Finance & Accounting Essays

According to Gwartney et al. (2009) conflicts in investment when developing the budgeting process can result because of the practice of the government to treat the above process as ‘a political decision’ (Gwartney et al. 2009, p.137). This trend is reflected in the following fact: ‘since 1960 the budget has been in surplus only twice’ (Gwartney et al. 2009, p.137).

In definition, a virtual currency is a type of digital money that is unregulated, controlled, and issued by its developers; it is then introduced to the users and calls for acceptance among the members of the relevant virtual community. These currencies resemble real money and do come with their discrete, but open retail payment system; leading to the term virtual currency scheme.

The biggest advantage of these analyses is that these are easier to calculate as well as understand. However, when discrepancies arise significantly in percentages, it becomes very difficult to pinpoint the root cause of that change as well as the effect of those changes on other line items of the income statement and balance sheet.  

Initially, traditional budgeting acted as the only alternative for budgeting. But, in the recent phenomenon, budgeting has come up with several alternatives. It can be affirmed in this regard that traditional budgeting is often criticized as sufficient enough to support global companies in attaining their desired targets.

A brief account to his arguments can be found in his book titled “Globalization and Its Discontents”. Arguably, in the post-occurrence of the East Asian crisis, various agendas of the IMF were established being assigned for promoting the global constancy and assisting the developing nations in obtaining growth along with constancy.

The author of the paper discusses the situations where a bank may not be in a position to meet its obligations with urgency or immediacy. This kind of risk will in most cases arise when revenues are not synchronized. It is important that the bank's liquidity risk be measured in order to avoid crises in the future.

“In a world with corporate taxes, Modigliani and Miller’s view is that a company should issue as much debt as possible. Why is this advice not followed by companies?”A debt is often an obligation owed by a debtor to a creditor, who is usually the second party.

This section of the research study will focus upon the leading print news media in the United States the New York Times and Washington Post on how they framed Brazil’s political and economic scenario. This valuable topic as it attracts the foreign affairs, policies and global issues between the United States and Brazil in the international platform.

Wal-Mart business Stores selected SSH Tectia client/server system protects secret business data in transfer, offers authoritative strong encryption techniques, support mixed computer communications, and numerous verification methods, with the additional support of improved SFTP Secure File Transfer Protocol potentials.

PART I APT- Arbitrage Pricing Theory and CAPM-Capital Asset Pricing Model alike are methods applied in the assessment of any given investment’s expected returns and risks going in tandem. In both, formulas are used in the determination of the required rate of return for a given investment in order it be considered worthwhile.

If the share price falls then the expected return of the share will decrease and when the price rises then the expected return will also increase. In order to minimize this risk and maintain the same level of expected return investors use Markowitz Diversification by adding a lowered or negatively related security in the portfolio which will diversify their risk as shown in figure 6.

A systematic and rational cost allocation method should be adopted in the organization. It has to be determined in the beginning as to which divisions in the hospital can be differentiated as service centers or revenue centers and it should be decided how the service costs will be assigned in the hospital and the correct cost drivers should be chosen as well.

A cash budget is keeping an account of the inflows and outflows for a specified period. It is important to know the liquidity of the business and its ability to fulfill everyday operations (Investopedia 2011). The budgeting process includes four elements; cash inflows, cash expenditures, change in cash for the period and any new financing needed.

However, every investor would like to earn more money than the other investor and outperform him. It is perceived, that the stock market is an allocator of resources and to perform this role efficiently the market must be efficient (Jaffe, 2007). However, it is a long debate whether either market can be efficient or not.

This paper will review a financial statement of a local government in Virginia and analyze the method of accounting used for the funds. It will evaluate the use of the method of accounting for the funds as required by GASB, and assess the application and compliance of GASB statement number 34.

According to Weygandt, Kimmel, & Kieso (2010), income statement helps in identifying the revenue and expenses, thus viewing the net profit or net loss of the company for specific period of time. It can be said that the income statement would be more useful in everyday life because it would list all the revenue and the expenses that is incurred in a monthly and annual basis.

