Finance & Accounting Essays

Environmental changes which have taken place after a plan has been made, and actual achievements during the recent past, are taken into account during budgeting. Control, coordination, and feedback are the 3 primary advantages of such an elaborate budgeting system. The budget serves as a kind of navigation tool.

British Airways' stability can be threatened if there are sudden adverse circumstances like 9/11. It could find itself unable to meet its current debts if the receivables become uncollectible. Gearing has improved in BA by 23.5pp. However, EasyJet has resorted to borrowing to fund the capital expenditure.

In conclusion, the ability of a company to maximize its resources firm hinges on its ability to understand its cost structure and capability of applying economical theories in its operation. The above discussion looked at how average total cost, marginal cost, and marginal products behave in the long-run and short-run.

The most popular method for stock valuation is the ‘Discounted Cash Flow’ technique which takes into account the estimated stock price, dividend rates, and growth rates together with the discount rate or expected return. It is based on the efficient market hypothesis that says that the listed stock price is close to the estimated fair value of the stock.

Managerial accounting helps the management in taking futuristic decisions, planning, and evaluating the existing strategies of the company. These tasks become much easier when managerial accounting provides information like; Financial reports for forecasting futuristic trends; the Strength of the company as compared to competitors;

One hiring challenge is rarely an innovative one for those in HRM that will a company better off establishing and training specialized workmen in-house or hiring skillful workmen from outside the firm. This question holds great significance in fast-paced, technology-based industries who keep investment in human capital as crucial.

However, it is also critical to understand that sourcing of financing the healthcare do not only include just the money but it also include the voluntary sources such as rendering of voluntary services as well as gifts received in kind.

The author states that the cost of building rent is fixed because the restaurant will have to pay a certain fixed amount of rent every year hence the cost will be considered as a fixed cost. Managerial accounting (or management accounting) involves the preparation and use of accounting information designed to assist managers.

Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney, the forty-sixth vice president of the United States, has over three decades of experience in political service. Formerly a US representative and secretary of state, many saw Cheney as the ideal running mate for the relatively inexperienced George W. Bush in the 2000 presidential election.

Goodrington plc’s financial statements suggest stable earnings growth leading to a better position in terms of investment. The company has been facing a deteriorating position concerning working capital investment and management. The company should further curtail its over-reliance on the borrowed funds and external finance.

However, recently the company has required a new client: a homeowner's association with a total of 150 homeowners.The firm has agreed to provide the homeowner's association with several services.

An investment entails risks and returns. In order to gain from an investment, an investor chooses among a wide range of opportunities in the market where the expected benefits offset the inherent risks (Keown et al 2004). Currently, an investor is faced with various investment alternatives. With only a limited fund to invest, a prospective investor should utilize financial tools.

Some of those problems include fraud, abuse, incompetence, and laxity and those have been discussed many times over the years.The focus of this paper would have been to find methods to prevent such problems in place of explaining them or focusing on the criminal aspects.

The importance of the analysis is that it enables the top management to set up goals, make quality decisions and set up strategies that are crucial for the growth and development of an organization (Grant 2005). Commerzbank is a financial institution that offers banking services and other different products to their customers.

To have trouble-free and more efficient ways of deciding which financial strategies to implement, various applications have been created and are available for companies. These applications help mitigate risks that the companies face when choosing the right strategies. We are now in the information age.

I have taken up advanced level courses in financial economics at IIT Bombay and management of technology at the University of Cambridge. However, I strongly felt the need to have a deeper understanding of mathematics as well to understand the analytical processes decision making. I took up advanced levels of math courses.

The cy-pres doctrine is this regard was very narrow until the Charities Act 1960 and was available only where it was impossible or impractical to carry out the purposes of the trust. Thus, trusts for the distribution of loaves of bread to the poor or stocking for poor maidservants continued until modern times.

A reduction in the general availability of loans is known as a “credit crunch.” Its occurrence is related to the onset of economic recession when the prices of previously valuable assets start to collapse. Banks perceive a greater risk and tighten the conditions required for obtaining a loan, thus dropping the overall number of approved loaners.

