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Conversion to Islam began as far back as the eleventh century A.D., in the northeast kingdom of Kanem-Borno. Through the activities of missionaries and Islamic traders from North Africa, Islam began to spread slowly in this area. Among the Hausa, Islam began to spread from the fourteenth century and brought a law to be followed by all the Muslims of Nigeria called ‘Sharia’ law.
The contract is governed by the will theory or the basic principle that the parties have the freedom to contract and all terms of the contract, including exclusion clauses, are governed by the free will agreement of the parties. Thus, under common law, courts are barred from adopting an interventionist doctrine in the contract.
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Aviation Safety and security have always been paramount to airports. The fallout of the terrorist attacks resulted in the creation of two federal agencies, the Transportation Security Administration followed by the Department of Homeland Security. TSA, responsible for aviation security, is now within the DHS Directorate of Border.
The need for co-operation and mutual development has to lead the countries of the international community to create a legislative net. At the next level, the bodies that were created to handle these provisions and to supervise their application faced the problem of the absence of a suitable legal environment that could guarantee and protect their operation.
The author tells about the issue is the extent to which UK orgаnisаtions аre fаir when it comes to offering equаlity of opportunity to minority groups in employment. There is а wide rаnge of elements involved in mаnаging diversity including legislаtive considerаtions, the hаndling of equаl opportunity issues,
It is important to state that John is the remainderman in this case, therefore what this means is that when a trust is terminated then its principal will pass on to the remainderman. George has constituted a marriage settlement trust for Henry and his family with John as the remainderman on the trust.
When a decision is to be challenged on the grounds of illegality, there must be a sufficient number in a group to bring a case and file a suit. In the case of BSS, they do represent a sizable section of the female population that is against violence, hence they may legitimately contest the Minister’s decision.
Undoubtedly the treatment of prisoners in Guantanamo Bay is contrary to internationally accepted regulations. The interrogation techniques which are permitted and endorsed by the U.S. Department of Defence (DOD) can be equated with degrading treatment of the individuals. The detainees said that they experienced extreme pain and suffering during interrogation.
In this context, it has been found that there are many issues that should be recognized as having a significant importance on the formulation and the regulation of social politics. One of the approaches that influenced a lot the theorists when examining and explaining the behavior of persons in their society has been the utilitarianism.
Compulsory unionism in any form--"union," "closed," or "agency" shop is a contradiction of the Right to Work principle and the fundamental human right that the principle represents. The National Right to Work Committee advocates that every individual must have the right, but must not be compelled, to join a labor union (NRTWLDF, 1996).
The research points out that while psychiatric examinations have always proven to show the thinking of an offender, they are not wholly useful in the investigative procedures themselves as they are modeled in more of a medical fashion. These psychological theories, psychiatric tests, and criminological methodologies are all very interesting.
The question of reliance on expert testimony and forensic evidence were the major points of contention in the appeal of Sally Clark and Angela Cannings since this issue had already been raised in the issue of other cases such as that of the Birmingham Six13, who had served 16 years in jail after being convicted on the basis of faulty forensic evidence and were released in 1991.
How does equity conflict with common law? Equity is a function of judicial discretion that started as a means to introduce some flexibility in common law, however, it has now developed its own set of operative principles. The maxim of equity that was applied in the case of Walsh was that equity looks upon that as done which ought to be done.
A convention that will have for its undertakings “the promotion or encouragement of respect for human rights with the Organization for the achievement of these objectives.” Together with this sad and horrifying experience of Europe is the fact that during the creation of the convention, Europe is “ideologically broken“.
The complexity of the commercial activities within the European Community has created the need for an appropriate legal framework that can offer effective and rapid justice to all the interested parties. In this context, the European legal order 'has created structural links among national administrative bodies, national administrative bodies.
The motto of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection's Intelligence Operations division is "Eyes On Until Hands On." With 6,000 kilometers of the border to cover, the United States and Canada would do well to expand their electronic capability to get more 'eyes' on smugglers crossing the border, enabling more arrests and seizures of narcotics, aliens, etc.
China has performed more than 3400 executions in 2004 which amounts to more than 90% of worldwide executions (Wikipedia). US performed 60 executions in 2005. Some consider it an inhuman punishment, while others feel a murder warrants nothing less than death for the murderer. People argue their point on various grounds, like moral, philosophical, religious and human rights.
