Finance & Accounting Essays

Generally speaking, for quite some time, the issue of remunerations has been a thorn in the flesh of many companies. Managers have been accused of getting much more than they deserve while the employees are sweating more to help them achieve a fat check at the end of the month (Fama and French 2001:16).

These issues have been highlighted in the audit report presented as under: Anderson, Olds and Watershed, LLC Certified Public Accountants Shoetown ME 00001 Independent Auditor’s Report To the Stockholders Apollo Shoes Incorporation We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Apollo Shoes Incorporation, as of 31st December 2007 and the accompanying income statement, statement of changes in equity and cash flow statement for the year ended 31st December 2007.

The need for CMA emerged when it became incumbent upon business managers that a systematic approach should be employed in including greenhouse gas emission considerations in entrepreneurial decisions. The choice of approach depends upon the nature of the business, its motivations and objectives, and the environment it functions in. 

The total costs applicable for the alternative will remain the same, and thus will not change the situation of the company. The advantage of this alternative is that no extra cost will be incurred and no further business interruption and inconveniencies will be experienced. The disadvantage is that there are no chances of reducing the costs involved.

Thousands of pronouncements of US GAAP have been recognized by the Codification into several accounting topics and have displayed those topics in a consistent structural manner. It also includes the guidance of the US Securities and Exchange Commission following a similar structure of topics with separate sections incorporated into the Codification.

The European stock index declined by 1.9 percentage proportion. This is marked as the first sign of a financial crisis that appeared in the EU zone. This alarmed the policymakers and called for an urgent European crisis management framework. Nevertheless even by the end of 2009, formulating such an effective crisis management framework.

Thought Activity: The International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) has come up with the new framework of reporting. Clearly, this new form of reporting called Integrated Reporting (IR) takes a holistic approach towards the whole process of corporate reporting.

Corporate governance emphasizes the relationship of the management of the company with the shareholders, stakeholders, debtors, creditors, suppliers, community organizations, and the board of directors (Paton, Juleff, and Schachler, 2007).  The corporate governance framework depends upon the institutional, legal, and regulatory environment.

By opting for a mixed approach, the researcher can address the limitations associated with the two systems. The research work has concluded that there is a significant impact of various factors, such as psychological, personal, social, situational, and marketing mix on the development of consumption behavior.

This exposure is related to the future payments and receipts in foreign currency. Companies many a times limit this type of exposure by requiring the cash flows to be received and made in the home currency rather than foreign currency.

The UN Global Compact and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (“the OECD Guidelines”) are the world’s foremost comprehensive, voluntary corporate responsibility initiatives. In articulating principles of responsible business conduct, they draw on international standards enjoying widespread consensus”.

The paper has examined the subject of financial risks and discussed various types of crises, their cause, and methods to prevent such crises. Such crises occur not only due to fraud but also to greed and anticipation for more profits. The availability of credit with lower interest rates makes people more prone to take up higher risks. 

A pension formula naturally defines retirement payment founded on the employees. It includes years of service, annual returns as well as the age factor. Pension profits and losses occur when the pension obligation is higher or lower than estimated and also when the return on planned assets is lower or higher than expected.

The report entails the origins and the development of Islamic banking over the years. It is necessary to be familiar with the definition of Islamic Banking. Islamic Banking is a type of banking that is constantly based on the Islamic or Shariah law and its implementation is through the growth of Islamic economics.

For the market to be completed efficiently, the investors in the stock market must have a perception that a market is not efficient and possible to outperform. Sarcastically, the investment strategies purported to outperform the current inefficiencies are indeed the triggers that maintain the efficiency of the market.

Where cost is an important consideration for the divisions such as production units, the manager tends to project the cost and capital expenses on the highest possible levels. In doing so, managers want to meet the budgetary estimates without much of the hassles. Underestimation of profits is a common tendency among managers.

The agent is mainly involved in the entire process of collecting both the employment taxes and also individual income taxes. The headquarters of the agency is in Washington. It is the role of the agency to ensure that it administers the laws related to revenue and asses and collects taxes. The agency has different sections guiding its operations.

