Management Strategy and Policy Essay Samples and Topics Online

Global Information Systems: A Strategic Audit

9 pages (2250 words) , Download 2 , Essay

Free

This paper 'Global Information Systems: A Strategic Audit' aims to discuss GIS's expansion strategy into global business and the workability of the strategy.... This paper aims to discuss GIS's expansion strategy into global business and the workability of the strategy.... usiness Level strategy ... Business-level strategy is the best way to do this (Schniederjans, 2008).... Business level strategy concerns itself with the position of a firm in an industry in relation to the five forces of competition and competitors....

Preview sample

Aspects of Management for the Beauty Therapy Business

10 pages (2500 words) , Download 2 , Term Paper

Free

At the same time, there are disadvantages of the strategy like it is hard to find a well reputed local investor who shows adequate commitment and the company standards may be compromised anywhere that can lead to losing the goodwill of the company.... Franchising is another strategy that is helpful in the situation to expand the chain geographically at low cost.... he team should be asked to provide strategy to optimize and efficiently build and run the spa based on the vision given by Mary Joe....

Preview sample

Monetary Policy: Buying a Home

7 pages (2017 words) , Download 1 , Essay

Free

If the financial situation is to be excluded and no budgetary constraints were to be placed on buying a house, the author of the paper "Monetary policy: Buying a Home" states that s\he would like to have a contemporary modern house in Florida, close to the beach with an outdoor infinity pool.... A Closer Look at Monetary policy: Buying a Home Motivation and If the financial situation is to be excluded and no budgetary constraints were to be placed on buying a house, I would like to have a contemporary modern house in Florida, close the beach with an out door infinity pool....

Preview sample

Customer Relationship Management Analysis

5 pages (1316 words) , Download 5 , Research Paper

Free

By developing good R&D strategy Hanami Pharmaceutical has now been able to become a most competitive organization in the international market (Hanmi, “Hanmi at Glance”).... It was a good and successful strategy to ‘shake' the market by retaining customers towards Hanmi Pharmaceutical products (Hanmi, “Hanmi at Glance”).... With the help of their new strategy Hanmi expects sales of 1 Billion USD by the year 2015 and 3 billion USD by the year 2020 (Hanmi, “Hanmi at Glance”)....

Preview sample

Issues of Global Brand Management

8 pages (2315 words) , Download 1 , Essay

Free

According to Berry (2000), multinational corporation (MNC) or multinational enterprises (MNE) try to increase the magnitude and geographic dimensions of branding strategy in systematic manner.... There will be two prime objectives for this study will be, 1- conducting review of existing literature regarding branding strategies over geographic boundaries to identify branding elements that can be used by John Lewis to decide its branding strategy in international markets and 2- identifying one new market where John Lewis can execute its global branding strategy....

Preview sample

The Strategic Position of Volkswagen

9 pages (2536 words) , Download 3 , Essay

Free

In assessing the strategies of the company, the paper "The Strategic Position of Volkswagen" categorizes the analysis of the subject in terms of discussing the strategic direction and evaluating the company strategy in terms of its suitability, acceptability, feasibility, and sustainability.... In assessing the strategies of the company, the paper categorizes the analysis of the subject in terms of discussing the strategic direction and critically evaluating the company strategy in terms of its suitability, acceptability, feasibility and sustainability....

Preview sample

Australia's gambling policy: Motivations, implications, and options

3 pages (750 words) , Download 4 , Essay

Free

Bostock averred that the ultimate purpose of the paper is “the assessment of the least damaging the form of gambling policy, when all aspects of gambling are taken into account.... Bostock averred that the ultimate purpose of the paper is “the assessment of the least damaging the form of gambling policy, when all aspects of gambling are taken into account.... “Australias gambling policy: Motivations, implications, and options.... The pros and cons of gambling would be delved into as the discourse progresses from discussing the gambling policy in Australia, the underlying motivational factors for its proliferation, gambling's implications and alternative options open to the government in lieu of gambling, per se....

Preview sample

Louis Vuitton Strategic Appraisal

15 pages (3795 words) , Download 0 , Case Study

Free

To keep up with the competition, Louis Vuitton is looking to review its strategy and venture into international lifestyle branding concerning accessories (Magretta, 2012).... This mission will continue to be pursued by the company concerning the Louis Vuitton brand through the continued application of the product differentiation generic strategy.... Louis Vuitton intends to introduce the silk Haute dress into its list of brands and to ensure its success; proper value chain strategy must be adopted (Havard, 2000)....

