Finance & Accounting Essays

The company operates on a higher sales turnover and low margin policy. At the end of the year 20X6 the company had a market share of about 17.5 percent and the company has estimated it to grow at the rate of 5 percent per annum during the next 5 years.

Even though the monetary payments, as well as the non-monetary aspects of the compensation package, are a very important component for employees to stay on the job, the current global scenario has altered this situation. Employees now would want to stay put in the job that they are currently working in, even if wages are low.

The author states that political instability can be defined as the decisions made by the host country that will affect the business climate in such a way that the investment made will lose money or not make as much money as they had expected when the investment was made. Some of the factors cause political instability.

This paper has investigated no evidence that anything has altered around 1999. Episode nearby the euro cash changeover at the end of 2001 and in the opening of 2003 retail worth adjustment frequencies up and down and increased substantially. While the scale of the price adjustment also both up and down was less significant than otherwise. 

The author states that accounting profit is subjective in nature due to the accrual principle. Different accounting policies can provide different estimates of earnings therefore accounting profit is not only an arbitrary figure but also subjective in nature. It can distort the figures like Earnings per share (EPS) due to its subjectivity.

Businesses may have put their own auditing committee in place to control their internal affairs. Outside directors are drafted into the committee to ensure that evaluations are done objectively. One function of the committee is to engage the company's independent auditors and review their work. This gives the public confidence in their work.

These are formulated to serve as a guideline to all members of an organization. It helps to sustain the smooth flow of business activities as well as a lasting good relationship among the employees, the management, the investors, and the government. Much attention is given to those who are handling the monetary transactions in an organization.

Real estate business is a huge profit making business. It is one of the booming businesses that have given fruitful results to those who invested to gain profits. A real estate can give good results if the infrastructure of concerned city, town or village is good. Basic facilities like water, electricity, food, and shelter should be sufficient. 

According to Wikipedia, “Corporation tax is a tax levied in the United Kingdom on the profits made by companies and associations that are resident for tax purposes, and on the profits of permanent establishments of non-UK resident companies and associations that trade in the UK” (2007). The tax went into effect on April 1, 1965.

By using clustering, we can assign one salesman to concentrate on one cluster of prospects because these customers have the same hobbies, needs and the like. In hierarchical cluster analysis,  the entire population under statistical study the cases are grouped based on their similarities. Distance between each member of the population is also used as a basis in cluster analysis.

To support such changes, companies have altered their management accounting practices to adapt to the ever changing environment. There is sufficient research done by the authors discussed in this work, to support such a statement.

AT&T is recognized as the leading worldwide provider of IP-based communication services and equipments to businesses and the leading U.S. provider of wire and wireless, high speed Internet access, local and long distance voice, and directory publishing and advertising services

It is in this line that our business organization is contemplating the replacement of the current sub-assembly line with an automated one. The new technology is expected to boost the firm’s production capacity as well as eliminate inefficiencies such as rework/scrap and wastage. Currently, the production department utilizes a manual assembly line which eight fitters who are paid £18,500.

The author of the paper states that the infrastructure development function appearing in the value chain at the corporate level does not find a place in the plant level value chain, as it would be ideal to centralize the infrastructure development for both Yorkshire and Essonnes plants.

If information is to represent faithfully the transactions and other events that it purports to represent, it is necessary that they are accounted for and presented in accordance with their substance and economic reality and not merely their legal form.

The author claims that the adaptability of the new technologies and the implications of the new market environments were unanswered. New cultures and new challenges opened in the diversified environment which were mostly unaddressed due to lack of the leverage of the leadership concepts at the implementation stages.

The first model focuses on inconsistencies between a country's external commitments, such as a fixed or pegged exchange rate, and its internal economic fundamentals. For example, a government that is running a fiscal deficit might pressure its central bank to help finance the budget by printing money.

The US GAAP, (Generally accepted accounting principles) is another framework which is followed in many countries. This was created before IFRS. Though the purpose of creating these two frameworks is same but there are many differences in the policies and rules in both of the framework.

All these ideas and developments will be examined in the subsequent section of the essay.There are three main Acts that affect the way employees receive fair treatment in the workplace

The author of the paper went on to discuss the role of corporate managers in terms of the agent of the stakeholders of the business and the connection between the actions of managers which are inadvertently directed at securing the benefits of either the managers themselves or the stakeholders.

The Transactional demand is basically to hold money in a noninterest-bearing form with the intention to make day to day transactions. While focusing specifically on the transactions demand of money, this paper is aimed at examining the relationship between the interest rate and money demand in the context of a general assumption.

It shows the effectiveness and performance of the company's management to obtain more returns on the shareholders' investment.It is of importance to the company's management as well as investors and shareholders being a performance indicator for the company.

For example, A company plans to purchase Machinery worth $45000 in 2009, as a part of its expansion plan. This expense, however relevant and certain will not feature in the books of accounts, because it does not concern the current accounting year. The accrual concept of accounting does not mean that any future expense will be recorded. Only that expense, which is part of the current accounting year, will find a place in the books of accounts.

Also, the Code was made after the corporate scandals in the UK and hence, it contains recommendations that are just preventive measures to avoid abuse of power. But it does not give recommendations for good corporate governance. In spite of these complaints, there is a universal opinion that the Code has played a vital role in responding to crises, monitoring boundaries of the management, developing ethics, and competence.

The author states that with a report by the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) that teaching hospitals with overall negative profitability margins rose from 25% in 1996 to 38% in 2000, the authors of the study sought a more detailed assessment by differentiating between types of teaching hospitals.

In addition, Section 108 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 instructs the Securities and Exchange Commission to conduct a study on the adoption of a principles-based accounting system. The study is to have four elements:Two themes emerge from these discussions.