A single predetermined overhead rate is one that is used in all the departments in an organization or company. This means that instead of calculating a separate rate for each and every department in the company it is calculated all in one summation.

However, the world is showing good signs of recovery. Economic performance in countries around the world is reflecting a positive trend. Total wealth of the world (in terms of the wealth possessed by the high net worth individuals (HNWIs) around the globe) has reached significant high values in the year 2012.

The idea of changing a job and taking a new one is a very inviting venture owing to how much she will end up saving, especially in relation to taxation. The current jobs bring her many benefits, alongside a lucrative income. Nonetheless, it also has several benefits, which wear down her income through multiple options for taxation.

There being free from the control of the major studios is a positive condition in which they can have more leeway in dealing with a wider array of social issues without the constraints that commercial interests may provide them.  The filmmakers, on the other hand, can have greater potential in displaying their artistic creativity without fear of being censured by the movie companies. 

The organization can cut down on its recruitment and selection costs as well since it would not have to call that many applicants if it knows who to call and when to call them. More than anything else, there is a dire need to understand that generating large applicant pools would mean low motivation levels for the aspiring employees because they would take the up coming jobs in a difficult way, thinking of them as ones which will not be easy to commit to.

Convenience products are categorized as such that are non-durable in nature and are readily consumed by the consumer. Thus consumers desire to get convenience access to such products wherein they reflect to be habitual procurers of such merchandises. Again being habitual purchasers these people focus on spending less amount of time in taking a subtle decision relating to the effective procuring of such convenience items.

The main mission of a budget is to allocate resources within an organization, while enabling stakeholder participation (NACSLB 3). However, different budgeting methods perform different functions, such as goal implementation and efficiency (NACSLB 3). There are four general types of budgeting approaches, such as line – item, performance, program, and zero – based budgeting (Tyer & Willand).

Nevertheless, starting in 1938, the desire to have a standardized way of accounting for the costs and revenues incurred by institutions arose, promoting the provision of the Statement of Accounting Principles, which was published by the American Institute (Baxter, 1979, n.p.). There was no authorization into the principles so raised.

Problems and issues pertaining to management are very sensitive especially when it comes to managing a company’s finances. The waxing and waning of the world economy makes this process even harder as more and more companies are forced to hire the services of skilled analysts at high cost all the while speculating the outcomes of the economy.

The advent of the internet and its increased application in various economic sectors has revolutionized the banking sector. Internet transactions are cheap and thus cost-effective. Moreover, internet banking is efficient for different customers. Internet banking allows customers to operate their accounts at their own convenience (Sadiq & Nassar 2008, p. 56).

The biggest customers of the MMS mainly includes a list of federal and state government agencies, charities, hospitals, and also some private sector organisations across Australia. Since 2010, the Group has continuously focused on obtaining new business deals and also strengthening relationship with existing key clients.

The project seeks to find the benefits that are obtained from using the standard costing system as the part of the costing system if GE employs it. The fifth part of the project enlightens the benefits of the relevant cost for the future projects of the company.  It helps the management of the company to take any crucial decision.

The government can increase the money available to citizens by instructing Central Bank to reduce the interest rates it charges to lend money to commercial banks. Commercial banks will then reduce their rate, which will encourage people to borrow money to invest in their businesses. In another way, the government can discourage spending by increasing tax on luxury goods.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reports are published by many corporations, but what constitutes a CSR report is still exclusive. There are many names of CSR report such as environmental, sustainability, safety, health and community affairs report. It aims to portray the relationship between an organisation and society.

This calls for financing and sponsorship for materials and manufacturing the bodywork for the vehicle. Other than this there are other costs associated with material and manufacturing of the bodywork. The design of a sidepod would require special engineering skills.

Second, is the diversity of the professional and cultural background of its enrolees which would enrich the professional and cultural perspective of its students as we prepare ourselves for bigger responsibities in the business and corporate world in the near future.

