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Since an a priori knowledge is essential to rationalists, conceptions of philosophy ought to be formulated in the context of logical rationalization or one that is carried out via deductive cognition. Descartes, hence, substantiates his perspective of rationalism with a series of cognitive exercises as indicated by his program on ‘Meditations’ whereby a rational meditator is claimed to seek truths by intellect in full measure beyond any regard to senses [1].
Although from an old era, Sophocles wrote tales full of humor, and succinct observations of life, and made his characters look so real. “Oedipus the King” tale features a couple Laius and Jocasta who were king and queen of Thebes in Greece. In those days, people depended on supernatural beings who would give decrees of what was to happen in the future.
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Active euthanasia is undertaken on an individual when his or her doctors and family members make the decision to actively kill to end the agony suffered by this loved one. Passive euthanasia, on the other hand, lets the suffering person die by withholding the necessary medical care and allowing the disease to kill the person instead of a fellow human being.
There are also aspects of faith that play a fundamental role in the questioning of beliefs and responsibility of humanity (Earnshaw 170). Additionally, death and its accompanying effects on the living are paramount in shaping the opinions of individuals on the meaning of life. Furthermore, the essence of incorporating the concepts of existentialism has adverse effects in life especially.
The theory of divine command theory of morality loses its sense in that in the first place it sees the gods as arbitrary beings who only seek to justify the behavior, conduct, ethics and morality of humankind. The second failure focuses on the lack of divinity for the gods by losing their sovereignty and falling under the moral laws of man.
Du Bois lived over a hundred years later a fact, which implies that by then, science had advanced and the few that Comte had based most of his work on had further split to produce other branches of science. In such a situation, some of Comte’s ideas become irrelevant.
Political science is the study of politics and power from domestic, international, and comparative perspectives. It entails understanding political ideas, ideologies, institutions, policies, processes, and behavior, as well as groups, classes, government, diplomacy, law, strategy, and war.
The responsibility of employing a pious or religiously legal deed fell on him after the Athenian spiritual interpreters failed to confer with his father in time to settle legal matters concerning the person at fault. Socrates, on the other hand, acknowledges in truth that a man who is capable of prosecution ought to specialize in affirming what “piety” is.
Furthermore, it tells us that knowledge is acquired through the exercise of reason, understood as a faculty that can operate independently, in whole or in part, of a posteriori evidence. One of the elements which are most central to Nietzsche’s philosophy is illustrated in his famous declaration that, “God is Dead!” (Cahn 1227) This affirms a complete rejection of metaphysical, moral, and religious truths as grounds for reality.
This chapter can be deservingly called “a heart” of the novel. Everybody would agree that the book by Rand possesses many unique characteristics, but it is essential to consider “Atlas Shrugged” to be not only a fiction, but philosophic message that may seem not very understandable at first.
Mackie is one such philosopher and his work "The Logical Problem of Evil" speaks clearly to his supposition of the nonexistence of God, primarily due to the presence of evil in the world (Aquinas 625). On the other hand, theists continue to defend the stance that God exists and can coexist with evil. Mackie challenged theist notions by seeking to demonstrate the invalidity and lack of persuasiveness inherent regarding the presence of God.
During the marriage, partners are often not honest with each other, half-truths, hiding information, lies and broken promises are some form of betrayals that are a part of married life, but infidelity is considered the ultimate betrayal because it shakes the very foundation on which marriage stands; trust and commitment (Fitness, 2001).
Freedom of will is, beyond doubt, a desirable trait. Enjoyment of freedom of will ensures satisfaction of second and higher order desires, whereas its absence means their frustration.
Searle’s (1980) Reply to the query “Could a machine think?” by saying, “… only a machine could think” (p. 417, 431) could be easily misconstrued to mean that Searle’s reply is affirmative. Yet, further examination of his reply would show that he is strongly saying otherwise – a stance that has triggered varied counter-reactions until now.
A major milestone occurred in 2003, a government-run initiative was introduced to stem the flow of conflict diamonds known as the Kimberley Process. The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) imposes requirements on participants to certify and ensure that shipments and selling of rough diamonds are conflict-free.
