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The establishment of the United States of America was upon a constitution designed to clearly define the limits for political authority, as well as for checking on the possible abuses of power. Notably, the very constitution has proven functionality over generations, as a “living document”, but through amendment and reinterpretation.
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This necessitates questions and clarification of terminologies and concepts, which the researcher uses in communicating research findings. Therefore, the paper is a critique of a piece of research: ‘The Obligations of Ethnography: Exploring the ethical dilemmas of an Ethnographer’, Ethnography and Education: 5, 2: 159-173, done by A. Barbour, in 2010.
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In this context, one can better understand welfare through a critique of the ideologies of welfare. As a critique of ideology, I would like to use certain insights of Marxism in order to de-mystify the ever-intensifying debate on welfare. Moreover, to delineate the welfare track of the present coalition government, I would be drawing primarily from the Department of Work and Pensions document “Universal Credit: welfare that works”.
I will focus on Personal Centred Planning and explain why I used this tool. I will briefly touch on the Data Protection Act, to protect the personal identity of my focus person used as my model. Finally, I will provide my evaluation of Person Centred Planning in general and the specific tool that I used for my focus person.
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It will further examine the main argument of the text, the purpose of the author is proposing a concept, and the critical evaluation and reflection of the book’s content. Giddens highlighted in his book the relevance of practical consciousness. Practical consciousness is one of the three levels of consciousness that refer to the actors’ silent understanding of the consequences of their own action.
The partnership involved a contract of cooperation where terms are defined to determine the nature of the contribution which will be sourced from parties involved. Some of these terms may include a combination of properties, capital, skills, knowledge, human capital, and profit or achievement of specific goals that are defined within the agreement.
I am a working single mother who was born and raised in the Bronx. I have lived in bad neighbourhoods, which we call ghettoes. However, now I live in a pretty decent neighbourhood. I have two grown-up children, who I am happy to say, are doing well.
Those who oppose it claim that the death penalty system is seriously flawed (Randall 2000). To prove this claim, a study entitled The Justice Project reviewed 4,578 capital cases that were appealed between 1973 to 1995. 313 of these cases resulted in execution but the study showed that as much as 68%, or 7 out of 10 cases, could have been reversed.
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The working-class culture was covertly taught to be valueless. As a result, many contributors found that any attempt to bring up a social class in the academy was quickly silenced. While the number of working and poverty class persons who hold a college degree is low, the subset of those that have attained a Ph.D. is undoubtedly far less.
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Pierre Bourdieu defines habitus as: “systems of durable, transposable dispositions, structured structures predisposed to function as structuring structures, that is, as principles which generate and organize practices and representations”. Nevertheless, issues about Internet usage and its effects on people’s attitudes and behaviors have warranted significant scholarly attention.
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Citing the discernible distance between the fields of aesthetics’ and psychoanalysis, Freud has tried to explain the emotional aura of an average human being as regards the hidden thoughts and carried over perceptions from historical generations, which make some experiences in life seem ‘uncanny’ or different from what is naturally expected.
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The study attempted to measure the effects of two independent variables - the subjects' performance standard, and the standard of the class – on the type of comparison made by the subjects towards particular and generic others.
Crime denotes any breach of rules or laws that are punishable by some governing authority using mechanisms such as legal systems. Certain crimes may also carry fewer repercussions such as cautions or warnings and they might also be unenforced. Different human societies have different methods of defining what constitutes a crime.
Even these individuals never dreamed of companies such as Google or Facebook that we use each day. We cannot predict everything, but with a little imagination, some technical knowledge and a look into the past, we can have a good idea concerning what the world will look like in twenty-five years.
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By examining, F. Baums ‘Changes Not for the Fainthearted: Reorienting in Health Care Systems Toward Health Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health’, J. Beards ‘Influence of socioeconomic and cultural factors on rural health’ and T. Eikemo’s ‘Health inequalities according to educational levels in different welfare regimes.
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Rituals serve to create and focus on the state that the mind and the land can be considered as one. Rituals form of everyday life in modern society. Durkheim ascertains that rituals form an essential component of a meaningful life. The modern society applies rituals in almost all activities.
