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The selling prices of the products have to be higher than the total cost as otherwise the profits cannot be earned. Invariably circumstances arise for management to consider special conditions and sell its regular products at a special price, which may be lower than the total cost. Fixation of selling prices is a process to be considered.
The Boeing Company is the largest aerospace corporation in the world. Being in the manufacturing industry, Boeing makes the largest manufacturer of aircraft in terms of revenues as well as deliveries to clients. The corporation contains various business units that include Boeing Defense, Space & Security, and Commercial Airplanes.
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The trade-off theory seems to suggest that management needs to incur outside debt till such time the marginal tax savings due to debt accretion is offset by the present derivative costs of future impending bankruptcy. Thus, it is seen that debts need to be incurred until such time it is overwhelmed by financial distress.
The balanced five year projected budget plan provides a reversal of deficit trends toward steadily increasing deficits. This declining deficit trend will provide us a competitive advantage for credit ratings by two firms, Moody and Standard & Poor. Otherwise, our borrowing will become expensive when we receive lower credit ratings due to the increasing deficit for a five-year budget plan.
The current ratio indicates that the company has limited ability to pay its debts as liabilities are almost equal to assets. Depreciation and amortization expense which was 6.926 does not mean that the amount was spent on property and equipment by the hospital during the year but it is an allowance for the tear and wear of the machine. The money was not put aside to pay for the new equipment.
The decision of reduction in base rates affects mortgages as it tends to encourage the citizens or entrepreneurs to take more loans and motivates people on spending more money than usual spending limit. Base rate reduction also effects on financial statements of lending institutions as the revenue earned decreases from the interest payments to be collected from Mortgages.
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The four products are manufactured under the same conditions and are produced in 20 units and sold in 15 units per batch in a standard carton. This Company currently follows the machine hour rate (hr) and the company has provided the following figures for overheads pertaining to the production of batteries.
Based on the contemporary market volatility and the Fortunate’s varied expenditure for the mortgage repayment, yacht savings, retirement, and children education fund, its, therefore, our considered opinion that the couple employs an investment mix overweight in cash and short-range, premium bonds and other fixed-income stocks.
Banks also reduce the risk for the borrower i.e. the companies raising capital by lowering the transaction cost of the issuing entity. One of the roles that these investment banks perform is to give a proper valuation of the issue which is being launched by the issuer through prudent and honest analysis of the particular debt bond or equity.
The most vital limitation of the use of economic data accessible in yearly accounts from an investor’s issue of outlook is that this data is chronicled and the time gap between the time of announcing of the yearly report and buying into can give increase to matters which may sway the enterprise severely. The yearly report could encompass economic ratio investigation and competitors’ analysis.
Porter et al. were correct when they said the word ‘material’ is very important in auditing. However, managers and investors have no basis for assessing the effectiveness of the primary accuracy of reviewed accounts. This is understandable because auditors have a lot of adaptability in making materiality choices based on trained judgment.
The paper "Forensic Accounting" is an extraordinary example of an assignment on finance and accounting. This paper will take a cursory look at the phenomenon of forensic accounting and its implication is the existing business set up around the world. The paper has been formulated in a way that it will first go on to explain the concept of forensic accounting and what it actually entails.
It is essential to note that Connor and Sehgal examined the intercepts of the multi-variate regression system to explain the cross-sections in mean returns. When the CAPM was used, it was found that all 3 stock portfolios gave positive intercepts. They were significant and lied in the 95% confidence level.
The basic reason is the limitation of the valuation process. It is difficult to assign historical costs to intangible like brand value and at the same time, it is difficult to ascertain its fair value in absence of a scientific method to ascertain the value of its future economic gains to the entity.
There are several factors to be considered while buying a new house. Most importantly, the natures of these factors are dynamic and constantly changing. So it is very important for the buyer to analyze each and every implication of the decision made and take the best decision so as to make a good investment (IOWA State University, 2008).
From the analysis of provided four cases, various sources of funding for different requirements have been determined. All the four cases were different therefore proposed procedure was also varying. Now, the overall analysis can be summarised in respect of cases. For purchasing any fixed assets for an existing company can be applied.