This theory asserts that any given set of personal demands will impose demands in certain conditions that are relevant to the questions. The rival theories between miller and his friend, Weirob is that Miller claims that there is life after death while his friend refuses this line of thinking.
Generally, psychologists and educationalists believe that knowledge is acquired through the five senses. Of the five senses, eyes are considered to have a greater impact on knowledge acquisition because the knowledge gained through the sense of sight is clear, accurate and permanent. These images cannot be easily wiped out.
The leadership of Max Horkheimer in 1930 became the onset of the active participation of the group best known as the key representatives of the Frankfurt School which included Erich Fromm, Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, Walter Benjamin, and the contemporary representative Jurgen Habermas (Held, 1980, p. 29).
Ideologies are also understood in three different kinds of languages: religious, philosophical, and scientific. This makes them seem as if they are real and rational. It’s easier to picture an ideology from the past than one from the present. It is easy to see how the godly status of the pharaoh in ancient Egypt served an ideological objective.
Since the man was killed, it is impossible to know exactly what the cause of his troubling thoughts was but it is suggested that the cause was a tumor which altered his thinking. If this man were to survive and stand trial once healed of his tumor, the moral dilemma is to decide whether he is guilty of the crimes he committed while suffering the tumor.
What is Philosophy?
1.) Which of the philosophical issues covered this semester has been the most important and why so?
Among all the various philosophical issues that have been covered this semester, I consider Ethics as the most important. While the study of Metaphysics and Epistemology are the core important issues in philosophy, Ethics is considered an issue that is close to the daily problems that people deal with, and that is a matter that should not be overlooked.
This paper shall be a discussion of my personal political philosophy. Specifically, it shall be a discussion of my liberal political philosophy, largely based and supported by John Locke’s philosophy. A discussion of my political philosophy as applied in the Iraqi invasion shall be established by this paper followed by a discussion related to gay marriage.
The modern scholarly consensus holds that the canonical teaching of the Old Testament made no reference to an immortal soul independent of the body. A wide range of scholarly reference works consistently represents this view. In recent times, a minority of scholars have partially dissented from this view.
Even though people are born in different countries and speak different languages, they belong to one race and that is ‘humanity.’ If you have a relative or a friend who is suffering from starvation, then you will definitely help him by providing food as long as you have enough resources.
My own experience visiting, interacting with residents and workers, and reflecting on those experiences at Brandon Woods is the mine of concrete experience on which I intend to draw insights into the ethics of euthanasia.
A few challenges include research activities. Research will affirm or negate a research question. Research includes gathering evidences to accept or reject a hypothesis. My current research challenge will result to proving that God exists, using cosmological argument.
Immanuel Kant considers old philosophical problems using new methods. Kant defends morality from reduction to self-interest, empirical fact, or feelings. Rather, he bases his supreme moral principle on reason. Kant attempts to uncover common sense morality’s principles.
Kelsen critically notes that the influence of Aristotelian philosophy has varied in its magnitude. While, the thinker’s stance on politics and ethics is still scrutinized to this day, enjoying unparalleled discussion and assessments, his once unassailable logic in the arena of sciences has been greatly challenged to the extent of extinction.
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Nonetheless, the most vital significance of the philosophy of education is the academic field that deals with knowledge transfer since it is the essential or the central knowledge or subject matter that aims at solving learning problems that include the philosophical methodologies that are vital for all learning processes within any education discipline (Elias 136).
Milton Friedman (1970) of the New York Times Magazine stated that: ‘The primary and only responsibility of business is to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception and fraud.’
Good governance as championed by many political philosophers should lead to a number of benefits that include the involvement of all citizens in decision-making, political participation by the minority and marginalized groups, freedom of information and expression, and formation institutional reforms.
A discussion between two characters- About moral relativism Ethics, a set of rules in a society that regulates people’s behaviour by defining wrongs and rights in a society, is a fundamental aspect of people’s behaviour. Different ethical theories exist to explain people’s behaviours and to offer general rules towards a more cohesive society.
Human beings have been created to have their presence both in the spiritual as well as in the material world. It is said that “the spiritual world is where angels live, and the material world is where people live”. The way the human beings or the persons of the 21st century behave and functions largely depends on their environment and the manner in which the surroundings and the social condition the mannerisms and behavior of the human beings.
