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(2011) Textbook on criminal law, OUP, Oxford.
... (2009) Principles of criminal law, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
... (2009) criminal law and criminal justice: an introduction, Sage, London.
... (2012) criminal law: texts and materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
... (2009) Smith and Hogan criminal law: cases and materials, OUP, Oxford.
... (2010) Smith and Hogan criminal law, OUP, Oxford.
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in criminal justice, parolees are taken as if they were still serving their sentence, but outside prison.... Columbia law Review, 105 (4), 1276–1314.
... Correction system is a common function of criminal justice carried out by government agencies, especial in USA.... This is a form of criminal recidivism which is intended to counter habitual crimes (DeFina and Hannon, 2013).... Offenders under rehabilitation should also be subjected to statutory regulations in order to clarify the safeguards applied in the use criminal records.
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(2011) Textbook on criminal law, OUP, Oxford.... (2009) Principles of criminal law, Oxford University Press, Oxford.... (2009) criminal law and criminal justice: an introduction, Sage, London.... (2012) criminal law: texts and materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford.... (2009) Smith and Hogan criminal law: cases and materials, OUP, Oxford.... (2010) Smith and Hogan criminal law, OUP, Oxford....
Sentencing is a stage in criminal justice system in which a judge decides a punishment for a criminal.... Sentencing is a stage in criminal justice system in which a judge decides a punishment for a criminal.... The purpose of sentencing plays a very critical role in deciding the most suitable type of punishment because it makes a judge decide whether to satisfy the victim or to punish the offender according to the law.... The purpose of sentencing plays a very critical role in deciding the most suitable type of punishment because it makes a judge decide whether to satisfy the victim or to punish the offender according to the law....
orensic evidence is as good as any other evidence adduced in a court of law.... The "Homicide, Forensic Science and criminal Justice System" paper analyses what drives a person to commit a homicide, the prevalence of homicide crimes perpetrated by both genders, the interrelation of government agencies in investigations, and the roles of the police in arresting a perpetrator.... According to Lacey (2006), crime is closely interlinked with social sciences and psychological factors to effectively know what motivates a criminal offender....
The question focuses on the reasons why some individuals engage in criminal acts.... Rehabilitation means the restoration of the law-violating individual to the law-abiding person.... Rehabilitation entails returning to the person's former normal self of obeying the law.... Last, the convicted person is released back into society's fold with an unwavering attitude of being a new person, a law-abiding contributor to society's peace-laden priorities (Swanson, 2009)....
"As a crime, rape is in a class by itself; in the experience of the crime, in people's response to the victim and in the law enforcement skills needed to investigate and prosecute the crime Unlike victims of any other crime, rape victims are often subject to concerted ostracizing, disbelief, and blame.... The controversy regarding rape as a crime is made even worse by the generally held view that the law itself - in terms of the legal definition as such, procedure, evidence, attitude of the relevant authorities, etc - is biased in favour of the males against the victims....
Generally the essence of creating the prisons several centuries ago was to ensure that felons would face full force of the law.... This meant that the youths were to be referred to the adult criminal court as the jurisdiction of their courts was relinquished.... The prison staffs have a possible significant role in identifying and managing these cases and those that present highest risk.... Two issues need to be addressed; to ensure their safety immediately and to assist the victims to recover and tackle the causes of their depression....
It is also the responsibility of States to furnish reliable data on mentally ill people and the criminals to National Instant criminal Background Check System so that such categories should not be allowed to buy arms to satisfy their nefarious designs.... "The Banishment of Civilian Ownership of Assault Rifles" paper argues that a thorough review of the banishing assault rifles to civilians negates the notion that guns kill people....
The criminal law Handbook: Know Your Rights, Survive the System.... An Economic Analysis of the criminal law as Preference-Shaping Policy.... Rethinking criminal law.... America is the world's biggest democracy and as such the rule of law is ensured through the supremacy of the constitution.... Common law recognizes four major classes of felonies i.... Prevailing legislations in America are largely anchored on common law as is illustration in the laws of Britain....
The paper "Custodial Care Policy and Practice" is a delightful example of a case study on the law.... Such organizations aim at developing Irish penal structure that respects the rights of each and every stakeholder within the system and where being imprisoned is approved as the last resort.... In this essay, the influence of the visiting committees, Human rights Commission and the Prison Chaplains on the Irish penal policy will be analyzed....
The public began to see terrorism as a social issue as well as a criminal threat.... "Understanding Theories of criminal Victimization.... While after Timothy McVeigh bombed the federal building there were individual rights groups that tried to sway public opinion against from the government's role of investigating the right wing, there was almost universal unanimity in the public's response for pursuing foreign terrorists after 9/11.... As the definition has changed through time, so has the public's perception of the victims....