The directors and management of the company are responsible to maintain systems for record-keeping (Financial Services Regulatory Commission). The records usually include the entries of all accounting receipts and payments, sales and purchase of goods details, record of assets and liabilities of the company and annual stocktaking (Rikvin).
Generally speaking, it is quite essential to state that the Trust is structured as a unit trust, allowing for participation by all types of investors, including superannuation funds. It also means gearing benefits apply and, under current tax laws, the returns are generally untaxed before one receives them.
It can be observed that the right issue provides various advantages such as the option of targeting existing shareholders which enables an organization to do away with certain expenses. Lloyds could have also utilized preference shares and debentures options apart from using other equity shares such as bonus share and new issues to raise capital in their organization.
It is thus seen that BAE despite having been involved in some controversies has been a global market leader in its business and has provided a chain of services not only to companies but also to governments in their defense segments. It is believed that in future the company would soar greater heights in their efforts for providing state of the- art defense technology to their clients.
As the business is growing further and the technology is mounting, new intangible assets are being produced which are creating further questions regarding the accounting treatment of intangible assets. It can be concluded that the accounting for intangible assets will require more clarity so that the arguments of the accountants can be addressed.
The paper “Financial Ratios of Toyota Company" is an informative example of a statistic project on finance & accounting. The returns on Toyota shareholders' funds decreased from 4.12% to 1.92 % from the year 2009 to 2010. It means that shareholders were experiencing loss or decrease in the interest they had in the Company.
Corporate governance remains difficult to perceive the issue for business students all over. Usually, it is mixed and confused with the issue of ethics. Ethical behavior is expected from everyone participating in the corporate governance process and inevitably from the directors and executives. Corporate governance basically is all about the characteristics of a governing process.
The current ratio is an indicator of a company’s liquidity position. It highlights whether the company is capable of meeting its short term obligations. The current ratio of J Sainsbury Plc for the years 2009 and 2008 is 0.54 and 0.61. This is lower than the current ratio of 0.78 of Tesco Plc, for the year 2009. Ideally, this ratio should be 2.
“Accounting is the collection and aggregation of information for decision-makers – including managers, investors, regulators, lenders, and the public” (Schempf, n.d.). The accounting system put an effect on the management behavior of an organization. Managerial accounting has effects across the departments, companies and even the countries.
The project appraisal techniques use ratios except for the net present value while cost-benefit techniques use purely absolute monetary value. The project appraisal techniques use the cash flows that are directly associated with the projects while the cost-benefit analysis uses both indirect and direct cash flows.
The disclosure should be made in writing only and for the independent accounting expert to accept the appointment; the parties who are touched by the conflict of interest must have allowed the expert to make the disclosure and also must have accepted the appointment of the independent accounting expert.
The main users of the lending sector are the investors and the borrowers in the financial market. The investors are actually the lenders in the market. By and large there are three types of investors in an economy. Firstly, the starters who prefer to get along with the crowd and do not involve themselves much in the speculation business.
MS& Money have also opened Financial Services Center (FSC) which allows the customers to have face-to-face discussions about their requirements with their representatives. M&S Money has been in the field for over twenty years and is a wholly-owned subsidiary of HSBC. More importantly, it can draw on the customer base of Marks & Spencer’s, UK.
The paper “The Potential of Indian Market for Investment - Foreign Direct Investment Theories and Environmental Factors" is a persuading example of coursework on finance & accounting. Investing in a different nation requires that the investor investigates and examines various issues so that the risk involved reduces.
Companies are under tremendous pressure from the public at large to be socially responsible as their actions. While there are no set standards available as of now to report issues related to these, some guidelines have been prepared by the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). However, these are voluntary in nature and not mandatory for organizations.
The paper “Management Accounting, Financial Accounting and Cost Accounting for the Optimal Decision-Making in Business" is an outstanding example of coursework on finance & accounting. Accounting systems take economic events and transactions, such as sales and materials purchases, and process the data into information helpful to managers, sales representatives, production supervisors, etc.
The conclusions from the Baumol-Tobin model might be a very truthful one, with implications for real-life situations, but the problem is that the assumptions being made in this regard are oversimplified in nature. The worst problem with the model is that there is no room for any uncertainties in the approach, which is the most unrealistic of its kind.