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This inversion happens when they shift their views from being the victim of massive, swift historical and social forces, to views that are in essence more positive, and in a way empowering. The so-called “sociological imagination”, as Mills asserts, allows for this inversion.
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These journal articles have been designated for analysis by the virtue of helping figure out answers to puzzling questions such as: why some races are predominantly rich; why some races such as the Hispanics and the African American have a higher affinity to particular crimes; and the most appropriate corrective measures to be administered as the best panacea to these seemingly racially-instigated disparities.
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The aim of the research was to make contributions to literature focusing on natural mentoring among high-risk youth (Munson & McMillen, 2009 pp108). The researchers felt the need to determine the existing findings generalized the samples of young people leaving care (Munson & McMillen, 2009 pp 108).
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Natural mentoring is a delicate form of mentoring especially because it involves a highly vulnerable group in the society. This means that a high standard of ethical behaviour should be observed. The interviewers who conduct the research on the foster youth must observe due protocol and codes of ethics (Munson & McMille, 2009).
In the morning at around 11:00 am, it is the time of breakfast at Xintiandi. Different restaurants offer breakfast menus from a variety of cuisines. In the morning, the place is still windy and cold as usual and it also frequently rains in the morning. The foreigners can also be located at Xintiandi in the morning at the restaurants.
Power is viewed as the ability of powerful individuals to realize their will over the powerless individuals. Power is also seen as the ability to make the powerless individuals do the things they are unwilling to do. Power is also viewed as possession by individuals and individuals, who are powerless, to try and avoid the control by those in powers.
Contemporary political thinkers, like Lash and Urry, try to move away from the Marxist perspective in their analysis of social inequality. Lash believes that Marx’s critical theory is no longer an accurate explanation of today’s social inequalities. Lash argues that the current world order is ‘information listed, yet more than ever capitalist’.
Butler (1990) has written essays which are related to queer theory, and, in one of her essays, she explores how gender is a cultural construct, and how gays and lesbians often subvert the culturally “acceptable” meaning of the terms “man” and “woman.” For instance, she notes that the feminine pronoun “she” may or may not belong to an actual woman.
The traditional nuclear family has profoundly changed over in the recent past decades. These developments will lead to a diminished form of family. The stable environment and behavioral stability practised in the nuclear setting will change to something undesirable (Popenoe 1988). Moral standards will always be questioned.
More scrutiny is given to the favored race translating to the lagging performance of the other students. If bright students are choosing not to attend some higher education institutions because they think their face does not fit the environment then that becomes a big constraint to educational success.
Every individual needs protection from crime because it affects young people as much as it affects the elderly group. The community and police officers need to be alert to detect any danger in any form that may cost the society dearly. In the community level, disorder and crime are perceived as linked activities in their development.
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The stereotype of black women being left by their husbands as a result of other parties in their relationships is vehement in the U.S. The problem that arises in the book Passing is that of lack of trust in pure African American relationships and consequently resulting to broken marriages and divorces.
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Among the individuals receiving the punishments especially younger ones, confusion or problems such as understanding why these punishments are dealt with and the legitimacy of doing so might be harder for them to comprehend, which might lead to the possibility of soft punishments to become ineffective.
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In Australia and this case New Zealand, there is a day specifically dedicated to the hood. In 2008, in order to challenge the media and the youth stereotypes on the issue of the hood, New Zealand set a day as part of the annual youth week and named it the ‘hoodie day’.
It may be the expectation, given the scope of social change literary works, which frequently presumes the stressful and even neurotic nature of social and environmental transitions. Foreign students from places different to Nottingham would report some levels of frustration, stress, and in extreme cases, depression, although this was not witnessed in those interviewed in this research.
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As per the government policy (Criminal Justice, 2009) on prisoners’ homelessness, they are supposed to fulfill a Housing Needs Initial Assessment (HNIA) for 90% of new prisoners within four days of their entry into the prison to facilitate attention to any of the offender accommodation issues, on keeping or closing tenancies.
The problem has severe impacts on both the health and social aspects of the patients. In order to deal with this problem WHO recommends better awareness among the population and national policy of England asks for voluntary assistance from local businesses to help deal with the situation.
