Law Essays

Borris invoked defence of provocation but it is only defence of murder. A person will be liable for murder if he unlawfully killing a reasonable person who is in being under the Queen's Peace with intention to kill [Moloney1, Cunningham 2, Vickers 3] or intention to cause grievous bodily harm [DPP v Smith 4], [Saunders5.

Rules in the form of law, legal procedure and even principles in the process of their enactment and their roles during adjudication deserve attention. This work seeks to discern whether rules are necessary in a legal system or not. It will not delve unless necessary to the discussion into the kinds and types of rules present in any legal system nor distinguish between different existing legal systems.

Let us now consider the case of Jim Fenton in the light of the above said Act. Upon reviewing the circumstances in this case I would offer Jim the following explanation and advice: The issue here is not whether a sale occurred, but with the goods, in this case the Super Slammer Tennis Racquet (SS), meeting the expectations of the consumer.

No other country can match the health and productivity of its economy, the extent of its scientific and technological resources, its ability to sustain massive levels of defense spending, or the power, sophistication, and global reach of its armed forces.

This paper will consider both why we should obey the la and why, much of the time, we do obey the law. It will consider a number of important theories, such as Rousseau's Social Contract and Marxism, as well as more recent paradigms including labeling theory.

On the contrary, the classical school of criminology, the most prominent member of which is Caesar Beccaria shared the idea that criminal behavior could be understood and controlled as 'an outcome of a 'human nature' shared by all the people. [Beccaria, 1764]

The author states that in the case of a delay lasting more than eight weeks, the seller has the right to cancel the contract. Receipt of merchandise by the Buyer shall constitute a waiver of any claims for delay. In this case, Porcelain Vases Company of Hong Kong is not liable for the delay (two days) for the loading on board by the carriers.

There was a notice which said "All activities undertaken at your own risk." The boys, accompanied by Potter went to a cafe, owned by "Thrills and Spells", for lunch. The floor was unfinished and several rolls of linoleum were lying around. Edmund, one of the pupils, tripped over a roll of linoleum, hurt his head and became unconscious.

Upon a sale by auction the agreement is made up of the particulars, which describe the property; the conditions of sale, which state the terms upon which it is offered; and the memorandum or formal contract at the foot of the conditions, and conditions, names or sufficiently refers to the vendor, and is signed by the purchaser after the sale. 

The prosecution was zealous in their attempt to connect Moussaoui to the planning of 9/11. Moussaoui, his own worst witness, eagerly allowed himself to exploit his own ego in a vain attempt to take some marginal credit. The technical charges of conspiracy to murder and destroy property, while legally valid, were shown to be associated with a follow-up attack and not 9/11.

This advocacy and representation against domestic violence presented it at two international and one national level and, based on these distribution efforts and feedback, revised it.

You would start off by doing two years training as a district judge; this would be in order to gain experience, to prepare you. The usual age of retirement for a district judge is 70, and the Lord Chancellor has the power to dismiss district judges for bad behaviour.

b.) Offer: This is the part of the contract that defines the proposed product or service that will have to be acceptable on binding terms to proceed with the contract. In this case study, a second hand laptop was on offer at original price of $200 dollar.

According to the report Fundamental Rights of EU Law fundamental rights had been traced to several ancient documents which dates signify that even in those ancient eras fundamental rights had already been practiced and recognised and that the concept was alive and respect for such rights existed thousands of years ago.

Proposals have also been discussed to reform the mental health act so that people may be provided with the maximum benefits, which are important part of our society. 1 The presence of mentally sick offenders in jails and prisons is an urgent problem and require immediate attention.

In this respect, as illustrated in Lochgelly Iron and Coal Co v McMullan [1934]1 "strict legal analysis" requires consideration for "the complex concept of duty, breach and damage thereby suffered by the person to whom the duty was owing". Thus, the claimants must illustrate a breach of duty by the defendant to illustrate liability, and consequently justify claims for damages.

