Finance & Accounting Essays

A concise definition was provided by Gapenski (2008), who stated that the budget is the detailed plan, expressed in dollar terms that specify how resources will be used within a period of time. When a health organization's budget pertains to the plan that includes activities, expenses, costs, resources and revenues within a specific period of time, it is called the operational budget.

For the two restaurant types, the “Casual dining” restaurant would be ranked higher than the “Fine dining” restaurant. From the initial information, the “Casual dining” restaurant offers better expected annual revenues and lower expected annual costs excluding the chefs salary than the “Fine dining” restaurant.

If we analyse the past banking history, there were many bank failures and bank runs in many countries in the past. For example, Bank of England in 1946 was established immediately after many bank failures in UK. Between 1930s and 1940s, there were more than 100 bank failures in U.S.A’s financial and banking sector.

A company’s dividend policy refers to its decision to pay out cash to its shareholders, in what amount, and in what fashion. The most apparent and vital element of this policy in a company is the firm’s decision on whether to pay a cash dividend, how often it must be distributed, and how large the cash dividend should be.

Quality costs simply refer to the costs associated with preventing, looking for, and identifying defects associated with products and services offered by a particular organization. Understanding of quality costs begins with a reviewal and treatment of quality from a customer’s point of view (Cole, 2003).

The various sources of revenue for the organization are government grants and contracts, endowment income, contributions from members, donations, income from investments, etc. The revenue in profit organizations would be unit sales, service revenue, right of goodwill, right of trade name, education fees, health fees, research revenues, etc.

Data relating to several variables – inflation, GDP per capita, bond yields, credit rating, CDS spread, and Debt/GDP ratio were collected. However, while two variables - CDS spread and Debt/GDP ratio was found to have a significant influence on sovereign default risk in the Eurozone, only one variable – CDS spread had a significant influence on Cyprus.  

A mandatory system of governance has strict rules that must be observed by all market players. Any firm that fails to adhere to these rules is fined according to the legal requirements. In an enabling environment, however, compliance with any system is not mandatory and firms may either choose to comply or not. No legal notice bind firms in an enabling environment to comply with certain regulations.

“T-Mobile in reality is a subsidiary holding firm of Deutsche Telekom and T-Mobile International AG. T-Mobile generally goes through constant restructuring of its organizational framework. It has various call centers across different markets; about two months ago it has ceased the operations of 7 of its call centers. 

ETF as an investment vehicle will help the investor to demonstrate that investment management is sustainable and that investors will be able to achieve their long-term investment objective by strategizing appropriately depending on their risk appetite. Investment in a disciplined manner requires knowledge and accessibility to market information.  

Continuous assessment of targeted employees should be carried out as this will give rise to a highly qualified and efficient workforce working collectively towards value maximization for the company. However, the HR division also has to keep track of the workforce cost in order to maintain it within an appropriate limit. 

The influence of politics on the process of accounting has been a widely debated topic of discussion. The accounting standards boards of all the countries of the world have always involved themselves into various kinds of politics, both at the national as well as the international level and this had its effect on the course of the formulation of the standards.

The issue in this scenario is the application of taxation and deductions on incomes according to Indiana taxation law. It seeks to identify the provision of the taxation law in determining what constitutes taxable income and valid deductions. This is in recognition of the fact that not all assets and incomes are taxable and not all expenses are considered valid for the deduction.

Fraud is a term that is generally used to refer to acts of deceit with regard to economic crimes involving money transactions. Fraud is perpetrated by individuals who plot schemes that resemble genuine transactions, but end up being fake or fraudulent transactions with those targeted by fraudsters ending up being the victims of an elaborate con-game.

When the government spends more money compared to the amount it receives through tax, it requires borrowing to cover the gap. The amount that the government borrows with the subtraction of repaying amount is called debt. OECD has predicted that government debt will increase seriously by unmaintainable levels

It is essential to state that the introduction and use of the Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) in ships that are required to follow the standards of SOLAS, also known as the Safety of Life at Sea convention by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), has become fully accomplished (IMO 2001).