According to the paper, earmarking has the possibility of affecting the electoral outcome due to the decisions of the policymakers and representative voters. It has been observed in this regard that the policymakers often tend to use earmarking to motivate the voters’ belief in order to earn considerable amount of votes against the competing party.

Earnings management was defined as ‘actions by division managers which serve to increase (decrease) current reported earnings of a division without a corresponding increase (decrease) of the long-term economic profitability of the division’ (Fischer & Rosensweig, 1995 quoted in Farag & Elias, 2012, p.185).

Accounting is the name of recording and interpreting financial data as a whole. There are a number of streets that have their way in the accounting subject and among the number of things, the name of management accounting is one of them, in fact quite important as well (CHADWICK, Leslie, 1997, pp. 135).

The researcher is of the opinion that in order for this core objective of the health facility to be achieved, there are some key structures that need to be put in place in order t ensure that this key objective is achieved. One of the key structures is the financial structuring of the facility.

The use of the business model is important because it defines the way using which value is delivered to the customers. These models assist in developing an understanding about why the customers pay for the values delivered by the use of the product. Applying these models help in assessing the future prospects of the business and help assess the profits which may be availed.

The internet has probably been the most profound technological innovation of the twentieth century, taking the concept of business to a ‘virtual’ level that is cost-effective, efficient, and has a global reach. Most contemporary business organizations maintain a ‘website’ for conducting business which includes marketing efforts.

Furthermore the potential the health sector holds as far as management accounting research hold is discussed and facilitated with the description of the current developments in healthcare.

The breakdown of her day describes in detail the variety of tasks she has performed all of which had importance in motivating her team and assisting her in managing the project. Project management is a tactical job which has several aspects of management in it and Rachel displayed most of these concepts in her day’s work.

The rate of inflation in the Asian economies had been soaring in the recent past obsessed with rising prices of oil and food. Since the inflation rate had been enormously rising after the global financial crisis during the year 2008, several governments of Asian countries have initiated various remedial steps.

Nature represents whether the misstatement has been made intentionally or unintentionally. Fraud is an action that is conducted intentionally and as a result of which ‘material misstatements’ occur within a firm’s financial statements. There are several indicators of fraud that have been represented within SAS No. 82.

There is a strong relationship between risk and return in finance. In fact, most financial theories and assumptions are based on the relationship between risk and return. In very simple financial theory as the risk of an investment increases so does the expectation of return from that entity. Therefore all investments strive to lower their risk to increase the possibility of increasing their investment pool.

Fair value hedges used by HP are mainly aimed at hedging the interest rate risks in relation to the debt portfolio maintained by HP. Since HP has issued a wide level of US dollar bonds, therefore, HP is exposed to interest rate risk. For floating bonds, HP uses interest rate swaps, to combat the market interest rate risk.

Affinito and Tagliaferri explain that loan securitization practices are adopted by banks as they seek to avoid the disadvantages associated with warehousing loans in addition to mitigating the risks of increased regulatory and capital markets requirements. These behaviors are known as regulatory capital arbitrage and cheery picking.

Although greatly linked to the sub-prime mortgage crisis, the causes of the 2008 recession are complex and multi-varied. The paper presents an explanation of how the following work as well as what role they played in the crisis: subprime mortgages, mortgage-backed securities, credit derivative obligations, and credit default swaps.

Personally managing a fund is a very complex process and at this stage in life, I would prefer to relax while I receive my income. These and other factors make the life insurance fund the better option. Although, the return appears to be better on the personally managed funds the fact is that the rate used is not certain.

The main aim of this paper is to explore the design of tests of controls, analytical procedures and substantive tests of Apollo Shoes Inc audit. Below the design of audit program for the warehousing and inventory cycle, and the cash cycle including the tests of controls, substantive tests of transactions and analytical procedures for the audit.

Strategies and Synergies of Tempur-Pedic International's plan to acquire Sealy Corp Overview, history and shareholders Tempur-Pedic International is a global firm that produces, markets, and distributes first-class mattresses and pillows. Its sister company, Sealy Corporation, manufacturers bedding in a global scale.