Another police investigation, revealed that another resident of the apartment building, a white male, age 15 years, discovered the victim's wallet in a stairwell between the third and fourth floors at approximately 8:20 a.m. 1. The offender-based typologies developed by Garofalo and Ferri complement Lombroso's scheme. 

Our identity should be as valuable to us as our lives. It is what sets us apart from other people. It is a determining factor of our individuality. And it is sad to know that there are criminals who are out to get it away from us- the identity thieves. They steal credit cards; use personal information such as bank account numbers, telephone numbers, social security numbers, and before we know it, may not be the same person as before.

Smith and his colleagues continue that the unprecedented volume and velocity of international flows of trade, investment, information, cultural exchanges, and human migrations are creating a new, more tightly integrated, world and one that seems to be in the throes of some fundamental structuring (Smith et al.

Employer rights following the termination of an employee are a highly debatable topic presently within the USA. Currently, from state to state across the nation, employment and labor law issues differ in regards to references for an employees performance and protocols for disclosure of reasons for termination to future employers. 

A 1990 article by Lawrence Sherman titled "Police Crackdowns: Initial and Residual Deterrence" spotlights the ongoing effects of several different crackdown strategies. He contends that crackdowns are often most effective at reducing crime initially, but crime may return as the crackdown is prolonged.

European council Regulation 178/2002 refers to the regulation that takes into account matters that involve the safety of foods that are manufactured ready for consumption by humans. Food is any substance that is either processed or unprocessed and is ready for human consumption.

In post-9/11 America, the controversial topic of torture has become a significant ethical issue that has created much debate. On one side of this national issue are those who believe that torture is necessary and justifiable to safeguard the lives of innocent people.

Slavery began in the American colonies in 1619 with the arrival of about twenty black people in Jamestown, Virginia. By 1776, the slave population had reached 500,000 in the thirteen colonies (Johnson 14). The concept that "all men are created equal" seemed to have little bearing on the institution of slavery in the newly formed United States.

Hence, the trial ought to be factual and be morally legitimate. However, cases under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 are rather complex, since the prosecutor has to establish exclusive actus reus and mens rea. Furthermore, the crown has to demonstrate that the accused actually had knowledge of what was inside a bag, the container or box and whether the defendant knowingly possessed and controlled the package itself.

Earl Warren was the judge who delivered the judgment in Brown v. Board of Education. This case is considered to be the most important decision the Warren Court. Yet, according to Earl Warren himself, the most important case is Baker v. Carr. Baker v. Carr dealt with the question whether the political establishment had absolute powers to reapportionment.

The author states that since judges and juries do not share a common base of experience with an expert witness on the specialized matters being discussed in his testimony, they can have a difficult time evaluating the expert's reasoning and opinions. The accessibility of proffered claims can vary greatly depending on a number of factors.

Equity ought to be vitally ingrained in any legal system, the essential purposes of which is to secure justice, to promote the common good, and to provide for the certainty of law. The English legal system has recognized the significance of equity since the Middle Ages, as legal concepts based on equitable principles began to be developed.

In business terms, a contract is an agreement between a buyer and a seller to provide goods and services against some lawful consideration. Once two parties form a contract with each other; they are legally binding to each other to perform their legal obligations. Failure to do so would entail one party to the legal damages under the contract.

It is ironic that indirect contributions cannot raise a beneficial interest, but once a common intention is established, indirect contributions can determine the extent of the interest.2 The importance of 'legal status' in the law is clearly discriminatory and has been compounded by the Civil Partnership Act 2004.

If the provisions of the Directive are ambiguous or less precise, conditional and its implementation requires the action of the state, then the principle of indirect effect makes them effective. Secondly, the provisions of a Directive can be enforced against private parties indirectly.

However, most of the research focused on white-collar criminals within corporations; the academic study of crimes by corporations and business organisations or corporate criminology as it is referred to, remained largely under developed until the recent years.

 Gibson describes civil law as 'an action among persons (together real or legal, e.g. a company) regarding the enforcement of rights and the carrying out of pressure, by means of the meaning of compensate the upset party' and criminal law as 'the rules of common law and decree that make convinced actions by persons (real or legal) carrying a punishment of by the State'.

