Philosophy Essays

This is part of his wider discourse on what is morally virtuous, wherein he famously explained how a person’s moral quality is characterized by how he responds to pleasure and pain. This is crucial for Aristotelian readers because this effectively enables them to discriminate characters better simply by examining his or her choices instead of the actions.

There are times that the leaders can do such heinous acts against people with impunity. Since killing was done within the jurisdiction of a territory, the killing can be justified by the perpetrator according to one’s political agenda. During the Roman times, slaves and prisoners would be forced to engage in gladiatorial fights in arenas to be watched by the audience as they kill one another.

Socrates, the second party, responds to Meno’s suggestions with different opinions. In the case of Meno, he put forward that distinct kinds of virtue just exists for different race of people. Socrates opinion is that, Meno’s definition would probably be seen as a swarm of bees, with each bee representing each kind of virtue but his interest revolves around the quality they all share.

Why does Ruse say that Creationism should not be understood as a science? Creationism-science is an epitome of an oxymoron; a phrase that has built in it two institutions of knowledge that do not amalgamate. Taking the literal senses of the words that make up phrase is taking up a much bigger debate; the debate of religion versus science.

Two of the most prominent thinkers in this mode understanding then are Sigmund Freud and Friedrich Nietzsche. Although these theorists are many times characterized as holding diametrically opposing views, it’s clear that to a great extent their embracement of irrational human urges as fundamentally contributing to the makeup of civilization places them within the same school of thought.

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What does Roy in "Normal" want from a sex change? There is an inner sense of knowledge that a person believes in regardless of his body appearance which is called gender identity. If the gender identity is different from the physical appearance, the person does not feel satisfied in his physical body and the psychological disorder is called “gender identity disorder”.

While he professes that he was influenced by Freud, Adler and other existential psychologists, he deviated from the original concept of existentialism and created his own existential philosophy and psychotherapy (Corey 143). The most striking uniqueness of Frankl’s school of thought is that he believes that all humans are able to achieve a self-transcendence by putting more focus on others rather than the self, by which a person’s meaning of living would be revealed (Frankl 115).

This assertion implies that the judgment of truth may in fact not be truth (Net Industries, 2012). Hence according to Kant, the definition of an object cannot be taken for determining its truth. However, most followers of Kantian philosophy perceived difficulties in this assertion.

In the reality of everyday experience such statement reflects the truth in man’s thoughts and actions which depict how each human being performs or executes oneself in order to achieve better ends that fulfill one’s general objective of yielding to quality life and character.

Majority of religions have symbols, traditions, sacred histories, and narratives intended to explain the universe, meaning and origin of life. Religious beliefs tend to derive religious laws, ethics, morality or a certain preferred way of life based on their ideas about human nature and the cosmos.

Unjust laws have many lawyers, philosophers, political scientists because they first reflect on law standards, in which people govern by themselves. Unjust laws have raised many questions, which are difficulty on understanding of law, our obligations to one another and the government’s duties.

Nevertheless, as long as one uses a different basis for his belief, then he can never possibly argue against someone who is arguing from a different context. The theists argue from one point of view while the atheists argue from a different one. Nevertheless, if one disregards the supernatural and if one uses as his basis only what man knows and what he can possibly know, then most of McCloskey’s arguments that there is no God are logically sound and true.

Throughout history, women have paid a high price, often have been forced and even so, to have many children for short periods of time, causing their physical debilitation and death still young. Therefore, abortion is a very controversial because it involves a basic conflict of rights or positive values: autonomy and freedom of the mother and the right to life that is in gestation.

These kinds of theories under the virtue ethics lay little or no emphasis at all on the kinds of rules people opt to select in favor of the others. The theory focuses on helping people have great character traits that are accepted in the society. Such characters are the ones that help people to develop well in life with such traits as kindness, as well as generosity.

The main role of culture on economic growth has been established as a very powerful force behind the growth of capitalism in its early phases since culture played an essential role in explaining industrial revolution. Culture not only influences the social norms but also economic behaviours like propensity to save or innovate, labour supply decisions investment and charitable contributions to public good.

