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The rationale for this essay is, therefore, to bring out both the positive and negative issues that the policing communities face in different regions. Noting the substantial development in the community policing process, challenges in terms of regional distinction and vastness are also pointed out as a major stumbling block to the advancement of the community policing process.
The right to a fair trial is a core element in the concept of the rule of law, as well as for the protection of human rights. The existence of laws that protect human rights is meaningless without effective enforcement. The right to a fair trial therefore protects human beings against violation of other basic rights.
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Research has shown that Arab countries delayed greatly in adopting media and the internet. This is due to various factors including national political systems, the technical complexity of using the Arabic language on the internet, and high costs incorporating high charges for connections. Also, studies indicate that Iraq and Saudi Arabia were the last Arab nations to offer public internet access in 2000 and 1999 in that order.
A company complained to have detected a hacker attack, which led to a six-month investigation. This led to the arrest of David Cecil an unemployed truck driver aged 25 years. He was found to be highly involved in hacking various computers that were investigated. This is based on the Australian cyber laws which highly refrain and condemn people who commit cyber crimes.
Many global governance organizations have gone against what democracy implies. They have neglected the rule of stakeholders and failed to effect communication with elected leaders in different parts of the world. This has brought failure in running the noble tasks these global institutions are entrusted to perform.
Document all important decisions made to create valid evidence in case any future legal implications arise. Additionally, one should be careful to exercise a standard of care in all situations where one may be reasonably expected to do so. To ensure this, evaluate the persons to whom the decision may affect.
Employment contracts are, principally, legal documents that fall within the domain of the Law of Contract. Consequently, such documents must adhere to the requirements of every contract. Needless to say, therefore, an employment contract must of essence possess all the essentials of any other ordinary contract, albeit with certain modifications.
Most people involved in business promote themselves as ethical, but scratch the surface and their conduct is often less than squeaky clean (Gibson, & Fraser, 2011). There is a view held by business people that Australia's business ethics are in good shape (Gibson, & Fraser, 2011). Instances of ethical failure in Australia's large businesses are, they say, rare and exceptional.
The Australian Security Exchange (ASX) corporate governance principles and recommendations (hereunder referred to as “ASX corporate governance principles”) were introduced in Australia in 2003 following a series of deliberations in the business circles regarding how best to govern the corporate sector.
Adequacy of representation is never a requirement while clarifying a class action. The economic loss rule is a judicially created rule that requires that the claims for economic loss must be brought in tort not contract, as there is no adequate rationale or theoretical explaining that non-user and non-consumers have to be denied recovery against the manufacturer of the defective product.
A statute is a written and formal legislative enactment that is aimed at governing the actions of a state, city or county. They are meant to prohibit something, command and or give a direction towards a certain action or duty. It is however vital to note that all statutes are laws but not all laws are statutes.
The focus of this paper is to critically examine the available evidence with regard to this subject and clearly explore in detail the possibilities for this to happen. Many theories have been developed to try and explain the causes of criminal behavior and therefore will provide useful insights into this subject.
In the past, organizations supported discrimination and inequity against the Indigenous people in Australia, women, and the youth. Strachan, Burgess, and Henderson (2010, p. 1) state that contemporary society has incorporated policies that strictly support the removal of race, gender, age and cultural discrimination by changing the social attitudes of the workforce.
The word TRIPS is an acronym for the words Agreements on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, a component agreement of the World Trade Organization, the WTO. The WTO, the successor in title to the General Agreements on Trade and Tariffs, GATT 1947 was negotiated between 1986 and 1994 during the Uruguay Round of the world trade negotiations.
The government’s inaugural budget included an additional $138m to fight welfare fraud, with projected net savings from improved compliance of $600m over four years (Ludwig, 2008b). In early 2009, Centre link announced the allocation of $43.2m to boost the anti-fraud, call center, and online infrastructure capacity (LeMay 2009, p. 215).
International Business Transactions encompass various issues that vary from imposed tariffs, financial issues, varying markets, legal frameworks and company structures among many other issues. This particular paper, therefore, seeks to provide an analysis of two case studies that raise a variety of issues concerning international business transactions.