Preview sample

Analysis of Retail Management

10 pages (2500 words) , Download 2 , Assignment

Free

Vincci focused on the mass market with low cost strategy and specializes in high fashion footwear for women along with accessories made for all occasions (Kotler, 2008, p.... Charles & Keith with its strategy along with its unique competitive advantage, the company has managed to develop prestigious portfolio with a vast product range with geographical presence all over the world.... Atmosphere affects the customer's mood, target market, time spent in the store, induces impulse purchase and positioning of the retailer and relates with the strategy chosen by the retail outlet (Evans & Berman, 2003, p....

Preview sample

Operations Management

9 pages (2754 words) , Download 3 , Essay

Free

New service development: strategy and process in the hospitality sector in Kenya.... To control costs, it has even come up with the strategy of giving rewards and coupons to customers who help in saving energy or help save on water and detergents by reduction in the changing of linens.... This paper ''Operations management'' tells us that the hospitality industry is a service industry and most of its products are in the form of intangibles which make their quality management....

Preview sample

E-Business Strategy of Omar Abu Bakr Balubaid Co Ltd

9 pages (3280 words) , Download 2 , Case Study

Free

This paper "E-Business strategy of Omar Abu Bakr Balubaid Co Ltd" focuses on the fact that the world is witnessing development in a globalizing economic change and technological level.... E-Business strategy of Omar Abu Bakr Balubaid Co Ltd ... As a result of the depth and speed of this development, the world entered the era of the Information Society....

Preview sample

Strategic Analysis of Pharmaceutical Sector Company - GlaxoSmithKline

12 pages (3278 words) , Download 4 , Essay

Free

Anon (2011) points out that this is a strategy that has enabled GSK to remain a global leader in the pharmaceutical industry despite the existence of other big multinationals in the market both in UK and in the world at large.... The other strategy is delivering products that add value to the lives of consumers.... marketing mix strategy has also been created and used in making vital market decisions.... 2012, Fundamentals of management....

Preview sample

Comparing Strategic IT Plans

4 pages (1259 words) , Download 2 , Essay

Free

The Baldrige criteria category of Measurement, analysis & knowledge management has not been sufficiently applied in the context of UC Boulder's IT strategy.... In this essay, prime emphasis will be put on how Baldrige criteria are utilized to analyze the working of educational institutions, particularly in the realm of strategic IT management and planning.... (1) Leadership; (2) Strategic planning; (3) Customer focus; (4) Measurement, analysis & knowledge management; (5) Workforce focus; (6) Operations focus; and (7) Results. ...

Preview sample

Policy Paper on the Conflict between Russia and Ukraine

4 pages (1000 words) , Download 2 , Book Report/Review

Free

This policy paper shall look in-depth at the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, while examining the origin of the conflict, the developments so far, the effects that the conflict has had on both countries and other countries and possible solutions to the conflict.... policy Paper on the Conflict between Russia and Ukraine The prevailing conflict between Russia and Ukraine threatens the relative peace that the world has enjoyed since the end of the Second World War in 1945....

Preview sample

The Purpose of the Financial Policy

4 pages (1000 words) , Download 3 , Essay

Free

inancial policy is criteria or procedure that describes a company's choices as far as debt/ equity mix, currencies of denomination, maturity structure, method of financing investment projects, and hedging decisions with a goal of maximizing the value of the firm to a particular group of stockholders.... he purpose of a financial policy is to minimize cost over a long period of time, providing citizens, investors and business owners with confidence when they know that there are strong, and consistent financial policies in place to guide their businesses....

Preview sample

Workforce Planning and Critical Management Activity

6 pages (1891 words) , Download 1 , Coursework

Free

As a matter of fact, it is so exclusively a part of strategic systems that they all necessarily engage in strategy, even in refusal.... The "Workforce Planning and Critical management Activity" paper focuses on a rational way of translating experience, research information, and thought into management action.... Time relates to management planning because markets are inherently concerned with temporal factors.... management efficiency is measured on the basis of sales or profits over time, and management programs are laid out in terms of a time period -- a quarter or a year....