Susan Haack has a hard-line stand on the epistemological nature of science, which is named founderherentism and works towards putting as much distance as possible between her and sociological pursuits of science. As such, she argues against metaphysical and sociological subjects, which she cites as having sceptical views and obsessive approaches towards science by being extremely positivist on a logical point of view.

Lipton, examines the mechanisms through which cells perform the tasks of obtaining and processing information. He outlines his perceptions and beliefs and life as he understands it. Through his epigenetic studies, Lipton provides insight and understanding of the line between biological organisms, the environment and the varied influences of thought, perception and subconscious awareness.

To possess this property in common, every individual in the society should be accorded with the right to that property. Therefore, an individual has to have a way of earning all of his properties, in order to possess individual property which is to be used by only by a sole individual.

Love is a kind of relationship in which if the two people involved are not physically compatible with each other, they cannot deem to be in love with each other. Similarly, for a love relationship to be valid it is also important that the two people in love are emotionally compatible with each other.

Obviously, this desire does not greatly influence some people; but for others it serves an essential part in their everyday lives. Aristotle certainly thinks it was such desire that inspired and drove him to investigate, seek answers, and reflect that eventually resulted in the writing of his Metaphysics.2 Aristotle thoroughly studied the concept of ‘knowledge’ in Metaphysics.

The first issue raised by Sommers in her argument refers to how unfortunate is it that a false contrast is created between sexism and assimilation by radical feminists. This false contrast serves to prevail the misleading feeling as if there were nothing in between the notions of sexism and integration.

An Interview of a Servant Leader The concept of servant leadership as a leadership Philosophy was developed by Robert Greenleaf in the year 1970 (D’Souza, 2004). As a leadership style, servant leadership emphasis on the people, i.e. the main objective of servant leadership is to empower the people and to ensure that the people are contented and able to fully exploit their potentials.

We say that these decisions are of our own doing and normally, we own the consequences of our actions resulting from these preconceived “judgments” that we give to particular ideas, issues, acts, and even to certain groups of people. In this opinion-making process we must recognize the great influence of our culture especially with regards to decisions of what we consider to be right and what we consider to be wrong – which is moral, and which is immoral.

Kant professes a secular and universal kind of morality while Hume's argument is highly subjective and could be very problematic in its applications. Hume has observed that it is our modern philosophers who define morality on pure reason and in contrast to that our ancient thinkers have considered “morals as deriving their existence from taste and sentiment”

The argument put forth by Goodman was also sensible and based on reason and not on the prescription of any deity or any organized religion sense of right and wrong. Some things are just basically wrong not because they are “never questioned or breached in practice, but because they never should be” (88).

His claim is that abortion is seriously wrong and immoral except on some very few, rare circumstances. He argues that the reason for making such exceptions is to eliminate ethical issues which might be controversial to anti-abortionists such as abortion following rape, and the one done after fourteen days of conception based on the argument that the growing fetus is not a person yet.

But an unethical way of behaviour is observed in the functioning of many firms and employees. Certain firms focus merely on the financial benefits and ignore the ethical side of business. It is also true that the workers of many firms behave unethically and one could identify various reasons behind such actions.

Natural gas that has been thought of as a proper substitute for oil is also running out if reserves being a fossil fuel and hence experiencing rise in price like that of oil. The other alternative comprises of the fuel cells that are hydrogen powered. However there is the lack of proper infrastructures that can produce the huge amount of hydrogen required use in transportation as an alternative to fuel.

It should be realized that the premises in this definition of an argument could be facts or just assumptions. Nevertheless, it is important that an argument applies a logical principle in using the premises to reach conclusions. A common example of the logical principles used in arguments is that of equivalence.

Popper opined that science is a method of trial and error. It is a method of assumption and refusal. Science is always accompanied by a group of scholars who check and criticize each other. The foundation of science is its rationality. The openness to criticism should be converted into the willingness of scientists to falsify their theory.

Some studies supported the direct relationship between team sports and good character (Greenwood & Kanters, 2009; Camire & Trudel, 2010). Other studies questioned this relationship and rejected even a correlation, because of instances where players exhibit bad character (Miracle & Rees, 1994 qtd.

This implies that there is a difference between what appears in the memory of a human being to the ideas and thoughts conceived in the mind although with a certain measure of regularity and method, they introduce each other. Nature and reality is what causes situations to prevail.