Auditing (Whittington, 1995) is defined in layman’s terms as the activity when which the auditor goes over the financial statements ( Meigs, 1995)  done by the bookkeeper or accountant. The auditor is divided into the external and the internal auditor. The Internal auditor is the employee of the company being audited who cannot give an audit report. 

As the world enters into a New World order where we see the phenomenon of the establishment of a global village that thrives into the creation of a global market and posits the probability of a global citizen. Contemporary human beings find themselves grappling with the movement known only in our times – globalization wherein, the world has shrunk not physically nor geographically.

The 'Pooling Method', used at present, imposes added costs to the users and prepares of the financial statements. The allocation of resources is also adversely affected, for want of credible information.

The company can be advised based on a combination of balance sheet items as the acquisition of an online company involves intangible assets. Due to the aforementioned factor, Microsoft can find the combination of balance sheets more useful in acquiring Yahoo, as it is an online Company. One more aspect that is useful for Microsoft in Pooling.

The author states that a developing country that plans to achieve economic success will require stability during this slightly slow time in the world economy. Although Hong Kong has seen massive economic success as well, Singapore’s success is characterized by extremely low inflation and a low unemployment rate.

The common law system is a proponent of equity and as such, the protection granted to by trusts acknowledged that there are always competing views on the matter and all have their strengths and weaknesses and as such it continuously progresses in time. These developments in trust laws provide a gateway for an honorable control over the trustees.

BOC states in its 2005 annual report that it has finished the work to comply with one new set of requirements, the Combined Code on Corporate Governance, and is forthcoming on the other two, namely switching to International Financial Reporting Standards (IRFS) and meeting the provisions of the US Sarbanes-Oxley Act. 

The author states that the agreement provided for the division of tax obligations and refunds if and when the joint returns were filed. In the tax year 2003, Ms. Katis filed a separate return claiming single tax status and failed to include in her income $18,000 of payments received under the agreement.

These things are embodied in a handbook: Guide to First Time Home Purchases. A comprehensive guide consisting of step-by step instructions and recommendations, you cannot help but take note and appreciate its contents.

It's not just that we're borrowing more money and paying it back more slowly; it's that we're spending money we used to consider off-limits. Home equity loans are more popular than ever as people borrow against their homes to feed their spending binge. Today, average homeowners owe nearly 50% of their home's value. Twenty years ago that figure stood at 30%.

But unlike the Indian rebels of the past, who wanted to go back to pre-Columbian times, Rigoberta Menchu is not fighting in the name of an idealized or mythical past.' (Menchu xiii) Rigoberta is working toward drawing attention to the plight of native people around the globe.

Though the corporation's character flaws can be traced to its earliest days, they flourished under top executive Jeff Skilling. He didn't act in a vacuum. Enron had a distracted, hands-off chairman, a compliant board of directors and an impotent staff of accountants, auditors and lawyers.

This is where the idea of tax evasion, money laundering and all other forms of avoiding tax springs. There are numerous ways of utilizing the loopholes in the taxation process to your benefit. However, a rather simpler or somewhat legal way is to utilize your capital in a tax haven.

The companies that are investigated in this regard are Tesco plc and Target Corporation; both are reputable and well-known companies from the retail sector. This paper illuminates the differences in the accounting regulatory environment of these countries, propounds their relevance with accounting classification models.

Unit trusts and Open-Ended Investment Companies (OEICs) are collective investment vehicles that pool funds from various investors and with the help of a professional investment manager invest those funds in a variety of asset classes in line with the preset investment objectives. Unit trusts and OEICs share some common benefits such as diversification, simplicity, and income and growth potential.

Net Profit of the firm is fair enough in both the years but due to mismanagement or lack of operational management Fab Footwear Limited reported a lower profit in the year 2008 but in the year 2009 Fab Footwear Limited's management revised its strategy and redefines its role in the business which in the end generates revenues at the upside.   

The definition of an audit is as follows, ‘the independent examination and expression of opinion on financial statements of an enterprise by an appointed auditor in compliance with any statutory obligations’ (Gray & Manson, p.10). The words in italics refer to essential conditions that should be fulfilled for a successful auditing venture. 

A 'stop loss' and 'profit take' is a predefined point at which traders will get out of a position in a stock based on the idea that it is not moving in the direction that they had anticipated.

Dentistar, Inc is an organization that offers dental and orthodontic services to members of prepaid dental plans. The firm operates in four regions and its headquarters and central region offices are situated in Pittsburgh. The other three regional offices are located in West Region (Los Angels), South Region (Atlanta), and East Region (Boston).

Economies have become integrated, such that a financial crisis in Mexico can lead to the development of a corresponding crisis in Asia, which will have serious effects on the economy of the United States. Hence, economies have are more volatile than ever, risks are higher, and the need for security has never been more apparent.

Marks and Spencer is one of the UK’s leading retailers with 843 stores in more than 30 countries around the world, of which 622 stores situated in the UK. It sells both clothing and food items and recently started expanding the business into other ranges like homewares. Marks and Spencer are the largest retailers offering value clothing.

Thus, knowing when the statements are released inform the user when the company experienced growth in sales, announced dividends, etc.This is also important especially when an investor wants to compare the financial statements for a given fiscal year for different industry players.

Post-modern business discourse is focused on the economic and social consequences of corporate practices (Elliott and Elliott, 2006). Transparency, though, must also take into account the subjective nature of gathering, analyzing and presenting data as published accounting information.

A cost center can be framed at any level of an organization and there is no hard and fast rule that it should have direct reporting to top management. Another enlightening fact is that the responsibility segment can have a cost center in its framework. Thus responsibility segment is often considered as a unit for the performance of the managerial cost accounting.