Modern financial instruments have become increasingly complicated and mathematical modeling and analysis are being used for not only determining the present value of future earnings but also of the future value of today’s assets. The world of corporate finance which was once managed by business students is now controlled by mathematicians.
The paper “MiPie Company - the Achievement of the Marketing Budget and Effective Marketing Process Control" is a delightful example of a case study on finance & accounting. The case study is a representation of a company that has considered outsourcing as one of the ways of increasing the profitability of the company in that it enables the costs as well as the expenses to be cut down.
Islamic banking has gained increasing popularity in recent times because it has not been affected by the recent financial crash. Islamic banks have been demonstrating growth and exist side by side with U.K. banks. Islamic financial institutions are bound by Sharia law, which forbids the collection of interest or engaging in speculative activities.
It is generally considered that rules can help with clarity/comparability. But sometimes it happens that rules in existing standards come about because a standard is based on a poor principle or because it lacks principle. Hence experts argue that the use of a more suitable principle could diminish the need for arbitrary and detailed rules.
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The banks were unconcerned about whether the solicitor had advised the wife in the prescribed manner. The aforementioned case law depicts this situation. Therefore, it can be concluded that the banks are chiefly interested in protecting their interests. In addition, it can be concluded that the solicitors work for the best interests of the bank and not the vulnerable party.
This can be done only if the information received by the decision-makers like Chancellor Brown will not be poor, lacking or far from the actual figures. One very good strategy is the United Kingdom's government to make most government transactions with its constituents and other nations transparent.
Most market analysts who can rightly predict the direction of monetary policies most often benefits a great deal on the market for bonds and securities. It can be seen that the effects of decisions of the CB do also affect consumption and savings from individuals, the value of the currency and the value of the based goods sold on the international market.
Writing a report for employers setting out the factors that need to be taken into account in determining its current financial/commercial status. The report includes a table setting out how the determination of different factors will affect the financial status of the project. Stating clearly the additional information still required.
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It is quite important to note that only a couple of authors Steve Kaplan and Antoinette Schoar, CalPERS Investments, and Jesse Reyes have used cash-based techniques such as IRR, and even amongst them Jessereyes has criticized the IRR technique and suggests that time-based models are best for such analysis.
International Accounting Standards Board is currently responsible for the development of global standards in accounting and financial disclosure activities. The job of IASB is to develop IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) for incorporated businesses. Under IASC (International Accounting Standards Committee) IFRS was called IAS (International Accounting Standards).
Operating margin is the most critical measure of assessing the profitability of the firm’s operations and measuring how profitable a firm’s operations are. This is critical because the net profit margin may provide misleading figures because of the inclusion of extraordinary or one-off items in income statement which can inflate the figures.
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Realizing that the equipment is getting shorter and shorter (in terms of size and matter), we know that all the equipment for a car cleansing and checking job can now be fitted in a mere van. This also means that now our predicted customer will not have to waste valuable time (waiting in a queue) or money (spend on transportation).
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The MPC is made up of nine members namely the Bank's Governor, the two Deputy Governors, the Chief Economist, the Executive Director for Market Operations and four external members appointed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer (Bank of England, 2012). The decisions on what rate to be announced are made on a majority vote. The committee also publishes a quarterly inflation report.
In most cases when an M&A plan is applied within the international market (or the local one) the increase of the shareholders’ value is set as a priority; however most commonly this increase is limited while other targets (like the expansion of a firm or firms (in case of merger) within its market) is primarily pursued by the managers that administer the whole project.
In general, it is quite essential to state that banking services are no longer restricted to regional geographic areas but are accessible internationally through the Internet. As a result, traditional bureaucratic frameworks which are cumbersome and foster delay in response to customers are not desirable.
Investment performance concurs with the instinctive risk status. Treasury bills have the least mean return value when they are compared with other types of investments in the shares and stocks of large companies. Since investors are indisposed towards risk they like to play safe by paying more for safety and earning less.
Though the financial pundits did not expect much, so far as the task of altering the dire straits of the banking industry was concerned, still much has changed in the last two years. It is a fact that a number of the leading global banks have reverted back to profitability and have paid or do intend to repay the so infamous government bailouts.