Name: Instructor’s Name: Course: Date of Submission: Moral relativism Moral relativism is a philosophical theory that morality, principles, ethics are relative which are culturally dependent as well count on an individual’s choice. This morality is not absolute, it does not hold for all people at any place and it depends on time and situation too.

The idea is in a sense, fundamentally against the democratic principles of the society that we live in, in that it denies many people the right to an existence in the same way that people who are gifted are. There may also be arguments that state that people of inferior qualities act like leeches, sucking off the fruits of the labor of more intelligent and talented people, especially in countries where social security benefits are very high for people who belong to the marginalized sections of the society.

Anselm positions God at the center of being, without whom anything exists. Freedom and will are much connected in Anselm’s argument. Anselm portrays freedom as the power to act in the right reason, which may be construed to mean having the right intention in committing any act.

What is Cultural Diversity? Cultural diversity refers to a situation where people belonging to different cultural backgrounds, religions and ethnicities are living together. In other words diversity can be referred to the differences of demographic characteristics of individuals and a variety of qualities possessed by several things, concepts and practices of community members.

The author states that an important issue that needs to be considered is the definition of the term ‘citizen’. Historically, women, slaves and the lower classes have rarely been considered as citizens, and the rights of these groups have not been considered when evaluating the extent to which the legal system is just.

The researcher explored various moral systems while keeping in prospect their need and functionality in the present world, as well as the Nietzsche' s ideas regarding those systems. Based on the information, the researcher found whether it is necessary to renovate or replace current moral systems or not.

Here are the two cases. A young musician successfully learns their first piece of music by repetition and study and plays/sings it through alone and for the first time with a firm inner understanding of the piece. On the other hand, a young musician learns their first piece of music by repetition and study and plays/sings it through under successful examination and in front of assessors with a firm sense of accuracy of the piece.

There are many reasons to believe in the existence of a supreme being. Below are some of the main grounds to believe in the existence of a supreme being. These reasons are: the argument of motion, cosmological arguments, arguments of design, as well as moral arguments. There is movement in the universe because an object cannot move itself.

When a researcher or a laymen comes across a fact or reality which confuses his beliefs and truth world declares put him in the phase of research. He starts digging on the values and information related to it. At this stage there are various schools of thoughts exist to adopt for the research of knowledge.

This wager has been referenced by scholars, philosophers and theologians ever since Pascal first introduced this particular logic. As such, this particular essay will work to analyze Pascal’s wager from a rational point of view to determine if it is a sound belief system or whether it should be disregarded entirely.

From this paper, it is clear that many people consider the ability not to give up or perseverance a virtue and in fact, the majority of the world religions encourage it in their followers. Perseverance, from ancient times, has been one of the keys to success and it is very difficult to achieve any level of success without it.

Environmental issues and crises have raised ethical, religious, anthropocentric, bio-centric and Theo-centric debates over man’s treatment of the environment. Environmentalists, egoists, and philosophers have tried to unearth human connectedness to nature from spiritual and secular traditions.

The author believed that human beings do not make random decisions but consciously or subconsciously make informed decisions following some form of natural law. For instance, before an agent makes a decision, there is deliberation on what decision to make based on the natural law. This clearly shows deterministic traits in human behavior.

According to the paper many people have always been concerned with their looks and appearance more than their internal qualities and this is motivation enough for them to desire. This is what has led to the pervasiveness of the plastic surgery trend worldwide thus instigating serious concerns over the justification of plastic surgery.

In addition, love is not confined to the humans only; rather, insects, birds, animals and even beasts demonstrate their feelings of love particularly towards their young ones; it is therefore the domestic and wild animals including cows, elephants and deer etc shed tears at the eve of getting separated with their companions and young ones.

Neo-Platonism refers to the term associated with the teachings of Plato and the Platonists. It is vital to note that though it bases its arguments on the teachings of Plato, it is quite different from what Plato wrote (Remes 22). Plotinus and his apprentice Porphyry get credited as the founders of Neo-Platonism. 

The main event that led to this article was when recently, a woman identified as Heather Frost, from Britain’s Gloucestershire is offered a ‘mansion’ to live in with her eleven kids, husband, and two grandchildren. Fogg feels this is wrong, as it influences the economy negatively.