Many debates about discrimination are arguments over whether hidden qualification and merit considerations explain away differences that superficially look discriminatory. These debates can become impassioned. Other arguments explore why discrimination exists, if it does exist. There is legitimate disagreement about these issues as well.

Snodgrass Builders claim that the delay in delivery was caused by the bad winter weather hindering them from finishing the bungalows in due time. Snodgrass can put up the defense of force majeure. "Force majeure clauses seeks to excuse performance of parties where some intervening event which is outside the control of the contracting parties takes place.

Thomas Paine said: “[A] constitution is not the act of a government, but of a people constituting a government, and a government without a constitution is power without right….a constitution is a thing antecedent to a government; and a government is only the creature of a constitution”.

But in order to allow access to the back seat, Boyse said they wuld design the front seat to tip over to provide access to the back seat. Deal also asked that printed on both sides of the van would be: Boyse assured Del that the van would be ready on the 30th of March.

The labeling theory also believes that while an individual may commit one criminal act, his or her tendency to commit additional acts comes from society's label. This theory has been very popular in the last half century and has had an important impact on criminology in both positive and negative ways.

Germany’s action is to be examined in the light of EEC Council Regulation No 3911/92 concerning the export of cultural goods outside a member state. The present regulation makes it mandatory to take an export license for the cultural goods to be exported outside the customs territory of the community.

Each report of youth crime sends shock waves to each society as nations, parents, the church begin to question whether the moral values they are imparting to their citizens especially the children are defective or insufficient. Consciences are pricked whenever today's youths show increasing propensity for violence and criminal behaviour.

Natural law is used to criticize decisions about the statutes, but less so to criticize the law itself. In fact, the Natural law theories have exercised a profound influence on the development of English common law.

Article 308 provides that where there is no power for the council, it can act only on a decision by unanimous voting.1. As per Article 67 (1) there shall be unanimous decision in respect of any proposal during the transitional period of five years following the treaty of Amsterdam.

Any food business operator charged under the Section 8, 14 or 15 of the Food and Safety Act, 1990, who neither prepared the food product pertaining to which one is being indicted nor was responsible for importing it in the UK has to satisfy some basic credentials for resorting to the defence of due diligence (Food and Safety Act, 1990).

While the criminal laws are apparently neutral and the criminal justice system is explicitly based on the notion and promise of equality before law, the administration and enforcement of these laws are vitally and pervasively biased against minorities. According to the report the "massively and pervasively biased" treatment of blacks and Hispanics by the US police and courts is the major civil rights problem that America face in the twenty-first century.

The general rule applies where the agent's contract was authorised, either in advance, or after the fact by ratification; the position may be different where the agent has apparent but not actual authority. It would also be reasonable to conclude Andrew's act as the best available option, given his rights, to confirm the order even prior to receiving verbal or written confirmation from ADC.

As an initial matter, it is important to note that federal courts are limited in important ways.  First, they are limited geographically.  This means that there must be certain minimum contacts between a party or a defendant and a particular federal court in order for that federal court to have the power to decide the case. 

This distinct personality, by fiction of law, protects a corporation from the consequences of the individual acts of its members and stockholders. The principle had its beginnings in the Roman law and was officially adopted by English law in the early case of Salmon v The Hamborough Co (1671) 1 Ch Cas 2041.

This topic is also related to confessions which are also largely utilised as part of evidence and often raise the issues of the integrity of the defendant's basic human rights. Previously this area was dominated by the common law rules, following the rather inclusionary practice of admitting any kind of relevant evidence no matter where it was sourced from.

The Ethics Advisory Committee of the Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health has defined five categories in which the withholding or withdrawal of life sustaining medical treatment can be done.With holding or withdrawing does not even mean that the child will receive no care.

As with buying goods, the law has decided that the consumers need some extra protection from the sellers, i.e. the sellers should act with reasonable care and skill and in a reasonable time, for a reasonable charge. It is all very well to say that someone has a legal right, either under basic contract law, when someone fails to do what they say they are going to do, or under consumer protection legislation.