”Citizens should have statutory rights to enforce their human rights in the UK courts. We will by statute incorporate the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law to bring these rights home and allow our people access to them in their national courts. The incorporation of the European Convention will establish a floor, not a ceiling, for human rights”.
The author states that before the proposition can be maintained on corporate governance, there is a need to talk about the law upon which governance is based. Said law is known as Corporation law in the US while it is being called Company law in the UK. Corporation law is the field of law concerning the creation and regulation of corporations.
The emergence of many forms of cohabitation and partnership often brings us the question of what is a family. There popular schools of thought, which define what is a family. The formalist conception of a family gives us a traditional meaning of a family as composed of a man, a woman, and their unmarried children by blood or adoption.
The author states that there have been several high profile cases involving mentally deranged people that loom large in the public memory. The portrayal of mentally ill patients in the media has generally been negative, and there is an overall perception that exists among the general public that mentally ill people are dangerous.
Punishment in varying forms and degrees are socially implemented with the impression that such actions are a deterrent to criminal behavior and limit violence. The idea of the equal protection of laws served to idealize the non-usurpation of pain infliction that questioned forms of punishment as contrary to the ethical belief that crime can be prevented at its root cause.
According to Lincoln Steffens in 1902, “The spirit of graft and lawlessness is the American spirit” that can be traced back to colonial days and the encouragement of pirates and bootleggers as a means of circumventing the laws and restrictions placed on the colonies by the British government. However, by the time Hollywood began to grow as a media force, Americans had already come to think of themselves as a model for mankind.
The author states that organ transplants principally entail kidney transplants, heart transplants, bowel transplants, and limb transplants. Statistics divulge around 2,375 patients witnessing cornea transplants along with 86 patients procuring pancreas in the UK in 2004-2005. The money-driven poor comprise the major portion of the donors’ list.
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Since Eve first deceived Adam in the Garden of Eden, mankind has searched for ways to determine truth from deception. The ancient Chinese would have the accused subject chew dry rice, believing that liars would have difficulty because their mouths were dry. Arabs used to brand the tongue of the accused; those injured were liars.
The author of the paper states that at the turn of the century, social change and global recognition geared towards the recognition of transsexual rights saw a greater acceptance in the concept of sexual orientation. Changes that were deemed unacceptable and unthinkable are now commonly accepted.
It is widely agreed that the current crisis in the US health care system is due to higher prices for pharmaceuticals, physicians and hospital care. Although there is a consensus among policymakers as to what should be done to alleviate this problem, the required political will seems to be lacking.
This paper will also examine the origins of individual rights within the context of natural rights, and how natural law limits human rights protections. In this way, it can be shown why absent physical power to effectively halt the murderous Sudanese regime, victims have neither national nor international legal recourse.
Mill's Utilitarianism (1861) is an extended explanation of the utilitarian moral theory. In an effort to respond to criticisms of the doctrine, Mill not only argued in favor of the basic principles of Jeremy Bentham but also offered several significant improvements to its structure, meaning, and application.
Rape is an essentially difficult crime to prove because of the innate difficulties in proving non-consent, especially in a case that does not involve the obviously forceful rape of a woman by a stranger. Before the 2003 changes to sexual offenses law, it would have been very unlikely for Drew to be convicted of rape under the situation outlined.
It would seem that although the rule approximates that of the role of a public policy, interest of justice is paramount over said rule. It is, therefore, the judiciary that would create the exception to the rule on veil on incorporation and as to what constitute interest of justice is a question of facts in relation to jurisprudence relating to the rule.
Murder, in which there is intent to kill or inflict serious bodily harm is outside the scope of this discussion. However, the second type of homicide, manslaughter under current law takes one of two forms: voluntary manslaughter, where there is intent to harm or kill but circumstances mitigate the offense to varying degrees depending upon the facts of the case.
The loophole in the law concerns situations where a home is purchased and no agreement is made as to the respective shares in the event of termination of the relationship. The courts have wide discretion to redistribute the assets of married couples without having to take into account beneficial ownership.
Migration, on one hand, helps any government to fulfill the demand of skilled and unskilled workforce. At the same time, it is required to keep the unwanted and unsocial elements of other countries out of the country for the safety and security concerns of the residence. The Immigration Law is one of the instruments to ensure that.