Preview sample

Human Resource Management: Total Rewards

1 pages (250 words) , Download 2 , Assignment

Free

Total Reward Strategy: A Human Resources management strategy Going with the Trend of the Times.... After the design, of the total reward scheme, the development of the plan and operation strategy involves the use of the various methods.... After the creation of the necessary plan and strategy, the plan must be communicated to the employees, so that they understand of the reward scheme (Jiang, Xiao, Qi, & Xiao, 2009, p.... The success of the total reward scheme will depend on the various factors including the management design of the process (World at Work, 2007)....

Preview sample

Motivational strategy to an existing lesson plan

4 pages (1000 words) , Download 2 , Research Paper

Free

Motivational strategy to an existing lesson plan ... Hence, the purpose of this document is to examine the effect of new instructional and motivational strategy to an existing lesson plan on human brain. ... esson Plan: Effect of new instructional and motivational strategy to an existing lesson plan on human brain. ... nstructional strategy ... otivational strategy ... fter Learning: Intrinsic motivation strategy ...

Preview sample

Disrupted Software Management

7 pages (1750 words) , Download 2 , Assignment

Free

Labor organization is yet another strategy applicable to overcome the challenges of global software business partners' communication since it entails the allocation of specialized duties to each of the partners, which ensures that they do not duplicate or overstep their operations thus avoiding the confusion that would ensue (Hoffman, 2013).... The creation of understanding is yet another vital strategy, which calls upon the software business partners to share the challenge they face in a single platform, which will create a reference point for future operation plans, and thus help in avoiding the same challenges....

Preview sample

Human Resource Managment

8 pages (2000 words) , Download 2 , Essay

Free

The commonality between both remains their people strategy and inclusion of a total reward component in their HR dimension to retain their best talent.... “Total Reward Strategy: A Human Resources management strategy going with the trend of times” International Journal of Business and Management, vol.... Apart from tangible benefits, total reward strategy now involves intangible aspects of reward also.... Figure 1 Applying the principles of total reward strategy into reality, Taj Group devised the STARS (Special Thanks And Recognition System) as an attempt to appreciate the excellent performers and making employees happy by recognizing their efforts and contribution made to the organizational success....

Preview sample

Exploiting Strategy & Information for Competitive Advantage

5 pages (1250 words) , Download 2 , Essay

This paper analyses how the Porter five force strategies, the porter's value chain strategy and the Wiseman theory could be aligned with information to achieve objectives. ... he Porter's five force strategy can be The Porter's value chain model can also be aligned with information strategies whereby information could be used in the reorganization of activities to achieve lower costs and at the same time add value to products.... Finally we discuss the strategy of thrust by Wiseman which describes defensive and offensive competitive moves which require information to achieve desired strategy....

Preview sample

Utilitarianism and the Ethical Policy

2 pages (678 words) , Download 4 , Essay

Free

This essay "Utilitarianism and the Ethical policy" focuses on the Ethical policy which stated that the moral value of an action is exclusively resolute by its donation to overall efficacy.... The Ethical policy stated that the moral value of an action is exclusively resolute by its donation to overall efficacy....

Preview sample

The Development of Macroeconomic Theory and Policy since the 1930s

6 pages (1739 words) , Download 0 , Essay

Free

The paper "The Development of Macroeconomic Theory and policy since the 1930s" is an outstanding example of a macro & microeconomics essay.... Explain and discuss the development of Macroeconomic theory and policy since the 1930's, clearly highlighting the major areas of controversy and consensus ... espite all controversies Keynesian economics has remained as a pivot point of macroeconomic theory and policy whether taken as a ground to attack or rebuilding....

Preview sample

Product Design and Development Management

8 pages (2386 words) , Download 3 , Case Study

Free

eveloping a strong brand identity that is consistent with corporate strategy is therefore the recipe for long-term success.... “It's corporate strategy made visible.... The Absolut vodka product team, for example, have built up their international advertising strategy on the simple-shaped, easily recognizable bottle.... An integrated marketing communications strategy ensures that a brand will communicate a consistent message through a range of media channels and marketing tools....

