Psychology Essays

The groups that people belong to can significantly impact how other individuals perceive and treat them. According to Smith (2002, p.78), the natural tendency of individuals to form groups based on their common identity is one of the major factors that influence the formation of stereotypes and other forms of group biasness.

Stress causes heart attack, eczema and high blood pressure but that the connection is oftentimes behavioral. For example, stressed people usually take in more substances like alcohol and nicotine and sleepless. Stress causes a significant reduction in the B and T lymphocytes of the body, which is actually the body’s line of defense.

Twenty-seven participants were selected for the study, 13 of which were male and 14 female. Age demographics ranged from three years, eight months to 10 years, eleven months. All respondents in the study were outpatient releases from The Pediatric Rehabilitation Center of the University of Malaysia Medical Center in Malaysia.

According to gender theory, females and males move into the learning system with diverse sets of attitudes, beliefs and behaviors. These gendered attitudes, beliefs, values and behaviors are the consequence of the socialization process that the student went through during their childhood in accordance with the cultural standards of femininity and masculinity. 

Ezra Barany in the book The Torah Codes - Page 37 (2011) discusses how the children flocked given a toy and how the environment looked. The environment was all messed up with thongs and the point of concern in this was that the moral passed was on hygiene and children not to indulge themselves in promiscuity.

Point of purchase and decorations variables refer to all those factors located at the point of sale in a store which may influence customer’s purchases and loyalty to the store. They include point of purchase (POP) displays, pictures, price displays, wall decorations and permanent product displays (Areni & Kim 1994, pg71).

The research article clearly presents the inter-correlations, standard deviations and means, among other measures in a table. The article further indicates that all correlations examined during the study are significant, with some exceptions being the link between reported maternal warmth and teenage emotional regulation in the case of both male and female adolescents.

Contrasting the relations of children with their mothers and the relationship’s matriarchal values and relationships to fathers that are conditional on an individual’s success, feminist theory is able to show the conditional element of fatherly love and its rigid injection of economic values (Macdonald, 2011: p451).

According to experimental aesthetics, people use the attributes of stimuli to determine the meaning of artworks and intermediate stimulation or arousal will lead to the highest levels of happiness. Accordingly, individuals try to avoid high levels or lower levels of stimulation since they increase the uncertainty and lead to negative situations such as anxiety and fear. 

One of the most important Freud`s followers was Erik Erikson who managed to revise Freud`s theory of personality focusing his attention on the social environment and applying it to psychological development. In his 8-stage theory of development, he connected the progress with the specific struggle between two categories on each level of human life.

Inflammation affects depression through both lifestyle and brain functions. In terms of lifestyle, various lifestyles such as obesity, smoking, exercise and diet influence the amount of inflammatory cytokine in the body. For instance, uptake of a lot of fatty acids, sugar and cholesterol foods in the diet can lead to increased inflammatory cytokines which increase inflammation.

The past research hypothesis can assist clarify why the current research never supported the original hypothesis. Engen and Ross demonstrated prompt retention for smells was exceptionally poor. “This research experimentation required participants to quickly encode an odor in their memory and then relate this encoded odor with a word that was irregular.” (224)

Science of psychology equips a teacher with the necessary skills that will assist in achieving classroom motivation. The teacher ought to believe that he can provide motivation for students in the classroom. For this to happen, the teacher should believe that students want to be in his classroom every day.

Tourism is one of the major revenue sources for many governments. However, tourists always like to visit clean places. Smoking-related littering is common in many of the tourist places like beaches. The beauty of the beaches could be seriously damaged as a result of the accumulation of cigarette-related wastes.

Social movements have a way of fashioning the attitudes of members of the public(Gardner, 2006). In Nazi Germany, many Germans attended Nazi rallies, wore Nazi uniforms, demonstrated and exclaimed “Heil Hitler” even though they did not support the ideologies of Nazism(Gardner, 2006). There was a great disparity between beliefs and behaviour.

Music therapy program has been found to be effective in treating various problems that range from social, psychological, to biological disorders/disease. The rationale for each treatment provided through the therapy is basically the same, but there are significant differences. Other facilities would be required to make the center for music therapy completely successful. 