The implementation of international accounting standards (IAS’s) has been an issue of much debate since the 1960’s, but has come to the fore in recent years, after the 2002 decision of the EU to make the adoption of IAS’s compulsory for listed companies from the 1st of January 2005, when compiling consolidated financial statements. 

Given the spurt of accounting scandals in the past and the current financial crisis witnessed in the US, the UK, the Europe and the rest of world, the Financial Accounting Standards Board has modified the desired accounting standard under the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) from “costing” of an item to “fair valuation” of the item vide statement number 159.

Defining the problem is not as simple as it looks, more so since the case details are mum on crucial information like inflation rates, interest rates, the balance of trade, our buying power and demographic profile, employment and so on. In the absence of such data, we have to resort to assumptions and predict the worst that can happen.

Seer (2000, p187) delineates that "a budget is a management tool that puts you in control of the financial health of your library". Budgeting is basically about planning for future and evaluating the plan with respect to the outcomes achieved. For a library, budgeting helps to identify its various resources, financial strength and evaluate capacity for upcoming expenses.

 Many companies have adopted corporate governance. It has a Combined Code that recommends things that should be done by those companies or organization that chooses to use it. However, some companies do not comply with this Combined Code and they go further to explain why they don’t comply.

These items indicate the firm's financial position. (McClure, 2008).If a company extends credit to its customers, and they are not able to pay off their invoices on time, working capital of the company gets trapped; meaning that it is part of accounts receivable but cannot be used for immediate purposes.

CIMA London defines management accounting as “the process of identification, measurement, accumulation, analysis, preparation, interpretation and communication of information used by management to plan, evaluate and control within an entity and to assure appropriate use of and accountability for its resources”.

The author states that jointly, these statements provide an insight into the financial performance and financial position of a company to various stakeholders. The net cash flow from the cash flow statement results in an addition or subtraction in the total figure for cash assets in the balance sheet statement.

There are a number of factors to take into account at first with regard to the reasons companies must invest abroad, and several broad aspects can be associated with the general degree of risk a specific host country has for a multinational company (MNC) planning to or attempting to invest abroad. Such aspects include the country’s recent history, the form of external and internal demands, etc.

The paper starts by describing the meaning of corporation and its nature and this will be followed by describing the company business, products and operations. The paper will also outline how the company will be funded as well as tracing the company development from sole proprietorship to a major corporation.

The main problem of the paper is that many countries are coming now to one common currency. 16 states of EU have Euro as their official currency. All these states collectively form the ‘Eurozone’. Some other countries are also focusing on converting their official currencies to Euro. One state, which is of major concern today, is the Czech Republic.

The elasticity of demand measures the extent of the inverse relationship between the price and the quantity demanded of the commodity. According to Alfred Marshall, “the elasticity of demand in a market is great or small according to as the amount demanded increases much or little for a given rise in price”.

Each company sets its own minimum wage taken into considerations country’s laws and regulations. Almost all the countries in the world have similar kind of minimum wage laws and legislation.

Generally, unsold goods are valued a cost price or market price whichever is lower by businesses concerns, However, in some cases like precious metals, mineral oils, the unsold goods may be valued at market price. As per the convention of consistency, the same accounting methods should be adopted every year in preparing financial statements.

The proportion of debt and equity employed by the company to finance its functioning has a large implication for the value of the stockholders. The expected returns of the shareholders and the risk being faced by the creditors of the company are influenced by the leverage of the company which in turn depends on the capital structure of the firm.

In the UK, ethical banks provide a range of banking services that include current accounts, credit cards, personal loans, mortgages, deposits, and business accounts as well as insurance services such as car, home, life, and health insurance. The major banks that set their firms apart as ethical banks are Triodos, Co-operative Bank, and Reliance Bank.