Preview sample

Strategic Management Unit 3 DB SA final Week

1 pages (250 words) , Download 2 , Essay

Free

Strategic management: Concepts and Case.... Replication in strategic management: Scientific testing for validity, generalizability, and usefulness.... Strategic management Journal, 19(3), 243-254.... To start with, the matrix only deploys two level of dimensions ;( Hubbard, Vetter, 1998) growth as well as share in the assessment of a product's competitive placement....

Preview sample

Supply Chain Management of Apple

6 pages (1872 words) , Download 0 , Essay

Free

The sourcing strategies for Apple are based on its own strategy.... Apple has been successful in developing a strategy where it has gotten ahead of the competition by developing the latest technology and once the competition catches on to Apple's latest technology, Apple goes ahead and comes up with another consumer product or an extension of the previous one.... LIGNING SUPPLY WITH CORPORATE strategy ... For any supply chain to succeed in the long run, it has to be aligned with the strategy of the organization....

Preview sample

Social Care Reactions in Accordance to the Government Policy Proposals

10 pages (2316 words) , Download 2 , Term Paper

Free

This paper focuses on informing the Independent policy organization about the main ideas and concepts on the care that are supporting the policy proposals with regards to the White paper Caring for our future: reforming care and support that was produced by the UK government.... ocial Care Reactions in Accordance to the Government policy Proposals ... This report is going to focus on informing the Independent policy organization about the main ideas and concepts on care that are supporting the policy proposals with regards to the White paper Caring for our future: reforming care and support that was produced by the UK government (Department of Health, 2012). ...

Preview sample

Strategic Marketing Analysis of Thorntons

15 pages (3974 words) , Download 0 , Case Study

Free

Sainsbury's has spend years developing a variety of steering committees which report on their activities in relation to creating a more positive workplace, in sustainability, environmental policy and quality corporate governance.... Thornton's requires a massive rebranding effort and repositioning strategy to make the product comparable to Mars, Cadbury, Kraft and other low-end chocolate competitors in a market that is now very price-sensitive and no longer believes in the sophistication of the Thornton's brand....

Preview sample

Operation management

11 pages (2750 words) , Download 3 , Essay

Operations management involves not just the manufacturing side but also the other.... Effective operations management includes principles of quality, lean production, just-in-time, continuous improvement and so on. ... his paper examines the operations management principles that are reflected in an organisation, Corus Group....

Preview sample

Target Market and Brand Strategy of Johnson and Johnson

6 pages (1773 words) , Download 3 , Essay

Free

This essay "Target Market and Brand strategy of Johnson and Johnson" focuses on one of the most trusted names in the health care category.... Johnson & Johnson successfully used the branding strategy to turn the 'Mineral Oil' into one of their most successful consumer products.... As the pioneers who “bridged the gap between the initial R&D and the market-ready innovation by defining a baby-care niche” (Blatchford, 2010), Johnson & Johnson successfully used the branding strategy to turn the undifferentiated product ‘Mineral Oil' ( used primarily for health and medical uses) into one of their most successful consumer products....

Preview sample

The Management Information Systems

11 pages (2750 words) , Download 2 , Assignment

Free

lobal Bike Inc makes sure that the Strategic Information System Planning is characterized by the frequent meetings along with the reassessments of the overall strategy that is implemented by the company. ... om/strategy/value-chain/) ... ccording to the business strategy, all the business strategies of Global Bike Inc are focused on the customers.... du/scm-articles/article/strategic-information-systems-planning-sisp-an-is-strategy-for-erp-implemen ...

Preview sample

Management information System

2 pages (500 words) , Download 2 , Admission/Application Essay

Free

Sales strategy and margin do not account a lot to the performance of my team and its players as much as ROE contributes to the success of the team and its players.... A Brief Explanation of the strategy and Methodology Employed by my TeamMy team employed Porter's differentiation strategy to compete in the industry.... The strategy is used to differentiate products so that they can be outstanding from those of your competitors.... The strategy ensured that my team sold its products to loyal customers as well as new customers....

Preview sample

Police Officer Research Paper

5 pages (1250 words) , Download 2 , Research Paper

Police Officer Research Paper.... The job of police officer is not an easy one, and anyone who wants to enter the profession has to be prepared for some serious hard work.... The official job description of a police officer requires a number of skills and these can be summed up in a statement intended to inform potential applicants: To become a law enforcement officer, excellent communication skills, good judgment and decision-making skills, and keen listening skills are necessary....