Contemporary proponents of Kant’s relevance to international politics espouse the view that democracy leads to peace. But this position contradicts the philosophic foundations of Kant’s works. Hence there is no straightforward account of how Kant’s works have influenced subsequent social thought.
This is because the sign of the college graduate degrees, which continues to grow significantly as the tuition fee, also continues to rise; hence, the signs for the continued growth in the numbers of borrowers and the number of loans borrowed.
These individuals had different answers according to their exposure to the different things that are according to internet usage in different places in the world. In response to the question of whether they had access to the internet, all the people said that they could access it through the different gadgets which they had or they could access from other people.
The issue of social stratification is amplified by gender inequalities. In most communities, women are not considered in the inheritance of family resources. The society has held male gender as more powerful socially hence men possess a lot of resources than women. This has created social classes since women have to be obedient to their husbands.
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Marx considers the state to represent part of the “superstructure” of society. Marx divided human society into a material base (foundation) and superstructure that rests on the structure. The base comprises of instruments of production, the social classes, primarily the exploiting and working classes of the society and the connection between the classes.
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Fromm (267), brings in the perspective of personal sacrifice, which Fascism and Masochism proclaim to be the highest virtue a person can possess. He calls this an obsession that is in no way a reflection of freedom. Masochists believe in the physical sacrifice of the self, and the submission to a higher power;
The functionalist theory is applicable in the feudalism and communist countries such as China and Russia, where the scarce resources within the society are not shared on the basis of competition or merit, but based on the established social values that seek to stabilize the society through a social system of equitable distribution of the scarce resources.
The author exhorts one to understand how capital punishment discourses in criminological studies are related to the ongoing legitimacy of power-exercises within the state. While states engage in other forms of death-dealing in their exercise of power they resort to crime control measures such as capital punishment to deter criminals.
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Labeling and hospitalization have been found to cause depersonalization. Rosenhan gives it the approach of trying to find the difference between sanity and insanity given the often non-compelling evidence. Within the article, he argues that one may appear normal yet insane. Due to the attitudes, we exude towards others, depersonalization may crop in.
Hall's 3rd definition is class-specific. The difference between Hall’s definition and the narrow definition of popular art is the class-specificity in hall’s definition is not negative (it is not negative, vulgar or insulting.) instead it is a definition derived from a Marxist perspective, which tends to be even positive (anti-hegemonic).
At this level, marriage seems to be a private relationship that is built on a limited number of individuals with the man and woman being at the epicenter. In redefining marriage, one must go beyond the existing marriage views and reject the truth. Marriage is restrictive and a mode of the creation of a children’s well-being in the society.
Social construction offers a counter to medicine’s deterministic logic in ways that can widen and enhance policy deliberations and decisions. The social construction of obesity has several benefits even though there are criticisms levelled against social construction. What does it mean to say that obesity is ‘socially constructed’?
There were few or no movies at all trying to suggest that women can do the same role too, and as effective as or even more than men. The ideology concerning women is equal with men continuous to grow forward to maturity, as revealed in a more sophisticated manner because this relevant issue can now be made clear in films like “The Heat”.
The consideration of the employee as a social person remains instrumental in warding off burnouts and frustrations at the workplace. This is because, the employee as a social person is accorded a realistic performance target and wider accessibility to information and tools of communication (Parton, 2008, 166-8 & (Jones & May, J., 1999, p. 34).
Torture has been known with many new names like law enforcement agencies call it ‘enhanced interrogation techniques’ and human rights organisations call it ‘domestic or regional violence’, law abiders term it as ‘violation of fundamental rights of protection’. Similarly, it is still prevalent in some form.
Rationalization can be applied to improvements in the human body. This is through such activities as exercises, taking a balanced diet, maintaining good hygiene. The rationality of engaging in excises is to help improve the efficiency of the body and reduce the possibility of diseases associated with lack of exercise.
In 1991 the UK passed the Dangerous Dogs Act banning certain breeds of dogs considered aggressive and imposing strict liability on their owners for any bites they inflicted on people (Kelly and Toynbee 2009 p. 356). This apparently was the result of press reports of vicious unprovoked attacks by these breeds and the labeling of their owners as anti-social.