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Generally, the essence of creating the prisons several centuries ago was to ensure that felons would face the full force of the law.... Generally the essence of creating the prisons several centuries ago was to ensure that felons would face full force of the law.... This meant that the youths were to be referred to the adult criminal court as the jurisdiction of their courts was relinquished.... The prison staffs have a possible significant role in identifying and managing these cases and those that present highest risk....
Because of the deterioration of the conditions of life and the lack of effective communication among people, new standards of behaviour have been developed while the involvement in criminal activities has become a common phenomenon.... It is concluded that these steps are included in criminal activities of similar form.... It is noted that fear in criminal victimisation can have three different perspectives: the micro, the meso and the macro; each perspective indicates the relationship between the fear and the criminal victimisation events as they were experienced by the victim.
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Discretion plays a critical role in the American society, that is, in at least every face of criminal law, there is a reason to put into practice this system of law enforcement.... The paper "US law, Enforcement and Corrections" highlights that there are a number of ways in which the correctional agencies can address the corruption issues facing the employees this reducing criminal injustice and unfairness in the work place.... Us law, Enforcement and CorrectionsPolice discretionPolice discretion refers to the process whereby the police officers have freedom to execute their duties involving the right to choice or judgment....
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outhaan, Solange, ‘Sexual Violence against Men and International Law - Criminalising the Unmentionable' (2013) 13(3) International criminal law Review, 665-695
... Mohinuddin describes domestic violence as a discrimination against women, which hinders them from enjoying their freedoms and rights.... Underreporting of domestic violence incidences against men has been cited as the single most hindrance to the cases being handled by the law....
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That brings the essence of the law enforcement system to investigate the crimes that are committed and also to prosecute them.... Another role of prosecution is to be aware of the ethical codes, professional traditions and the law that is within the jurisdiction of the prosecutor (Bugliosi, 2008).... he prosecution is obligated with the task of representing matters of fact or in relations to the law during the court proceedings.... The witness has a right to counsel and against self – incrimination when it is a requirement of the law....
e and similar punishment is awarded to the similar offenses while making it certain that the law and order machinery does pragmatically understand the difference between the offenders and the offenses (Cole, Smith & DeJong 6).
... The textbook tends to define justice as an intervention by the criminal justice systems that assures that the right offender gets punished, while ascertaining that the rights of all the people associated with the criminal justice system are upheld and protected, and a....
It explains how these ethical issues are affecting our criminal justice system, complainants, and law enforcers.... But recently, the concept of justice has been understood when something is related to the legal system, like the punishment of those who violated the law.... The law is composed of the constitution and everything linked with its scope.... The main purpose of due process is to protect the rights of the accused and it provides a system of safeguards that will help in combating the abuse within the law enforcers and the crime control model which promotes the reduction and elimination of crimes by the agents of law and the police....
The paper "criminal law - Sexual Offences" states that it is not the role of courts to make any form of moral judgment under the cover of the law.... criminal law Review, pp.... The courts can indeed use society's moral inclination to sway judgments in cases where the law presents a gray area and is open to interpretation.... Although the law is defined as being objective, its interpretation and implementation are, subject to circumstances that surround each case....
Bachrach, M ‘the protection and rights of victims under international criminal law' (2000) 34 International Law 7
... This may involve the use of international law ,UN political resolutions and “peacekeeping efforts” to prevent another threat of Communist take over which was a major fear of the Western powers during the Cold War.... ??International law has no alternative but to accept war independently of the justice of its origins as a relation which the parties to it may set up if they choose and to busy itself in regulating the effects of the relation”
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Draft statutes were consequently prepared by the International law Commission (ILC), but these efforts were hampered by the difficulty in coming to an accord on how to define aggression.... The paper "The International criminal Court " states that the case of Lubanga Diylo, the first ICC case that was supposed to go to trial proper in 2007, showed the flawed character and nature of ICC's creation that seriously put into question its legitimacy.... : Reflecting on the conflicts of interest evident in the progress of the first trial before the International criminal Court, critically analyse the aims of the ICC against: the context of legitimacy, and; suggestions that the ICC should not aspire to influence peace-building and global governance....
The prosecutor's main obligations are to enforce the criminal law and to seek justice (Siegel, 2008).... American criminal law Review, 34
... Journal of criminal law, 74 (1), 77-90.
... Clearly, the law fails to specifically stipulate on how to select and treat criminal defendants.
... Stanford law Review, 58 (1), 85+.
... Temple Political & Civil Rights law Review,
... Northwestern University law
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The Journal of criminal law and Criminology (Northwestern University School of Law) 74 (3):
... For those who believe people are responsible for their own actions and intend to commit crimes (indeed intention or mens rea is required in all common law systems in order to convict someone of a crime), the emphasis is likely to be on punishment or locking up the criminal.... It is not based on natural law or on democracy; it is a kind technocratic theory of what is criminal or not....