Preview sample

Business Management Practice

7 pages (1750 words) , Download 3 , Case Study

Free

From basic management structure up to methods of managing behaviors of the workforce, companies usually implement a strategy that will allow them to fully utilize their resources.... The optimum strategy in effectively managing a workforce depends on the approach the management uses.... From basic management structure up to methods of managing behaviors of the workforce, companies usually implement a strategy that will allow them to fully utilize their resources....

Preview sample

All Police in California Should Have Body Cameras

6 pages (1760 words) , Download 0 , Essay

Free

Andrea Russi, director of criminal justice for the Warren Institute on Law & Social policy, reiterates that body cameras “can also be cost effective because misconduct and lawsuits prove to be so expensive for police departments” (Wolfe, 2014).... But over the long term, just from a liability and management perspective, it's definitely an investment that's worth it” (Lovett, 2013)....

Preview sample

Are Mergers the Most Appropriate Method of Strategic Growth in Today's

9 pages (2896 words) , Download 3 , Essay

Free

?? On the other hand, Liabotis (2007) posits to the effect that growth strategy can be achieved through growing the core business, growing by sub-segmenting the customers as well as growing adjustment opportunities.... Ansoff suggests that the growth strategy of a company mainly depends on two variables, whether it is the desire to develop new products or new customers as shown in appendix 1.... The other strategy is diversification where a company can embark on introducing diversified products in the market so that it can appeal to the interests of different customers....

Preview sample

International Business Operations Management

4 pages (1000 words) , Download 2 , Essay

The switch from batch processing to line processing requires a shift from a traditional operations management approach.... Twenty-first century organizational management systems are inter-linked as integrated and holistic units, nodes in a wider global network of market communities (Hill & Jones, 2004).... Thus, with this traditional form of operations management, the process is labour intensive and idle time is much more likely.... Costs are saved across the whole management system and there are better quality products and improved delivery service, making the Company more cost competitive....

Preview sample

Law and Policy for Social Work

7 pages (2177 words) , Download 2 , Essay

Free

The author of the paper "Law and policy for Social Work" will begin with the statement that social workers have an official duty towards their service users.... Law and policy for Social Work Practice: Looked After Children Introduction Social workers have an official duty towards their service users.... For instance, there were nine guys who had jointly slept with five girls after enticing them with material things and then added drugs in their in their foods (The policy, Ethics and Human Rights Committee....

Preview sample

Change Management Methods

8 pages (2000 words) , Download 2 , Essay

Free

Get the vision right - Get the working team to institute a simple strategy and vision.... Involve every layer - As change programs progresses from defining the strategy and then setting the targets to design and execution, they will affect different stages of the organization.... hen an organization changes its overall strategy for success, adds or removes a major portion of its management or changes its management practice, the effect can be felt....

Preview sample

A strategic pretext for Knowledge- Michael Zack

4 pages (1000 words) , Download 2 , Essay

Yet, according to Zack, the true nature of an Zack firmly holds his stance when he says that proper & timely ‘knowledge management' is essential for the successful implementation of a strategy, & henceforth essential for the growth & survival of any organization.... he author begins with a concise appraisal of traditional strategy & how these concepts can be extended to knowledge as a strategic foundation.... Zack creatively divides the notion of strategy in to four parts: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, & threats (Zack, n....

Preview sample

Negotiation between USBU and the companys management

4 pages (1000 words) , Download 3 , Case Study

Free

It would have been helpful to have entered the negotiations with a clear strategy for the process.... he team should have a well laid out strategy for negotiating rather than doing it spontaneously.... In the paper “Negotiation between USBU and the company's management” the author analyzes the recent negotiations between USBU and the company's management which drew to a successful conclusion with each side reaching a compromise and finding some middle ground on most issues....

Preview sample

Domestic Policy of France and International Relations

10 pages (3616 words) , Download 3 , Essay

Free

?Gender and policy in France.... The paper "Domestic policy of France and International Relations" states that France has to continue monitoring closely the activities of the Muslim community in order to take precautions against imminent connections between the Muslims in France and the terrorist gangs in the Arab nations.... Domestic policy of France and International relations By + Islam is the second most dominant religion in France (Pew Research Centers Religion & Public Life Project, 2011)....

