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The constructivist epistemology is rooted in the theory that children build knowledge. Gaining knowledge is distinct from constructing meaning. The latter arises within the child, and the former arises outside and is explored. According to constructivism, there is no such thing as ‘absolute’ reality or truth (Purdy 1992).
Some say that Singer is the world’s most significant living philosopher. Singer’s advocacy of infanticide motivated vociferous protests by disabled and profile groups when he spoke in Germany. I don’t want to demonize Singer but to discern where his ideas are right and where wrong. Singer in his early life itself turned his thinking to issues of life, death, artificial conception, and genetic engineering.
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It speaks to one’s political beliefs, one’s heritage and history, and it helps people define themselves in terms of cultural groups. We form traditions, we develop a relationship with God, and we follow certain doctrines which dictate to us how to treat other human beings.
The most widespread debate that has been taking place in the U.S. is whether the descendants of slavery and the slave trade should receive retributions. Certainly, there are assertions that can be heard regarding slaver outside the United States—particularly as it certainly still happens today—where people are used as a guarantee on debt, forced labor, and chattel slavery.
Foucault conceptualizes discourse as the “ways of constituting knowledge, together with the social practices, forms of subjectivity and power relations which inhere in such knowledge and relations between them. They constitute the nature of the body, unconscious and conscious mind and emotional life of the subjects they seek to govern.”
Functionalists are usually preoccupied with the individuation of mental states, partly on the basis of causal relations to other mental states. As Shoemaker explains, in the 1975 work, functionalism, from the philosophy of mind view is the conviction that psychological or mental terms can be done away with to a certain extent.
Socrates has talked about several theories regarding knowledge in Plato’s dialogues. One such is the Meno, and another more particular one is Theaetetus wherein Socrates talks about knowledge. The final theory that he arrived at was that knowledge is a true belief that has been “given an account of” – which means some kind of an explanation of definition has been provided of it.
This paper aims to examine whether or not there is an existence of a just war. The Nature of War Regan (1996, p.3) stated that war was natural part of life during the Greek times, and that they intensify “self- interest.” “Right reason” was also said to be one of the “Moral Norm of War” (Regan, 1996, p.10).
The introductory section of the article presents Hurley’s thesis, that violence in the media cause an increase in aggressive behavior on the part of individuals and in turn creating a more a aggressive society. She states that her argument is not “paternalistic” as it seeks to prevent harm to third parties rather than harm to one’s self.
Concerning philosophy, there are three points of inquiry: (1) Whether philosophy is important? (2) How is it different from other subject areas? (3) Whether philosophy can develop critical thinking skills? Whether philosophy is important? Objection 1: Philosophy is not important today as Jerry Coyne said, ““I’m not sure whether I agree that there are disciplines outside of science that can answer meaningful questions.
The study tells that examining the subject matter that has to do with the existence of God, rationalists and empiricists usuallystand on different sides of the fence. Rationalists claim that God exists and that God created the earth. The empiricist would wonder the reasons that rationalists would hold on to what they cannot feel with their senses as true, and dispute what they can sense.
People should thus live their lives fearing God and should understand that God has all knowledge of the choices and the decisions that people make. Everything has been written before and people are merely puppets in the hand of God, following their destinies. Augustine reasoned that there are three types of events.
Some studies supported the direct relationship between team sports and good character (Greenwood & Kanters, 2009; Camire & Trudel, 2010). Other studies questioned this relationship and rejected even a correlation, because of instances where players exhibit bad character (Miracle & Rees, 1994 qtd.
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Aristotle believed that the task of ethics was to come up with the highest and the best good that is found in human life. Thus, all human activities always aim at some recognized higher end that we always consider as good. Most activities that human beings incur in are a means of attaining a higher end.
In most cases, involuntary euthanasia is considered a crime from a legal perspective and this fact has made it difficult for other categories of euthanasia to be legalized. Involuntary Euthanasia can further be classified as either active or passive involuntary. Involuntary action is where actions are taken to cause death without the consent of the patient.
Where Kant perceives morality as existing before experience, Mill denies morality is in any way universal. Mill argues that any number of systems of morality could be viable before proposing one that he thinks would be most beneficial to society. In this paper, I will introduce the logic behind Kant’s universal morality.
Character of Socrates.