Psychologists have explained that in most of their work, they diagnose more women suffering from anxiety disorders, often twice compared to men. Research has also revealed that women are more likely to be inclined to negative emotions, self-criticisms and never-ending ruminations about problems and challenges of life.

The first encounter with individual acts as a predetermining of the nature of future interactions since the brain is very sensitive to code the most salient characteristics of the new people and the coded information in the memory forms the basic determinant of the nature of future interactions (Jowett 2007).

The early and middle adulthood is associated with high levels of depression in both men and women. Smith, Davidson, Christoffersen, & Herzog (2011) argue that depression, especially in an adult, could result in great suffering and further cause the victims to experience impaired functioning in their daily life.

Select the most suitable option. Create and develop a plan, which would be useful in your try to make the chosen option true. If you realize this chose is not a solution to the problem, don`t forget you have another variant to try. At this moment you return to the written list and chose another option, which seems useful.

Psychosocial issues have been of great importance in relation to a child such as ours. Psychosocial issues are the ones that relate to the mind in a psychological manner and thus directly link to this area of human development. Most of these issues involve the engagement of various job descriptions and locations in an effort to assist people with severe conditions.

Since the authority figure is often in direct contact with the subordinates, and the orders initiated by these authorities are of similar nature in routine affairs, these are rather internalized by the subordinates. Therefore, they start taking these extreme measures as a routine affair at a workplace.

As the disease progresses through the stages, different medical issues such as respiratory or skin infections can appear. These can be prevented when there is proper management of the patients. People with the disease often develop difficulties in eating due to complication in swallowing. This makes the people being advised about the use of feeding tubes.

Dreading crime can be measured through surveys that aim at identifying the level to which people in the society are afraid of being victims of crime. Through such surveys, it can be observed the level to which individuals and societies have to change their ways of lives as a result of being afraid of crime (Coston, 2004).

The practice of thought stoppers can condition the brain always to calm down every time one gets angry (Potegal, Stemmler & Spielberger, 2010). Christian Bale could use this constructively to prevent irritation from occurring. Cognitive reappraisal is another method of intervention, which involves changing the thought pattern that led to the anger scenario.

The way that an ethical adjustment advanced to advance survival and/or propagation in certain ways does not undermine its ethical authenticity. There's a key refinement here between nature's versatile capacity (which may be hereditarily self‐promoting) and an impulse's subjective inspiration (which may be truly charitable, empathic, and thoughtful).

A relative proportion of theories within this field focus upon development during childhood, because this is the period when an individual's lifespan undergoes drastic changes. The development of social skills is very crucial for children. Children tend to learn from the people around them. If the people around them have poor social skills, the child is likely to do the same.

Adulthood Stages by Erik Erikson deal with human development that encompasses the whole life span are seen as aspects that are likely to change albeit in the later stages of life. The propositions emphasized the potential for constructive change very late in life. Adulthood in many applications has socio-cultural implications and definitions.        

The introduction will cover the background of the subject while the literature review will appraise scholarly works by other authors. In the methodology, the study design, sampling methods, ethical considerations, data collection techniques, reliability, and internal and external validity aspects will be discussed. The paper will be concluded by critiquing the study through highlighting the limitations.

Crying is the means of communication until the infant learns to talk or move. I used to cry to draw attention when I was neglected. Certain actions like sucking the thumb start accidentally initially, but later these actions are intentionally repeated as the infant derives pleasure in doing so, says Piaget. Gradually reflexive actions start taking place.

All the psychology scholars discussed in this paper focused on human behavior as the nature of the work they pursued. This was a similarity across them. They tend to agree that psychology is the science of behavior that should be studied using observation and empirical methods. The scholars employed various strategies of study. 

There have been constant controversies about the sexual behavior of adolescent females. However, research evidence from a study conducted by Bowling (2000) suggests that young females who display ‘responsible sexual behaviors are more likely to have a father who is actively involved in the parenting process.

Comparing and contrasting the work of Ainsworth and Corsaro helps us develop a better understanding of children's behavior as an infant and as a young child. It is evident that the survival of an infant depends greatly on the care and love received from an adult, which makes the tendency to form attachments rather complex.

Maslow formulated some theories related to motivation. According to Maslow’s theory of motivation, human beings have needs that fall under different categories. Once the needs of one category are met, an individual starts working towards the fulfillment of other goals. The basic needs such as food and shelter are the major motivating factors for individuals to work.