Preview sample

Business Strategy of of Caterpillar Inc

10 pages (2700 words) , Download 1 , Case Study

Free

For this, Caterpillar keeps updating and executing its corporate strategy and business goals.... "Business strategy of Caterpillar Inc" paper describes a Heavy Construction Equipment Company, its origin, development, and present scenario as well as the future prospects.... While dealing with the business strategy, strategic issues playing a fundamental role which is essential for achieving the organizational goals.... Business strategy Executive Summary This particular topic, deals with the brief of Caterpillar (CAT Inc), a Heavy Construction Equipment Company, its origin, development, and present scenario as well as the future prospects....

Preview sample

Tiffany Marketing Strategy through Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning

6 pages (1500 words) , Download 3 , Essay

Free

The researcher of the paper examines marketing strategy of Tiffany company which includes a segmentation, targeting and positioning.... iffany Marketing strategy through Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning ... This would mean that a change in strategy would be better for its operation and Excellency in performance.... As such, all the procedures in marketing strategy comprising of segmentation, targeting and positioning would be applicable to the company in improving its general performance. ...

Preview sample

Change Management and Knowledge Management: Tools for Competitive Advantage

8 pages (2669 words) , Download 3 , Essay

Free

e Witt & Meyer (2004) identified change and innovation as a concept that is at the heart of a business' strategy.... According to De Witt & Meyer (2004), business strategy is based solely on change.... rown & Eisenhard (1997) therefore recommends that for success in strategic management, businesses should use an emergent strategy that would ensure that new trends and activities are identified by management and then decisions are taken about them before change is prompted....

Preview sample

Public policy decisions and factual information

5 pages (1250 words) , Download 2 , Essay

In the process of creating that which will ultimately become measures of public policy, the first thing to consider would be the presence of facts and the determination of rights.... ver the years, public policy decisions, to varying degrees, have been aided by the inclusion of available factual information and in many cases, have resulted in the observance of outlined rules to be governed by....

Preview sample

Recent Changes in Iran Foreign Policy

5 pages (1557 words) , Download 0 , Assignment

Free

The paper "Recent Changes in Iran Foreign policy" discusses that some flexibility must be built into the timetable in order to allow for the slow return of data and information and potential setbacks.... RESEARCH PROPOSAL Recent Changes in Irans Foreign policy: How Khatami and Ahmadinejad Differ on the Middle East Peace Process Introduction/Background ... Over the last ten years, Irans foreign policy in the Middle East has shifted from one of relative innocuousness under the moderate president, Mohammed Khatami, to that of potential spoiler under Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ...

Preview sample

Type of a Diversification Strategy on the Part of Waitrose

7 pages (1750 words) , Download 2 , Research Paper

Free

The strategy of 'Category Leadership' being adopted by Waitrose.... The strategy of ‘Category Leadership' being adopted by Waitrose is bearing fruits with the company attaining good growth in fruit retailing, particularly in exotic fruits.... The category leadership strategy in particular has been able to provide it with more than 5% of market share in fruit retailing and leading share of market in some categories like Exotic Fruits ... he category leadership strategy has so far given good results, it may well prove to be more fruitful in near future, particularly in view of the research initiatives taken up by the company. ...

Preview sample

Unit 3 Human service Policy Discussion

1 pages (250 words) , Download 2 , Research Paper

Free

The government strived to shift the anti poverty policy to work related concepts that saw the Human service policy Discussion Many successive governments in the American history have played very big roles in determining the welfare of their citizens by designing policies that helped in checking the poverty levels.... The government strived to shift the anti poverty policy to work related concepts that saw the increase in the number of people who received Earned Income Tax Credit increasing from 19 million in 1994 to 22....

Preview sample

Logistics and operation managment

16 pages (4000 words) , Download 4 , Essay

This approach or strategy of inventory management has its own strengths and weaknesses.... Logistics and operations management primarily deals with analysing the demands and trend of the external market and likewise emerge with the plan for production of goods and/or services that are be able to meet the demands of the customers.... Similarly, logistic management include.... Notably, several key activities that are involved in the domain of operations and logistics management, In this context, it must be mentioned that some of the most important activities of operations and logistics management in the present day scenario includes inventory management, capacity management, and delivery and scheduling among others (Harrison & et....

Preview sample

Essays on Management Strategy and Policy