The character of Socrates at the court and during his conversation with Crito is worth discussing and shedding light. This paper aims to compare and contrast in essence the problems of Socrates as discovered by Nietzsche, as seen in the court and as revealed in talks with Crito.
Ethical consideration is a crucial factor to be adapted by every company. According to Crane and Matten, “Ethical consideration includes no stress and harassment to the customers, no harm to people or individuals, avoidance of public and customers safety for personal benefit should be excluded from ethical consideration by a company” (Crane & Matten, 2007).
Devil’s Knot: The True Story of the West Memphis Three is written by Mara Leveritt and it is a true crime story telling about the murders of three eight year old boys. The book under consideration gives the information about both the murders and the subsequent trial demonstrating the details of investigation to the readers.
In support of my argument I adduce evidence not only from the philosophy of science, but also from current practices in ecology, climate science, and feminist perspectives. The next paragraph is a general introduction and description of the field of science.
Popper opined that science is a method of trial and error. It is a method of assumption and refusal. Science is always accompanied by a group of scholars who check and criticize each other. The foundation of science is its rationality. The openness to criticism should be converted into the willingness of scientists to falsify their theory.
On the level of moral philosophy, debating about equality of animals still remains contestable and questionable. There are certain paradigms that clash each other and there is also an occurrence of certain shifting between these paradigms that give rise to further complexity about the matter.
Is Socrates “Form of the Good” Correct? In Plato’s theory of metaphysics, there is some kind of reality that is beyond or even more real than what can be seen. This is an aspect of the intelligible realm which is comprised of absolute and eternal entities known as forms (Santas 106).
Aristotle and Kant are two philosophers that are well known in the field of ethics. However, before critically analysing the two philosophers accordingly to their philosophical framework, it is better to have a full grasp or understanding of societal contexts where they are confined.
The fourth confirmation of the existence of God dealt with the moral arguments while the fifth and final ideology came from teleological arguments. Generally, in his proofs, Aquinas describes the assumed existence of a God who does not at all depend on the world or the universe or the processes ensuing in it.
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The idea of ethics and morals came up when people started reflecting on the intentions, nature and consequences of their actions. From this reflection on the nature of the behaviour of man, ethical theories have emerged to give direction to ethical thinking.
Broadie put this more clearly when she explained the Aristotelian principle about how “fear might prevent the craftsman from functioning properly as a craftsman,” and that “it might hinder his dexterity or warp his judgment in some way, but if we know the situation we shall not assess his skill based on that response”.
Therefore the rise and fall of a society is directly linked to barbarism. The principles of civilization and the principle of barbarism evolves and develops at the same time. The initial period of civilization arises from the core of humanity and it is usually through a method of violence.
Materialism theory posits that the body motions cause events carried by the mind and that mental events are the main causes of body motions (Rosenthal 13). Proponents of materialism persists that every event taking place in an individual’s mind results into physical event, but not every physical event results into mental event or event taking place in the mind (Rosenthal 14).
Having a government is really needed in running a nation as it is the group primarily responsible for the welfare of the society to which it belongs. It drives the country towards certain growth and development by setting goals and working upon them. Different countries have different ways of choosing their leaders as the spearhead of the government.
This has been received with mixed reaction by people and many have moral inhibitions towards this progress. This may be because of religious biasness or simply the notion that it is wrong to take over natures work. This paper seeks to understand the moral theories that help to explain how an act is defined as right or wrong.
There is an implied contract that everyone will accept his or her role and fall into place. The implied contract is similar to that described by Socrates in Plato’s Crito, which is defined as an acceptance of the definition of justice that the state has ordered, characterized by the subject’s willingness to remain in the state.
Two Fundamental Conditions Determine What Each One of US Can Become
The developmental stages provided by William Perry shows how intellectual and moral growth determines what one becomes. In addition, the concepts of determinism as demonstrated by the assertions of various philosophers such as Carl Rogers, Jean Paul Sartre and Bertrand Helm show various arguments on the identities of people based on determinism, feelings and thoughts as discussed in this paper.
The problem with the question is that people are unable to give a satisfactory explanation. For example, one can see many people claiming the existence of God, but there are contradictions among their explanations. As far as there is no unanimity in the explanation, one cannot consider them as satisfactory answers.