The total assets and equity of the company as on Jan 2013 was over US$ 203 billion and US$ 76 billion respectively. The company’s stocks are currently trading at $69.95 at the end of Jan 2013. For the year ending 2012, the company has paid dividends at rate 0.398.

According to these scholars, companies go for cross listing for raising capital from global investors and enhance visibility in foreign market. In this portion of the research paper, the researcher will determine the reasons, benefits and costs for companies which have cross listed or are planning to cross list their equities in foreign markets.

Additionally, the company has its major revenues from cable networks, the filming industry and Fox News Channel and its shares can also be found on the Australian Securities Exchange and NASDAQ (Mallin & Tricker 1). Corporate governance statement Until June 2013, News Corporation (NewsCorp) company reviewed its policies and principles for effective running of the company.

Many companies within the apparel industry opt to undertake globalisation independently in order to maximize the profits resulting from globalisation. The numerous risks involved in globalisation, however, could be minimised through joint ventures with existing companies. This report provides an in-depth analysis of I.T. limited, a Chinese global fashion design company.

Research involves the employment of quantitative methodology in the acquisition of numerical data. Data obtained ranged from the price of production inputs like materials costs to the cost of finished products in the market. These data were used to establish a link between the cost of purchasing production inputs and that of setting product prices.

The video includes a brief discussion of the importance of regulations in the field of accounting and the need to follow the same in order to ensure the accounting is being done with absolute transparency. The discussion also focused on the need to implement a particular accounting perspective.

Corporate finance involves the financial activities related to the running of any corporation (Besley and Brigham, 2008). Corporate finance is a division that looks after the financial activities of an organisation. It is determined for maximising the shareholder’s value by means of short-term or long-term financial planning followed by the implementation of effective strategies.

The GCC central bank will need a single and indivisible monetary as well as an exchange rate policy. With this principle of indivisibility, a monetary union is more than just a specific tight exchange rate arrangement and mere coordination of national monetary policies that will not sustain a single currency.

A project is a group of tasks or activities that requires effort to accomplish. Management is “systematic process of systematic process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling” (Zee, 2002, p.18). Therefore, in project management, the group of tasks ate managed in a systematic way for successfully accomplishing.

So many entities were programmed in the ASX this year. For example, the Exterra Resources Limited situated in Australia, and which discovers minerals, well known to convey shareholders’ influence by obtaining and mounting mineral schemes that have the potential for early proceeds and development.

Some Current Liabilities maybe with the inclusion of Advance Incomes, Outstanding Expenses, and short-term creditors among others. (Nikolai et al, 2009 p139) This is a study set out to handle this issue of Current Liabilities in detail. More specifically, the study will seek to answer the thesis question, “How are Current Liabilities of known amounts, Current Liabilities of estimated amounts, and Contingent Liabilities accounted for in financial statements?

Throughout the years, this act has successfully prevented and managed these illegal practices and in the process has helped maintain the credibility of corporate America. This paper shall discuss the act, including its pertinent details and essential provisions, as well as its reasons for passage and application.

The budgetary information is less important in evaluating the performance as per this approach. Although, it is still used to infer if the manager has achieved success in the budgeted targets but the most important consideration is the intention of the manager to work towards the overall long-term interests of the organization. 

This involves a forecast of sales revenue from different sources in a business and the estimate of costs of the business. They are increased by certain percentages usually to take into account inflation. The projections are based on various assumptions and are never accurate. They provide a rough idea of how the business can be in the future.

Initial cost of the raising of equity financing includes the printing of shares, the cost of listing shares on the stock market, and professional charges paid to a financial advisors for conducting the due diligence of the issuance of shares. Whereas, no or very minimal cost is expended in the acquisition of short-term or long-term financing.

Similarly, there has been a remarkable result in Earnings per Share and the operating income that directly influences the net revenue of budgeting and marketing policies (Rich et al 2009). This will eventually help in the long-term projects such as market expansion and customer satisfaction.

In the world of business, services and prices are inseparable and thus strategic pricing of an organization services forms a significant component of the business building process. In the recent past competition has been concentrated along two different spheres that are differentiation and pricing.