The argument is corroborated by the fact that the initial documents that authorized the founding of the American colonies coupled with the British laws served as the basis of the judicial system of the USA (Burnham, William. 2006). The same is true even today. The American jurisprudence largely depended on those archives. A careful study of American law history testifies to this fact.
I agree with this view. The United States' legal system has three distinctive features. Basically, the constitution of the U.S. provides for a state of law, a democracy that forms the foundation of individual rights. The Constitution also gives room to enforce these rights. The United States' separation of powers differentiates the government from more convectional parliamentary structures.
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The UN Security Council is a powerful organ of the United Nations that has a responsibility for the maintenance of international security and peace. Its powers as stipulated in the UN Charter comprise operations of peacekeeping, International sanctions establishment, and military action authorization.
One of the most effective approaches to deal with this issue is to make the research design reflect the characteristics of the region under study. This will be able to give findings that reflect the true picture of the crime in such areas, and in effect, help policymakers to come up with alternative programs that address the crime successfully.
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Breaches relating to personal information, no doubt, infringe upon an individual’s privacy. Privacy refers to the condition or the state where an individual is free from any unnecessary public attention or freedom from any intrusions into or any interference with one’s decisions or acts, as the case may be. One of the world’s greatest challenges today is the concept of globalization.
The essay will provide case studies to illustrate how perpetrators of fraud are often related to the victim. This will entail the employment of criminology theory to explain these cases (Qing & Eloff, 2000). In criminology, fraud is a deception that is intentional that is committed for personal gain or to damage another individual.
The question of how important laws protecting intellectual property (IP) are is best answered by considering what the laws safeguard. The Encyclopaedia of Small Business defines IP as the intangible asset created by engaging the human mind. The creation is then translated or expressed into a service or product and assigned intellectual property rights.
The execution of Osama bin Laden was a moral outrage and a violation of human rights. The shooting of Osama was a reaction to the perturbed course of peace in the world by terrorist attacks. Despite the continuation of autonomous democracy and successful leadership in the global communities, the terrorist have caused an abrupt distraction to the smooth sailing of the prevailing peaceful nations.
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Before launching into discussing the major issues of the topic, it is imperative that this paper sets out, through definition, certain very critical terms. The terms to be defined include social networking site, upload, and security. This is in order to give the discussion the requisite grounding and put it in perspective.
The Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980) (CISG) was developed with a vision to provide a modern, uniform and fair regime for contracts involving the international sale of goods. Hence, the CISG contributes immensely to introducing certainty in commercial exchanges and lowering transaction costs.
The decision in Bamford v Commissioner of Taxation [2010] HCA 10 (Bamford) that a beneficiary should be assessed on the same share of taxable income under tax law as that to which he/she is presently entitled in the distributable income under trust law raised a number of issues.
When I made up my mind to study criminology and criminal justice, I had high expectations of attaining the professional qualifications and real-world experience required in this field. The issue of the causes of crime in society has been bothering my life a lot. It is truly evident that crime in society continues to grow every day.
Civil society organizations may use the internet to support their activities in a variety of ways including logistical organization and the public dissemination of information, (Kalathil &Boas, 2001). It undermines authoritarian regimes by either pressing for an initial opening or triggering scandals that delegitimize authoritarian rule.
The defense under section 51(vi) must be applied with a combination of other parts of the Australian constitution. Though the defense power is well positioned to eliminate terror crimes, it faces some limitations. The inclusion of the words naval and military in section 51(vi) does not clearly define whether terrorist acts fall under this section
The diverse aspect of the Company Act 2006 in coordination with section 260 encloses a wide cultural evolution from the latter interest of corporations, which were viewed as detrimental to society in relation to the financial crisis. This later changed to success in relation to anything at the shareholder's interest.
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At the beginning of the 19th century, marginalized youth groups i.e. of Aboriginal descent have hence been recognized as a social problem within Canada. This has mainly occurred in western countries. Marginalized youth groups are adolescents who come together with a common agenda or are affected by a similar issue such as crime.
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The NSW policy on infinite detention refers to the incarceration of individuals who have been arrested and are subjected to such treatment without any prior trial. Infinite detention is against the rights of suspects although the Australian government has practiced this for several years from the time when some refugees were subjected to detention without trial.
Domestic violence against women continues to be a very pertinent problem the world over notwithstanding the fact that various policy and legal measures continue to be churned out all over the world in different countries. The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of how gender is important in understanding domestic violence.