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Administrative Ethics and Patient Privacy Summary Overview This paper is going to discuss how administrative ethics, values, beliefs, perceptions, and their interconnection. Furthermore, in the issue statement the discussion dwells on the current administrative ethics that are affecting patient privacy and rights (Cooper, 2011).
The novel described the impact the arrival of the colonialists had on the African culture, religion, and way of life. This is told through the experiences of the village warrior, Okonkwo. The novel aims to explain the West African Ibo traditions as they were before the coming of the Europeans. The novel makes use of simple language to portray its message.
Like all others, my behavior is the product of both genetics and socialization. So, the ethics in me have been undergoing the influence of both. In other words, the gene in me and the society around me both had an impact on my behavior and my ethics. Genetics made me possess certain innate qualities that I find difficult to erase.
The Confucian system was that referring to family standards, which takes precedence, often requires hypocrisy in the public domain with lying an accepted means of protecting the domain, family, and maintaining the family reputation. These factors resulted in numerous problems that starting eroding the foundations of the Confucian system of thought
According to Zarathustra’s teachings, the contemporary society is one that is in chaos, and the political systems best serve as an example of this chaos. Zarathustra blames all this chaos on the death of God. Because of this “death of God”, Zarathustra views the nationalistic state as ‘the new idol.’ He teaches that the nationalistic state is the “new idol” and “the coldest of all monsters” because it was informed by the death of God (Nietzsche 30).
Persons who are against the idea of assisted suicide argue that if the procedure were legal it create a ‘slippery slope’ for ever-increasing occurrences of coerced suicide, the dying person’s family members pressuring them to hasten their death for financial reasons. Moreover, they contend, legalizing assisted suicide would lessen the urgency to invent new types of drugs and develop procedures designed to prolong life.
Hume gets so skeptical when he argues out that no attestation exists in support of origin and effect interactions within the universe. He points out that through observing people’s habits one infers an affiliation between two dissimilar events. He, therefore, adds that it very difficult to prove that one event caused the other.
Death is not an enemy to be conquered or a prison to be escaped. It is an integral part of our lives that gives meaning to human existence. According to one of the philosophers, Jasper “death is something is unimaginable, really something unthinkable”. In order to understand death from a wider concept, we can analyze the philosophy of Jasper on this issue.
The consistent and steep growth of media has made it ever domineering and a lot many humans have become addicted to its heavy doses 24X7X365. The spread of media has engulfed the entire globe into its web of information, knowledge, news, sports and entertainment.
Continuing to uphold the sensitivity of matters behind healthcare, this paper will discuss various issues surrounding major depression disorder and wind down with a conclusion elaborating reasons behind the increased cases of major depression in the US despite the elaborate health care plans.
Among the men is Socrates, who asserts that the greatest purpose of love is becoming a philosopher or a lover of wisdom. Plato explains the nature of love by painting two pictures to us: the physical world which we can use our senses to perceive, and the world of forms which we only think of.
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One can observe a long list of philosophers, sociologists, psychologists and other experts that have tried to explore various dimensions of friendship. This paper will attempt to explore and highlight the dissimilarities between the understanding of friendship of Aristotle and Cicero.
This is what Camus refers to as absurd. According to Camus, people will never find what they are looking forward to finding in life in terms of meaning to it, order, or reasons to it. It can only happen that they can try to seek refuge in the leap of faith through placing hopes in God who is beyond the world or simply conclude that there is no meaning to life.
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This was during the Autumn and Spring as well as a period of warring states characterized by an era of intellectual and cultural expansion in Ancient China. Though the period also experienced a number of bloody battles and chaos, it is still appreciated as Chinese philosophy golden age due to its remarkable range of ideas and thoughts that were discussed and developed freely1.
Unquenchable inquisitiveness and vast observation of natural phenomena, the great philosopher laid the foundation of a school of his philosophical thought, which not only inspired millions of people belonging to divergent societies, cultures, regions, and religions of the world but left indelible imprints of his tremendous knowledge and outstanding intellect for the next generations to come.
Power, individuality, cleverness, and deceit—these are only some of the words that are often associated with Victorian women. As Spencer (375) claims, women in this period realized the powerlessness of their gender in the past society, thus developed a tendency to outwit the male personality.