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Substance abuse encompasses the utilization of any stuff for changing the mood. It includes illicit drug use, solvents, anabolic steroids, or the use of impending addictive drugs which are normally not prescribed. Such drugs lead to serious implications on the health. One of the most choral amongst the recreational drugs is marijuana smoke.
According to the bio-psychosocial model, mental disorders can arise in a person due to psychological, genetic, or socio-cultural factors. A person with diathesis is vulnerable to mental disorders at the onset of the stress factor. Diathesis vulnerability can cause psychological disorders if the person is exposed to stressful circumstances.
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In The Lucifer Effect: How Good People Turn Evil, psychologist Philip Zimbardo shows compellingly that human beings bear, as a group, borderline personality disorder. The main argument of the book is somewhat evident: situational forces, in contrast to personal or dispositional aspects, are the root of many evil deeds.
When an individual can find a therapy on the Internet that meets their needs they are assured that their friends and family will not know unless they decide to tell them. The challenge is that there are some sites that are better than others and consumers can find it difficult to find a site where legitimate therapists can help.
In these regards, psychological research has advanced a number of varying concepts of learning. This essay considers the nature of learning and performance, and investigates major psychological understandings of learning. One of the important distinctions that have been made in the psychological investigation of learning is the dichotomy between learning and performance.
Behavioral constraints often pose depreciating levels of self motivation alongside aging in most professionals – and psychologists have explained reasons for most of such issues. John’s problem is a case of symptomatic changes in professional interest levels. As from the clinical point of view, every patient is a case which has to be seen through different angles for the remedial evaluation.
Even a small variation in hormone level can make big changes in the behavior of a person. Mood changes, inhibition of growth and immune systems, suppression, preparation of the body for mating and fighting, preparation of the body for puberty and parenting, etc. are some of the human behaviors in which hormones play their parts.
In addition, the scientists started looking to heavens in order to understand how the Earth was formed and what humanity’s place in the universe was. In each of these instances, there was either laboratory evidence or mathematical proof to provide the evidence necessary to support the theory.
Aaron Beck was able to create his style of therapy as a result of his experiences that he obtained not only from his education but also from the lifestyle in which he lived. As a result of his fundamental understanding of behavior and cognition, he was able to design a revolutionary style of therapy that incorporated the once two separate fields.
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Four monarchs of European history were labelled as mad because of their violence and eccentricities. Nevertheless, an in-depth investigation of their lives and their acts sought to reveal that they were simply mentally or physiologically ill, and hence did not deliberately commit their acts or showed their eccentricities without any reason.
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Anxiety can be defined as a set of psychological and physiological conditions which may arise in any individual because of disturbances in his normal brain functions. Anxiety Disorders have been largely noticed in adults as around 25% of the adults are considered to be suffering from this disorder.
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Stress is defined based on how the human body reacts to stimulus. These stimuli are better known as stressors. Stressors could be both real and imagined. Moreover, stressors can be acute and chronic and display their effects on the human body, respectively. The general adaptation syndrome model breaks down stress into three distinct phases.
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Pavlov was deeply interested in the digestive system, especially the process of digestion. The relationship between salivary secretion and psychic response that can be seen in animals forced Pavlov to learn more about stimulus and response. Within this context, Pavlov conducted a number of experiments and discovered the theory of Classical Conditioning.
The theory of social constructivism is proposed by Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky (1896- 1934), a Russian psychologist, who applied the Marxist social theory to individual psychology. This theory considers learning as a social and communicative process, whereby knowledge is shared and understandings are constructed, in culturally formed social settings.
In looking back on my coursework for this class and others I have taken, it seems that there are so many things and ideas that will stick with me. When I came into the program, I was not totally sure that counseling was exactly the fit for me. Since that first class, I have learned that there are so many aspects of counseling that can be rewarding.
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Learning occurs throughout our entire life. There are many ways in which learning can occur. It can occur through social learning theory where a person observes a certain set of conditions and mimics them either due to their reward/punishment. The behaviorists came up with classical conditioning and operant conditioning of learning.
Workplace Motivation. Motivation is a theoretical hypothesis that is neither seen nor touched. Observation and measurement of motivational levels are through effects and byproducts (Jex, 2002). Behavior in the workplace helps with the determination of factors that need change.