The author states that the legislators in the various states have responded to such public aspirations by calling for mandates for accountability and the setting of stringent performance criteria. The premise behind this activism is that the onus of accountability and the possibility of scrutiny will make the government act as responsible custodians.

The author states that both have a £7,000 limit per year. With mini ISA, £3,000 must be in cash while £4,000 must be in shares or stocks. On the other hand, the whole £7,000 can be invested in a maxi ISA through a combination of investments. Fred Murray can try a mini ISA. He could invest the £5,000 he inherited from his grandma.

This study gives quantitative proof of the degree to which public real estate management put into practice at the present lags at the back of the private sector, a knowledge gap that may point to suboptimal management of the openly owned real estate in general, and puts the public division at a difficulty.

The world has been recovering from a very serious financial problem. The auditors are being blamed for not being able to inform about the same earlier. The main question which arises is: would it have helped if they had given these companies, which are now bankrupt, an adverse going-concern opinion? Wouldn’t the market have fulfilled this prophecy?

 The research paper by Gerald J Lobo and Jian Zhou closely studies the enhanced conservatism in financial reporting, post the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Through various surveys and reports, it has been found that the 2002 act and the resultant SEC certification requirements have essentially affected management’s discretionary reporting of financial reports.

Provide support for your answer. 2. Based on your research, describe the organization, the accounting ethical breach and the impact to the organization related to ethical breach. 3. Determine how the organizational ethical issue was detected and how management failed to create an ethical environment.

Financial planning, the acquisition of funds to finance planned activities by the Financial Planner, is the practice of determining present and future financial goals. In Australia, it has risen dramatically over the last decade. A Financial Planner is always set and has capabilities to help others in dealing with various financial issues.

Meanwhile, a pair of ski binding will cost $10.5. Total production cost will be lower at $895,000 per 10,000 pairs. Thus, it is better to outsource the ski bindings than to produce them in-house. 2. Looking at the cost structure of Minnetonka Corporation, the difference between producing in-house and outsourcing the binding is $5,000.

Reg Vardy’s Board and management should undertake all measures to ensure that shareholders’ value is maximized.  They should cautiously consider if the proposed acquisition terms would truly bode well for its current stakeholders and use sound judgment to determine the effects on the overall well being of the company.

Although detailed provisions are there in the Act, the purpose of this letter is to provide a basic understanding of the provisions affecting the company. This letter shows the calculations of the income of the company for the purposes of corporation tax and also the various deductions available under the Act.

The current ratio of the firm indicates that at the end of the year current assets covered current liabilities 1.13 times down form the previous year. The low liquidity indicates an increase in creditors and a decrease in the cash position of the firm. The firm will face trouble, as the proportion of current assets to current liability is lower. The quick ratio is in the worst condition.

Monte Carlo simulation is widely used in many analyses. Monte Carlo involves the random use of numbers and probability to generate a wide range of solutions to problems. The advantage of the Monte Carlo simulation method is that it is able to generate all probable results for a given situation and hence better decision-making.

The word ‘Tax Practitioner’ indicates a person who practices on the matter of tax. Actually, they are the advisers who perform their activities on the basis of giving advice to the general people consistent with tax legislation in order to promote compliance In 2002, it is composed by the announcement of The Minister of Finance.

Latest designs and trends in the construction sector can also be posted in the website to further inform the customers of the company’s advances. Lastly, the successful marketing of affordable rural housing should be continued to increase demand up to a level to achieve economies of scale. The Brighton office can also increase promotion in shopfitting to make its demand inelastic and less dependent on consumer spending through advertisement.

The technique of cost controlling forms an important weapon in the fight to manage project costs and to ensure those clients receive value for money. It is now cleared that costs are not confirmed to initial construction, but also relate to operational aspects such as maintenance, cleaning, energy usage and functional occupancy.

The company also prepare budgets at the beginning of each year; the budgets will include sales budget, direct material usage budgets, direct labor budget and also the purchase of materials budget. These budgets will enable the company to plan, coordinating and communication of its goals and objectives.