I feel comfortable working in the health industry, especially in the mental health sector because I believe I am a good listener. These people need a lot of understanding and good listening. I am also a social person and have other qualities needed in the area of work. This has also been my area of passion.

Wolfman told Freud the dream he had at one point. In the dream, he was in his bed and suddenly the bed stood and faced the window which opened and he saw some wolves sited on the row of walnut trees. The wolves were white in colour and looked like they were about to eat him and so he screamed and his nurse came to the rescue.

The producers of cars in America were much focused on advanced cars. By 1924 Ford hit the market with the new Chevrolet, which was well-known for “a water-pump cooling system, an oil gauge on the dash, a reliable ignition system, a foot accelerator, and a gas tank in the rear for safety and convenience” (Easterbrook 1984, p. 26).

Labels or psychological diagnosis can increase stress and unhappiness. It would be patently illogical for these individuals with mental illnesses, including those with panic disorders to be burdened by such stress (Kobau, et.al., 2010). Mental health practitioners are also one of the first to accept the fact that they may not always get the diagnosis right.

Quantitative research measures the activities conducted by the humans and get to make evaluation later with the experiential study using examination rather than more biased forms of indication (Berry et al., 2009). The quantitative approach mostly deals with relationships and the connection between two and more variables (Weiner, 2003).

Schiffman and Kanuk (1994) assume that dissatisfaction is a strong motivator in Maslow’s model. Within Maslow’s model, the lower factors need to be satisfied in order to pursue the higher factors. As long as an individual is always motivated to satisfy the needs, they are moving towards growth and closer to self-actualization.

Various researches in the field of social psychology have revealed that ‘deindividuation’ does not always lead to aggressive behavior. Deindividuation theory says that a person loses the idea of social norms regarding aggressive behaviour when he is in a mob or crowd. This idea was proved wrong by a study conducted by Campbell.

A sample of SPs can be identified in the focal attention or LTM, through studies conducted by various scientists. Moreover, the studies examined crucial SPs in order to evaluate the differences that exist among the hypothesize nature and test that involve dissociation between the representation of hypothesized short-term memory and long-term memory.

Oxytocin effects in humans have been demonstrated by behavioural studies indicating increased trust after hormone administration. Oxytocin potently minimized amygdala activation and minimized coupling to brainstem regions linked to autonomic and behavioural manifestations of fear (Decety & Cacioppo, 2011).

Stress is the condition that results when feelings of uncertainty overwhelm an individual. The uncertainties that have the potential to overwhelm an individual often may emanate from different sources. Some people find some environmental factors quite unbearable, resulting in different levels of stress. Stress may result from political or technical sources.

The options for treatment are supposed to be discussed with the patient at length so that he or she can be able to make choices that are informed and considering the ambivalence that is contained in this disorder, efforts and engagements that are directed at motivational enhancement may be supportive in maximizing adherence to treatment (Gremillion, 2003).

The job of scientists (social psychologists in particular) is to discover the truth. Generating hypotheses collecting data and examining if data is consistent with the hypothesis is part of the research process. The objective is always to be accurate however, errors are a regular part of the process. A false positive is probably the most costly error in research.

The studies of mixed feelings induced by music also lack clarity. Gabrielson provides numerous examples of people's reflections about how different music influences their emotional state. However, they are not analyzed or properly organized. As far as music perception is a complex process, it cannot result in mere feelings of sadness or happiness.

The different studies carried out for deciding about the rationality of the consumers indicate that consumers make different decisions at different times at times. They may use objective reasoning sometimes while may appear to choose non-logical sort of decision-making. This is obvious from two different studies directed by Hsee.

Comfort causes a decreased frequency of this behavior. When people achieve what they targeted, they tend to relax a little. An overweight person, for example, after cutting off lots of unnecessary fats may cease going to the gym even with the knowledge that upon such laxity he or she is likely to regain that weight ten times as fast.

Mentally ill individuals may not have the capacity to fight off the yearning to consume drugs or alcohol. The abuse of these substances could further negatively affect their disorders. When any individual takes alcohol or drugs over an extended period of time, his or her decision-making capacities are negatively affected.