Human Behaviour and its Conditions Societies form a major part of the human race because since times immemorial, no man has been able to survive completely on his own. Every human being requires the company of another in order to share and discuss information and resources with because not every man has all the knowledge in the world.
People have diverse needs which are manifested in many forms. Abraham H. Maslow has placed human needs in a hierarchy of relative prepotency as revealed in the Deeper Mind website (Deeper Mind). He identified five specific and distinct needs classified as: physiological needs (food, sleep, stimulation, activity); safety and security needs (protection from harm); love and belongingness needs (love, friendship, comradeship); esteem needs (self-respect, personal worth and autonomy); and self-actualization needs (achieving full potential) (Deeper Mind 1).
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Gaston, South Carolina, “5-month-old Joshua Dial was shaken by his mother’s boyfriend in a manner so violent that the baby immediately lost consciousness and suffered severe brain trauma,”. A Federal study indicates that a case such as this is just one of many of abuse in the New American lifestyle.
Three of the seven major perspectives in psychology are behavioral, psychodynamic, and humanistic perspectives. The behavioral perspective emphasizes observable behavior and its role in learning. The behavioral perspective uses the systematic approach of applying learning principles that are grounded in the behaviorist tradition of Watson and Skinner.
The above focuses of subjective well-being on money, marriage, and health have certain challenges. The considerations do not provide solutions to the psychological problems that are encountered in society. While SWB approach claims that happiness in life can be attained even if one lacks material wealth.
The social role of the therapist includes the assumption that the psychologist acts only in the best interests of the patient and as a mediator to normalcy or consensual reality for the mentally ill. Nevertheless, schools of psychology practically include ontological assumptions about the nature of being and existence into their theories as bias.
Confidentiality is an important aspect of marital and family counseling. More often, secrets or information revealed in confidence is shared by participants in family and marriage counseling and/or therapy with psychotherapists or therapists. Individuals in the therapy have rights to information but the therapists are given information by participants in therapy in confidence.
Animal research has established that compulsive sexual behavior arises from the same transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms that mediate drug addiction in laboratory animals; however, as of 2023, sexual addiction is not a clinical diagnosis in either the DSM or ICD medical classifications of diseases and medical disorders.
Porn addiction refers to an emotional dependence on pornography that interferes with daily life, relationships, and the ability to function. A person may become dissatisfied with their own sex life or engage in risky behaviors, such as using porn at work. This type of addiction may be quite common.
For all of these theories, however, there is a connection between learning language and using our cognitive skills and comprehension. We surely cannot learn how to speak properly without first comprehending what we need to do to ensure we are successful. Children using communicative routines with their caregivers, those using fast mapping, or imitation strategies, and those with someone willing to do topic collaborating with them are all using special cognitive skills and/or comprehension of the task in order to get their language skills up and running.
I know that in the hustle and bustle of everyday life, several things make people go out of their minds several times a day. But if one remains patient and deals with others with love, love blows away agitation from them and regulates their temperament. Thus, it is important to be patient in everyday dealing.
Subjective well-being or SWB is a term that falls under the category of hedonistic tradition. It evolved in psychology during the latter part of the twentieth century. Until the evolution of SWB, psychologists were more interested in learning more about the negative emotional states such as depression and anxiety.
The ideals, values, norms, and concepts concerning society have been perpetually evolving, changing, and being redefined to suit the mindsets and lifestyles of the members of society (Hetherington, 2009). Although this process has always been undergoing in one way or another, in recent years, especially since the late 1800s.
Drive theory basically revolves around the assumption that all living organisms are created with certain psychological desires. The theory relates motivation, to the level of satisfaction of these psychological desires. Whenever some of these desires are left unachieved, according to the theory, one goes into a state of negative tension.
The biological aspect of psychology that deals with the study of the neurological processes and impulses which forms the basis of thinking and cognitive functioning within a human being is one of the most fundamental studies in this field as it includes most of the asepcts mentioned above.
The birthday is cake is a quasi-universal symbol of the birthday celebration. In many circumstances, a birthday celebration is not complete without a birthday cake, however; we all objectively know that it is possible. But growing up, we had been conditioned to believe that a birthday cake is synonymous with having a birthday.