The work involves building a relationship model among the business processes of vital business activities and needed resources to scrutinize how much of an impact resource damage has on business. This model may be utilized as a replication model to deal with sudden alterations in management environment and quickly allocate resources.

The valuation of a company can be determined according to three approaches, i.e. cost approach, market approach, and the income approach. The cost approach indicates the calculation of the net assets of the target company, while, the market approach considers the value of the market share earned by the company.

Cash Flow Statement constitutes a fundamental part of the financial statements of any organization. The cash flow analysis is primarily based on the cash flows from operational, financing and investment activities. The executives of the companies of are generally curious about identifying ventures which are generating adequate return ratio.

The interest that an investor receives or would have to pay is higher than APR stated on the note. In the case of AirJet, the company should take a loan from National First as the EAR is lower than Regions best with 10.25%. The interest payments would be lower with National First. Hence, the loan should be taken from them.

Due to its nature of being an imperishable and tough metallic component, gold was mostly used as a means of trading. To understand the importance of investing in gold and silver in today’s market, a historical background is important. It was paper money which replaced gold and silver as a currency.

It can be impacted by the cost of issuing debt and equity, effect on the debt-equity ratios, shareholder and creditor mindsets and even a possibility of bankruptcy. In this case assignment we will look at the debt equity ratios and financial performance for three companies- eBay, the Clorox Company and Darden Restaurants while making a recommendation for the ideal capital structure for each company.

This paper is an attempt to trace the linkage between financialization and the financial crisis and the degree to which the former is implicated in the latter. Rather than provide a country-specific analysis, it will look at trends and patterns in global financial governance systems and the underlying structural deficiencies in the IMF-driven neoliberal framework.

A research paper is aimed at establishing new theories or principles from basic information. A research paper can also be developed to bind existing knowledge; this involves refining existing theories or finding a better relationship between various variables. Watt and Zimmerman’s paper was developed through a functional approach.

According to the “Fortune” magazine, Apple Inc. was considered the most admired company in 2008 in the United States. At present, Apple is the largest publicly-traded company by market capitalization in the world. Apple Inc. is the largest technological company in the world in terms of profit and revenue, bigger than Microsoft and Google combined.

The International Accounting Standardization Committee (ISAC) defined the prudence concept as an accounting concept that requires a high level of caution when estimating risk and uncertainty (Erickson, 2010). There are a number of principles that govern this concept.

Indy Mac bank provided loans to the customers without much documentation or verification of their income strengths. Indy Mac was and its profitability was rising considerably due to increasing disbursing of loans. The property prices were high, so if the customers failed to pay the loan back, the possession of the house or property was sold. 

The impact of IT in terms of cost and effectiveness on the auditing procedures has been analyzed. This research has extensively analyzed the computer-aided auditing tools, the rules of auditing in the UK and Kurdistan, the impact of these tools in different levels of auditing, the compatibility of the auditors with these new technologies and the usage of these tools in the United Kingdom and Kurdistan.

Tesco has showed a magnificent performance throughout the years, it ranks second after Wal-Mart for profits. This company has maintained its performance through the times of recession and has made a profit record in 2010 amongst the best British retailers.

Research report on normative approach and positive approach Contents Introduction 3 Normative theory 4 Example 6 Advantages 6 Disadvantages 6 Positive Approach 7 Example 9 Conclusion 10 References 12 Introduction Since 15th century accounting is having its existence in the business world.

The major complaint raised by most companies about IFRS 9 is based on the notion that not all institutions will benefit equally upon adopting this new standard. This varying net benefit is however inevitable on the adoption of this standard as it is obvious that quite a several companies might experience net losses.

Total revenue in this scenario would have been decreased because raw material have to use both direct and indirect costing with a high amount of labor associated with it, while readymade production does not need anything relating to the same and it will be more fruitful for the company as compared to the other strategy.

Financial Analysis: Apple Inc. (2012) Introduction The fiscal situation of companies is expounded through the use of financial instruments such as balance sheets and income statements. Various forms of financial instruments are utilised in order to configure how shifts in the company’s assets and liabilities would affect the company’s accounts (Helfert 40).