The facts of Bisset v. Wilkinson had been that the plaintiff buyer bought part of the defendant’s farm which he intended to use for sheep rearing. When the buyer sought the seller’s opinion as to how many sheep the property could take, the seller gave an estimated number of 2000 sheep; a value which however turned out to be an overestimate.
"That's good - her kid likes fruit," I think, but I am then a little surprised to see her take a bunch of grapes from the display bin and hand it to the toddler. He proceeds to munch on it. I continue choosing the fruit I want; only to hear her say a little later "Do you want a peach?" She picks a nice one, breaks it into manageable chunks, and gives it to the kid.
Basing on a community standard of proof was a wrong approach. The approach adopted by the learned trial Judge was unfairly speculative; was egregiously partisan adversely to the appellant, and had the effect of depriving the appellant of his entitlement at law to a summing-up that was fair and balanced.
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Human rights are universal and protect people from atrocities and other evils. These rights are available to everyone, irrespective of citizenship, nationality, gender, language, race, and competencies. Human rights are enforceable only when the Constitution supports them and provides legal enforceability.
Local communities and policymakers in the UK have brainstormed on interventions that will reduce or eliminate the prominent anti-social behavior among youths (Innes & Fielding, 2002). This behavior is being practiced by a lot of youths and young children at the same time in different parts of the UK and it is twirling out of control hence causing considerable harm to communities and also individuals at the receiving end of the behaviour.
The individual does not clearly show what they wanted to do with the wheelbarrow as during questioning they may defend themselves saying that they thought the inverted position was not appropriate. Integrity entails using relevant questions to bring out the intent clearly while at the same time reducing the convictions upon the individual.
It is essential to state that basically, many promises made among the people of the society are not taken lightly. There is something special in them since there is a societal or some sort of ethical get-together that allows the one who makes the promise to be regarded as being bound by his promise.
The TRIPS agreement was put in force with the major aim of enabling inventors to gain from their innovations by helping to prevent copycat of the already developed products, which means overly reducing investment friction in developing countries. In the past, most countries did not take seriously the issue of patenting innovations.
Several individuals have heard or are even able to understand the meaning of civil law or criminal law but very few are familiar with commercial law. If they were to be asked, they would refer to commercial law as a law governing the day-to-day activities of individuals or transactions that are conducted locally and within society.
There are major provisions of the document that should be amended to promote both the objective of the document as well as ensuring the national sovereignty of the member states subject to the Convention. The definition of torture should be re-defined to cater to all cases that result in extreme emotional and physical pain.
Walter Doogood was searching for property owners who were willing to sell there with his real estate agency Doogooders Property Pty Ltd. At one particular time, he came across an elderly pensioner called Joe Bloggs. He owned and lived in his house in Ipswich, Queensland. Joe had been released from the hospital that day after extensive surgery to repair the damage he had suffered from a minor stroke four weeks before.
Stealing according to the Crimes Act 1900 No 40 is described as an action in which a dishonestly appropriates possessions to another person with an aim of permanently depriving that other individual of that possession. Thus all these offenses are considered as stealing according to the Crimes Act 1900 No 40.
The paper "Privacy and Property Laws in IT" is a great example of an essay on law. Piracy is an issue that most software companies fight each and every day. Media always report on the piracy issues. Intellectual property law and practices that are used for the protection of intellectual information against piracy and copyright infringement in the error of information technology have been challenged.
International Commercial Arbitration is the process of resolving business disputes between or among transnational parties through the use of an arbitrator rather than through the court. The parties must agree to arbitration where during contract formation there is inclusion of an arbitration clause.
The scenario entails a situation where Ali, who is a building surveyor for a municipal council, decides to sell his house to Mary. Though the house was never in good condition, and even after realizing this, Mary proceeds to purchase it. The garage appeared to be leaning to one side and had patches that looked like rust on two of the corner braces
One of the major causes of criminal activities in Australia is increased rates of anti-social behaviours, especially by the youth. Anti-social behaviour breeds evil activities that stagnate the country’s economy as well as disturb the peace and mutual co-existence among the residents of a place. Traditional juvenile justice tried to mitigate the escalation of criminal activities by locking offenders in jails.