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In fact, it is a criminal act that overlaps with some of the toughest psychological problems that health care practitioners try to solve.... The paper "Human Sex Trafficking: A Global Issue" discusses that human sex trafficking is not a one-dimensional problem.... ... ... ... The global scale and severity of human trafficking for sex slavery are alarming....
Other two are taught counter-violence as most effective strategy since law and police favour criminals.... Oscar Wild has identified American fascination with murder in 1982 when he said, "Americans certainly are great hero-worshipers, and always take their heroes from the criminal classes.... It is a natural defence mechanism within our conscience that one wants to believe that the criminal had to be crazy otherwise the crime would never have been committed....
The paper "Impoverished Countries and Weak Formal Legal Systems - a Past of Mass Human Rights Atrocities" highlights that to deal with past injustices comprehensively in developing economies, truth commissions should be integrated with international law.... However, before examining the challenges in seeking justice for individuals and collective community for past human rights atrocities, lets examine the opportunities available in the jurisdiction of the international law....
Such victimization caused by international armed conflicts include genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, extra judicial carnages, persecution, and random arrest detainment etc, which amount to a grave violation of the international human rights law 2.... The ncy of international armed conflicts facilitated by the oppressive regimes has not only caused grave violation of fundamental human rights but has also radically spurred the rate of victimization....
Date Plea Bargaining - A Flaw in the Criminal Justice System in the United States Introduction It is agreeable that the criminal justice system plays a very critical role in ensuring that the rule of law is observed and helps in imposing penalties to those who violate laws.... Its critics argue that it is a shortcut to justice, and therefore the due process of the law may not be followed fully.... In the United States there is no single criminal justice system, but rather numerous similar individual criminal justice systems....
The paper "Developments in criminal law" highlights that although there are existing laws against the crimes, attempts to address cyber crimes in the law are prevented by the rate at which technology changes compared to the speed at which laws are created or revised.... DEVELOPMENTS in criminal law
... The objective of this report is to discuss critically the developments in criminal law in addressing cyber threats and other criminal acts online....
in criminal law, many of the modern Muslim countries follow the precepts and rules of the Sharia.... he criminal law under the Shariah is a complex law, which had been developed on the basis of a number of Islamic practices and traditions.... Islamic criminal law.... The paper "The Concept of Forgiveness: Australian law vs Islamic law" is an exceptional example of law coursework.... The Australian legal system is based on common law....
The police are responsible for the criminal law.... he police is responsible for the criminal law.... The States are primarily responsible for the development of criminal law.... Queensland, Western Australia, and Tasmania are described as "code" States because they have enacted criminal codes which define the limits of the criminal law.... In practice, however, there is little ifference in the elements of the criminal law between the "code" and "common law" States.
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This coursework "Understanding criminal law" attempts to highlight different legal remedies and actions available to deal with the acts of crime.... Within the context of criminal law, an act of crime has been defined as a violation of criminal law in which harm or any other serious injury is given to the victim.... Understanding criminal law Introduction Crime is not a new phenomenon in the human history but has been part of every society till this point of time....
The study of violent crimes is entrenched in criminal law.... 2003 Crimes and Punishment: Cases, Materials, and Readings in criminal law.... It touches on sociology, psychology, social anthropology and law.... It touches on sociology, psychology, social anthropology and law.... Garofalo, an Italian law scholar.... Without a legal mechanism or law, violence can be immoral, lamentable, outrageous, and hurtful but not a crime....
During the Vienna World Conference on Human rights in 1993, it was emphasized that there is a need to integrate womens' human rights into the work of human rights treaty bodies.... Take Bangladesh girls for example, who are facing many barriers towards the realization of their human rights due to traditional and customary malpractices and patriarchal society which disenfranchise women from equal rights with men and the enjoyment of all their political, civil, economic, social and cultural rights (Lustig, 2001)....
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According to the Association of Chief Police Officers, UK, hate crime is defined as 'any criminal offence which is perceived, by the victim or any other person, to be motivated by a hostility or prejudice based on a person's race, religion, sexual orientation or disability' (Home office)....
The text defines the term domestic violence as: any spousal or interfamilial conflicts of sufficient nature to justify law enforcement intervention; spousal abuse is most frequently cited.... In the paper 'Domestic Violence and its consequences for Women and Children' the author analyzes domestic violence as a symptom of insecure or 'dysfunctional' family interaction....
ender is an important consideration when discussing minority groups in a criminal justice system context.... "Minority Groups as Offenders and victims" paper describes the different types of domestic and family violence and provides a brief statement explaining why people are motivated to engage in this behavior and locates statistics regarding the rate and extent of domestic violence in Australia.... Although males are more commonly both offenders and victims for most offenses, females have a longstanding history of being disproportionately victimized for some offenses....