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Divorce rates have increased considerably in the United States over the past four decades. Currently, about half of all first marriages in the United States end in divorce. Because approximately 60% of divorces occur in families with children, over one million children experience the divorce of their parents each year in the United States.
Each of these methods is distinct and can be categorized as either a formal or informal assessment (Rasheed, 2010). For example, interviews are normally personal interactions between an evaluator and family member that may not follow a set protocol and are generally driven by the current scenario affecting the family.
Teenagers take up drinking because of many sociological and psychological factors. These include drinking peer groups, dysfunctional family life, psychological stress, and lack of bonding with society, lack of parental supervision, availability of alcohol, and media messages projecting only the short-term positive consequences of alcohol.
Sigmund Freud is one of the leading figures in the field of psychology largely due to his contribution to this field. Based in Vienna, Austria, he developed one of the most important theories of psychology which completely redefined the way psychology is now practiced. His early life was troubled by poverty and relocation from his birthplace however; this event seems to have had a greater impact on his life.
Evidence-based practice (EBP), as part of the scientist-practitioner approach, utilizes evidence in making clinical decisions about a case. Chen, Kakkad & Balzano describes EBP as concerned with promoting effective practice through integrating the best available research evidence with clinical expertise in the context of client characteristics.
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There are symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa. First, there is a speedy decline in the patient’s weight. Second, soft fine hair crops up on the patient’s face and other parts of the body. Third, there is a strong craving for calories as well as fatty foods. Fourth, the patient sticks to a rigid diet regimen even though they are thin in appearance.
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Eating disorders are major psychological conditions that mostly affect young adults and teenagers, especially teenage girls. Although there may be several types of eating disorders, the major ones include Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Binge eating disorder. These disorders occur due to a mix of several factors including personal, familial and cultural aspects.
Frustration-aggression hypothesis, social learning theory drive theory of aggression and general aggression model has also been included in the present study. The paper also examines the impact of socialization on the aggressive behavior of the people.
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The paper is also interested in respect of evaluating the theories presented by this distinguished psychiatrist, which have obtained worldwide acknowledgment and appreciation in the disciplines of psychology, social psychology, and psychoanalysis.
While doing this experiment, Miller discussed the information theory. The experiment wanted to measure the amount of information transmitted if the amount of input information is increased. Millers and his group expected that as they increase the amount of information they input, the observer will make more and more errors.
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For the investigator engaged in such analysis; it is also necessary to filter out, as much as possible, artefacts of the testing itself - knowledge that a psychological test is occurring, and a conscious desire on the part of the participants to impact the results for perceived personal advantage; or in response to personal feelings.
The erogenous parts established by Freud are the mouth, anus and genital area. Freud stated that a child has to resolve the conflicts that occur at each stage to develop a normal personality. This paper briefly discusses these five psychosexual stages. Oral stage: (0-2 years) During this initial stage, Freud explains that the child focuses on what goes in its mouth, and thus gets pleasure in sucking its mother’s breasts and other things that get into his mouth such as milk and accepted food.
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What is intelligence? A normal person will definitely answer it as the ability to think and understand things. Intelligence is the capacity of the person to understand situations, solve and answer problems, ability to read and write and comprehend ideas. Students sometimes regard intelligence as one of the vital or major determinants of success.
Observations by March Dimes Foundation indicate that the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Genetics has exclusively found that Down syndrome is caused by the existence of an extra substance of chromosome 21. Every human being has 23 chromosome pairs meaning that the total amount contained is normally 46.
They found that people who fell into the Type A category were more likely than the other group to suffer from heart–related conditions; as well as other debilitating conditions. This was again established by the ten-year study by Friedman and Rosenman (1974); and treatment, as well as preventive care for the Type A patients, was explored by Friedman over the years.
Language is one of the most important aspects of human life. It is through ‘language’ that human beings can communicate with each other. Not only that, but human beings cannot even ‘think’ without language, as it is the language that gives meaning and content to their thoughts. Language is also an essential aspect of society.
In our daily routine, we see instances where children tend to follow the stereotypes being created in the society for their genders. The observation is that boys are fonder of playing with toys which are mainly or involve physical activity like boxing gloves, cricket tools, footballs, cars, guns, planes and so on.