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By studying James Stuart, Adam Smith, and Adam Ferguson, Hegel was able to gain a view of a world where individual self-interest ruled and where fragmented and atomized masses of humans were condemned to dehumanizing labor. He saw the problems that were prevalent in Scotland and England and considered whether these problems could be avoided in Germany.
The rapid urbanization further resulted into the rapid increase in the way modern thought and practices started to develop across the whole Europe and America. Modernism in its essence, therefore, depends upon how quickly the overall process of urbanization takes place within any given society.
The purpose for which governments should exist has been a preoccupation of philosophers from the classical period to modern societies. While Plato and Aristotle represent classical philosophers, Hobbes and Locke are a part of what is seen as modern philosophers. Some of the difficulties that society in the classical period faced are the same as what society experience today.
People often say that they have worked hard for the money they have earned and it is their right to spend it on buying a new car, redecorating the house, or buying new clothes. What people do not understand is that it is not their right to spend money on the things they choose. Government taxation would be an option and not a compulsion.
The notion of the dissatisfaction of electorates can also lead us to the fact that democracy creates a culture of over expectancy amongst citizen. Democracy puts emphasis on the power that the public has in shaping the way they are governed. This might lead to expectation from the public. The funny thing is the expectations.
Bible says that the first human Adam committed a wrong thing when he ate a fruit which was denied to him by God. Adam committed the first sin or wrong thing under the influence of evil forces. In other words, evil forces were there even before the creation of the first human Adam. Since the first sin, the segregation of the right thing from the wrong thing has started in the world.
The theories of human communication that have dictated the various means by which humans communicated since times immemorial, have now given way to newer, more unconventional theories. Fresh theories are now emerging, covering newer perspectives of communication through modern electronic media.
People have always equated happiness with freedom. As embodied in modern politics, entertainment media, and even business principles, freedom provides the individual with the capacity to optimize his potential. This definitive view on freedom gave birth to more specific ideologies, such as artistic freedom, political freedom, and academic freedom.
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Taoism is also a gift from China, the name may sound very complicated but in reality, it is not as complicated as it sounds. This paper will shed more light upon Taoism and the principles of Wu-Wei. Confucianism is a term that is very closely related to Taoism, a lot of cans be learned about the Chinese people just by knowing more about Taoism and Confucianism.
Aristotle and Kant are two philosophers that are well known in the field of ethics. However, before critically analysing the two philosophers accordingly to their philosophical framework, it is better to have a full grasp or understanding of societal contexts where they are confined.
The ethical code of a health professional helps him or her in deciding whether a certain act or procedure is moral or immoral. In certain situations, the health professional is also faced by two conditions which are either right or moral to a certain extent and decision has to be made in favor of a situation that is more right.
Gilbert is much concerned about the issues that may guide us to realize our future happiness and identity and how one can utilize these factors to achieve their happiness. According to Gilbert,we learn from others and to achieve our future happiness,the experience of others might prove to be of utmost importance as compared to individual’s experience.
The film informs us about how she lost her parents, and because of these become forced into some isolation. This enabled her posses an active mind that managed to keep her of the isolation thoughts. She helps a man who works as a painter reunite back with his family.
Professor’s Name Student’s Name Philosophy 10 January, 2012 Essay Questions 1] Life, for me, is living at the present moment; to attain the ideal perfection of human capability. In my view, it is our mentality and behavior towards life that decides the worth of our lives.
The author states that Boethius declares the unexpected outcome of an action as chance, which circumscribes human free will in such an influential manner that it appears to be vehemently dependent of some natural causality already determined and decided by the Omniscient. In other words, it is nature that bestows blessings on humans.
To my mind, protection of its citizens is the crucial ethical role that has to be performed by any State or Government. Further on in this essay, the main positions of the abovementioned philosophers are summarized and a personal position on the role of government is provided.
In Descartes' view, the urge to reason with everyone and almost at everything and the verbal communication are the characteristics that set humans separately from all other kinds. Using the belief of parsimony, wherein one always necessarily begins with the unpretentious details of pragmatic events, Descartes reasons that the perceived actions of all nonhuman living beings can be explained without crediting minds and understanding.