The Prime Ministers and the rest of the executive arm of Government are all members of the House of Commons, and the Prime Minister functions as the leader of the House of Commons enjoying its support. While no mandate exists that prevents the legislature from turning down a bill that is initially proposed by the Prime Minister it rarely happens since the prime Minister enjoys the support of a majority of the members of the House of Commons.
The author states that there is a conflict of laws that arises in this case – not only in terms of the jurisdiction in terms of location, for adjudicating the dispute in the matter of injuries and damages caused by defective parts but also in terms of the substantive nature of the dispute itself and the kind of rights that have been damaged in the process.
While in the UK, the law-making function of the judiciary is not so pronounced, this may be seen to be a function of the lack of separation of powers between executive and judiciary through parliamentary sovereignty. However, precedents set by the Supreme Court have undoubtedly formed the body of future law and therefore the objections to the judicial latitude allowed within Hart’s Rule of recognition are justified.
Supranationalism is intimately associated with the inter-governmental vs. neo-functionalism debate. Intergovernmentalists contend that the process of EU integration is a consequence of tough bargaining between states. In contrast, neo-functionalism contends that the supranational institutions themselves have been a source of the impetus behind integration.
The Treaty establishing a European Economic Community (hereinafter 'EEC') was signed in Rome on March 25, 1957, and came into force on January 1, 1958. The Preamble to the Treaty of Rome delineates as its purpose 'to lay the foundations of an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe.' The original signatories were Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.
Since the treaties of Paris and Rome, the body has been creating, expanding and explaining the laws which have come up since its inception. Even though the legal system envisioned by the stalwarts of the EU is given high marks by many critics, there are those who say that the laws created by the body are cumbersome, a hindrance to the economy.
In the Article 13 of the Treaty of Amsterdam, two directives were established to positively tackle the discrimination issue: the Employment Directive – requires member states to make discrimination unlawful on grounds of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation in the areas of employment.
In Sokolow, the Court upheld the defendant’s conviction for possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, reversing a decision of the Court of Appeals (Ninth Circuit). DEA officers stopped Andrew Sokolow in Honolulu International Airport after his behaviour corresponded to the profile of a drug trafficker.
Badchester Borough Council is in financial difficulties. In December 2003, Farley’s Bank entered into an agreement with Badchester Borough Council to lend money at preferential interest rates in return for a down payment of one million pounds. On January 1st, the first part of the payment, £163,500,000 enters the bank account of the Badchester Borough Council.
I am arguing against the death penalty because there are just several incontrovertible arguments I happen to share with the article on ‘Thoughts on the death penalty (n.d.). The first one reads: “The most important one is the virtual certainty that genuinely innocent people will be executed and that there is no possible way of compensating them for this miscarriage of justice.” (Thoughts on the death penalty, n.d.)
The reason for the age increase is due to the habit of binge drinking in the UK. Although the alcohol consumption in the UK has ranked below an EU average, young Britons tend to consume more alcoholic drinks per occasion (Datamonitor, 2005).
It is really essential to state that the UK conformity with Community law has been established through the incorporation of the Human Rights Act of 1998 into national law, therefore this poses a direct challenge to the system of Parliamentary sovereignty that has been in existence for so many years.
Diane would be deemed to be guilty under the Theft Act of 1968 which states that: “A person why by any deception dishonestly obtains property belonging to another, with the intention of permanently depriving another of it, shall on conviction in the indictment be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years.”
According to Section 1(1) of the Law of Property Act of 1925, there are only two kinds of ownership (a) fee simple absolute and (b) term of lease absolute. Therefore, it is unlikely that Emily can claim any kind of ownership rights to the house on Brookes Avenue, despite her four years of residence in the house.
Victoria was sent by her parents from Africa to live with her aunt, Marie-Therese Kouao. She died in London from physical and sexual abuse inflicted by Carl Manning and the girl’s aunt which had occurred from 1998 till her death in 2000. The two were ultimately sentenced to life imprisonment, but the repercussions extended to both social and police agencies which had not always responded adequately.
Equality of opportunity provides individuals to compete against each other on equivalent terms to achieve their place in a social setup. Compared to the caste system where the assumption is that society contains hierarchy, and superior and inferior status is determined by birth, equality of opportunity is a unique theory, which promises competition on equal terms.