The systematic risk associated with an investment portfolio is measured through beta. Beat coefficient measures the market volatility of the stock or any other security. It is a measure of systematic risk. Beta coefficient basically measures the sensitivity of the return of the security to the market return.

Figures of NPV reflected positive values which indicate that opting for the new project will do no harm to Power Co. However the estimation of the figures of profit is not real and is based on hypothesis and assumption. The organization has considered the cash flow or the profit for ten years which may not give identical values in real time.

There are four (4) categories identified in this standard: short – term employee benefits, post – employment benefits, other long – term employee benefits and termination benefits. This memo describes the required reporting for post – employment benefits, which include pensions and other post – employment benefits.

The author states that under certain terms, the assumptions developed in regard to the level of organizational performance and the prospects of organization in the future can be inaccurate, especially if the criteria, or else the drivers, used for the development of the relevant task are not carefully checked in advance as of their relevance.

It left large banks on Wall Street either declaring bankruptcy or on the verge of it, while around these banks the financial system of the United States stood unmoving, choked and crippled, brought to its knees, and unable to function. For only the second time in history, the government stepped in to assist in the form of capital funding.

Even though shares are form or long-term investments, the intention makes them be a middle or short-term investment. For instance, in this case, shares were used as middle-term investment portfolios given that they were used to make profits and nothing more. Indeed, trading in the stock exchange market has upgraded my CV given that I have knowledge and experience in buying and selling shares.

As the discussion stresses and discusses conceptual framework attempts to harmonize the various ideas and concepts of different accountants and even of the accounting bodies. It fixes a standard of financial accounting which, when followed, ensures consistency in the financial statements of different companies.

The author states that the statistical properties of returns may determine the efficiency of the financial assets. Having knowledge of the statistical properties also makes it easier to evaluate the efficiency of the financial assets. The financial assets are then modeled for better knowledge of the returns.

Both the companies are listed on the stock exchange. Ooredoo, formerly known as Qatar Telecom (Qtel), initiated its business within Qatar in 1949 by starting the first telephone exchange within the country’s capital Doha. Qatar Telecom led as a giant within the telecommunication industry within Qatar until 2008.

The net asset value calculated above reflects the value of assets on a per share basis. This estimate of asset valuation is the most conservative as it solely depends upon the book values of the assets. It is assumed that in the event of bankruptcy, the company is likely to receive at least this value of assets (Jaffe and Ross, 2004).

One of IBM's latest innovations includes the “New Water Management Program for the Netherlands” as of Jun 25, 2013. The company has its business operations flourishing in more than 170 countries, and it also has 70 branches and subsidiaries in total. The branching out of the company leads to the international geographic allocation of profits for IBM.

It was expected that the government deficit would go down by approximately half. It was also estimated by the Congressional Budget Office that the fiscal cliff would pass through a moment of placid recession and unemployment then result in economic growth and a stronger labor market (Wall, 2012).

The short term assets and liabilities of a company i.e. Current Assets and current liabilities are an important determinant of a company's operational performance. Hence a company should pay a lot of attention to managing its current assets and current liabilities in order to remain in the business in a profitable manner.

There are various changes in the economic system that provided the necessary conditions for the global economic crises. Although capitalist allows for free trade and accumulation of wealth, regulations must be put in place so that financial activities of corporations are streamlined with the national and global demand.

INTRODUCTION Fair accounting treatment refers to the fulfillment of all legal obligations that are imposed by the government in the organizational act. It is the responsibility of all the organizations to strictly follow the guidelines because the fulfillment of all the obligations justifies the fair role of the organization.

This paper intends to evaluate the effectiveness of these reports in serving the above purpose as against as just mere ‘vehicles’ adopted for public relations among trading organisations. Corporate social responsibility is a common notion adopted in business models that alludes to some form of self-regulation by corporate systems.

Adoption of the single currency in GCC countries can achieve the creation of economic bloc for the benefit of all the GCC member countries. Establishing central bank by GCC is necessary for this purpose. Convergence of monetary, fiscal and structural policies of the member nations is a prerequisite for achieving this objective.