Under the law of the time, except in the case of divorce, a woman could not seek protection, domestic violence was not accepted as a reason for homelessness and the police dismissed domestic violence as trivial and a waste of their resources.... In 1990, an inquiry by the law Commission on Domestic violence made recommendations for a new law to protect women from domestic violence.... The Family law Act of 1996 enabled many people who were experiencing violence to apply for court orders against their violent partners and abusers, whether they lived with them or not....
Men are frequently hostile when they do not succeed in acquiring the external status and abilities expected of their role and responsibility in the family.... Others have argued that the uneven effect of criminal justice responses on parts of the population such as destitute individuals and the experience by aboriginal peoples of law enforcement as driving forces of prejudice and colonization.... In this similar framework, feminists have occasionally been involved into doubtful and awkward partnerships with supporters of law and order for more law enforcement, more rigid and firm judges and heavier penalties and punishments (Buzawa & Buzawa 1992)....
he recent trends clearly show how the prosecutor with his powers of search, seizure, confessions and equipped state machinery is always at an advantage in criminal trial.... By that theory and also by theories of Durkheim's1 organic society and mechanical society, it is imperative to make sure that when an individual flouts law (that is the social order and cooperation on which it is based) that person the society needs to react.... It also chronicles the contributions of leaders in Pennsylvanias juvenile law field and the role of
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Such faults have to stop for the rule of law to exist.... Also referred to as incapacitation, this validation for penalty is founded on the danger that a criminal will probably pose to the society in the future.... The need by the state to guard its citizens from the danger that the criminal poses to society is the rationale for punishing someone based on their dangerousness.... This means that the state decides to incapacitate a criminal in order to make certain that the offender does not commit another criminal act (Berry, n....
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Debates in criminal justice.... Debates in criminal justice: Key themes and issues.... Moreover, ensuring that government agencies, particularly law enforcement agencies, have specific information on sex offenders that they can use to make potential victims aware of their risk will assist government and public efforts at public safety.... Brown and Pratt (2000) identified the potential use of sex offender registers in future as a law enforcement instrument for police to track down possible offenders, especially where compulsory DNA profiling is incorporated....
Hence, it is clear that Russia lacks efficient and separate broad pieces of legislations outside the scope of criminal law that addresses the concerns of the victims (Orlova, 2005).... Many law enforcement officials engage in the trafficking industry.... The local police and other law enforcement agencies make deals with the human traffickers.... The actors in the shadow economy can trade people without detection by the law enforcement agencies or the government (Hughes, 2001)....
The author strives to submit how difficult it is to prove the malafide intention as well as the offender's actual motive behind a criminal assault, and how the criminals are rescued and supported by the statute of the law and provisions of the jurisprudence, which turn the judicial trial into a highly complex phenomenon.... While elaborating the court trial of a murder case, the novel discusses and explores the manners, under which the professionals related to the field of law and justice, perform their activities, forgetting about legal ethics they are bound to observe in while performing their duties and obligations....
There is a culture among police officers whereby they do not implicate each other in situations where they find themselves on the wrong side of the law.... It will give brief illustrations of torture as referenced from law books and case studies.... An argument arguing for or against article five from the universal declaration of human rights al Affiliation) EssayPlan
... The conclusion will be a summation of the relevance and justification of the rights of all citizens against torture , inhumane ,derogatory treatment and punishment ....
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The PACE allowed searches on ‘reasonable suspicion' and rights were given to police officers for voluntary and non-statutory searches.... Functioning of Police Department A very important issue is police cannot enforce each and every law and arrest every lawbreaker.... This influx of immigrants to US is posing as a major challenge for CJS or criminal justice system.... It is also evident that little attention about the criminal justice system had been paid by the social science researcher on the issue of immigrants....
This issue has been raised by many scholars in the criminal justice system and also published by news media outlets that depicted people who have been convicted and executed.... This work "Death Penalty and Minorities" describes the judicial branch of the United States government, capital punishment....
2001) These excluded members are persons who indulge in criminal activities and delinquent behavior.... Legislation, social workers and impact of their interaction on law with reference to Young Offenders Act, 1994 of South Australia The worlds over the legislations mirror the changes taking place in society.... The society as a localized community has Legislation, social workers and impact of their interaction on law with reference to Young Offenders Act, 1994 of South Australia The worlds over the legislations mirror the changes taking place in society....
This freedom of access provided to users and subscribers from the world across without any discrimination or thorough background checks makes the internet an extremely vulnerable place to abusive people, child molesters, teenage predators, and other people with criminal intentions....