Corporate Finance: Traditional Capital Budgeting Introduction Capital Budgeting is the process of planning of long term corporate project related to the investment decision of the organization. The main objective of Capital Budgeting is to allocate firm’s limited resources between competing opportunities (Harrison & John 2010).

Therefore, for the next 5 years, I would like to save $50,000 to enable me to expand my small electronics shop to a larger one with at least 2 branches. I would also like to pay for a down payment on a house in the next five years is that I would have graduated and would like to be on my own. The down payment of the house would be $20,000 which I’d like to save for and pay over five years.

0.33333. However, this is only true for up to 54 hours only. In addition, this shows that for every machine hour less than 120 hours, the profit will fall for ?0.33333. The values represented as right-hand-side are the representative resources at the company’s disposal.

Financial control is necessary to an organization so as to ensure that the business is diligent in the fulfillment of its objectives. Financial control ensures that assets are efficiently utilized, the assets are also secure, and that the management is acting in the best interests of the company’s shareholders as well as in line with the set business rules.

Department of Treasury and TARP funds received by the bank. It shall also discuss the balance sheet and the income statement for 2009 and 2010. The performance of the traded stocks of the bank shall also be presented in this financial report.

The approach also helps in improving the existing strategies and operational framework in running of an organization (Nenita, n.d). Activity based management is an approach that uses the available information in a given organization to make more effective and efficient decisions.

A tariff is equivalent to the tax imposed on foreign goods while a quota is a fixed quantity that is allowed to come into the US. Dave opines that quota increases the price of the product for the consumers. Therefore, in a way, it is just like a tariff. Tariffs make the imports costlier for consumers to spend more.

Additionally, this study revealed that the formation of Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act also resulted in strengthening the regulations to a next higher level and ensuring better professional credibility thereafter.

The off-take agreement will be for a period of 20 years starting from the date of products made for sale and cab be renewed for one of more terms to the maximum of 5years. The price of the products which will be sold in parts of America (North and Latin) and the Caribbean will be based on the market-based formula initiated for the off-take agreement.

A Critical study of credit risk management in the First bank of Nigeria Plc Chapter 4 4.1 Credit policy in first bank of Nigeria Credit risk management in First Bank of Nigeria verifies and manages all credit process beginning with origination to the collection of payments and other obligations (Risk management disclosure, 2010).

The author of the paper states that for the purposes of economic statistics and econometric calculations a wide range of tools and theories are available. An area of considerable utility is the field of calculations pertaining to quantity or variants, at an arbitrary point within a particular series.

There is a concentric compilation of all health information that patients had availed from the time they were born up to their present existence, in any health-related fields and for the different individualized pathological conditions. With its encompassing concept, its principal functions distinctively set it apart from other subtypes of electronic records.

Transformers can be used as drivers. It is used between a voltage source and an output stage. This concept is applied in circuits and not in the basic power supply, where we are talking about the inductance and reactance of a circuit. Transformers can be used in audio amplifiers. A good design transformer can provide complex waveforms.

But curtailing overproduction and reducing or eliminating inventories could lead to missed opportunities or higher gains during periods of higher demand, specially on products that see little or no change on their manufacturing, composition, or function.” My Response To The Student’s Answer: Throughout the course of history, management accounting writers have formed an opinion that there is an inversely proportional link between the allocation of fixed overheads and the want or incentive to over produce inventory.

onomists argue that the Greek government has borrowed over 110 percent of the country’s output. It caused the investors to lose their confidence in bonds and this situation ultimately affected the euro debt markets as a whole. In short, the Greek debt crisis became a barrier to euro debt markets in carrying out its operations smoothly and flawlessly.

When a company undertakes another company and it is clearly established under the new owner is called the acquisition of the company. When two companies same size and doing the same business agreed to go forward as a new single company it is called a merger of companies. Mergers and acquisitions are done by the companies with the purpose of expanding the market share; acquiring new technologies, sales and distribution opportunities etc.

Nike is a unique brand that manufactures and sells various sportswear items and uniforms for many forms of sports ranging from tennis, soccer, badminton, rugby to track events. Nike operates many outlets in the world, for example, NIKETOWN sportswear and shoe stores; NIKE factory outlets; NIKE Women stores, and it also sells its products online.