Islamic Banking involves a banking system that follows the ways of Islam. The principles stated in Islamic finance are very old. Islamic banking rules and regulations are based on the teachings of the Islam religion. In Islam, short-selling, gambling, or uncertain money investments for abnormal profit maximization are strictly prohibited. As such, financial products are also designed according to such principles.

Before introducing the change, companies conduct an in-depth analysis of their strengths as well as weaknesses. They also evaluate the external environment to identify external threats as well as opportunities. Based on such information, management formulates the future strategy to be followed to retain its competitiveness in the industry.

The state government does not back the participatory right of the workers through any legal enactments, and the employers have also not institutionalized the concept in the decision-making process, resulting in the ignorance of this phenomenon in the United Kingdom as opposed to its prominence in Germany. 

“The fundamental success of a strategy depends on three critical factors: a firm’s alignment with the external environment, a realistic internal view of its core competencies and sustainable competitive advantages, and careful implementation and monitoring” (Porter, 1996).

An accountant may face several ethical challenges in regards to the revenue recognition of a firm. Accountants must abide by the generally accepted accounting principles at all times. An accountant who holds a license such as a CPA may receive a customer that contracts him for the service of preparing financial statements.  

According to the essay to carry on business and stay competitive in today’s complex business environment, companies need always to keep on updating information relevant to costing, pricing, budgeting, estimating and so on. Pricing is an extremely important strategic issue since it is closely related to product positioning.

Governments have to prepare budgets each fiscal year in order to operate and determine economic performance. The budget prepared by the relevant departments undergoes several stages and various stakeholders are involved in the process. There are four major steps in the budget making: preparation, legislative approval, executive implementation, and accounting and financial reporting. 

According to the “Insurance Act 1973”, insurance companies can reinsure themselves either with local insurance companies or other international insurance companies. The “Insurance Contracts Act 1984” is the main legislation that looks at the relationship between the insurer that is the insurance company, and the insured, the consumer. 

Corporation’s shareholders are taxed on dividends allocated by the corporation. Some corporations such as mutual funds are not taxed at the corporate level; their shareholders are taxed on the corporation’s income. Domestic corporations are taxed at the state and federal levels on their international income. 

The author designed a probabilistic model to measure such relationship, including the measurement of stability and instability. The researcher explored the topic according to the assumption that firms that undertake mergers and acquisitions emerge stronger in the process.

It is imperative to note that, the insurance companies are obliged to make regular and lifelong payments until the holder dies (Brealey & Myers, 1997). Consider the formula for calculating life annuity returns: Payout= P*R*(1+R) exponent N / (1+R), whereby P is the principal, R - interest rate, and payout refers to the periodic payment.