Developing Practical Simulator Training System - Essay Example

practical simulator training system Content 1. INTRODUCTION 2. HARDWARE NEEDED A. FlightGear B. JSBSim C. Autopilot Architecture D. Flight Simulator Controller 3. Student entry level and the identified training required 4. How it will be accredited, against what standard 5. What I will model and why 6. How it will be used & its application Sound generation Human factors measurements Modular Cockpit Hardware-in-the-Loop Visual System Motion and G-cueing Desktop version Aviator 7. Effectiveness for Aviation simulation 8. References 9. In Text References INTRODUCTION: Nowadays we see simulation is a multi-million dollar industry and have fabulous applications. Flight simulation’s practical use, required a huge training and detailed analysis. Few years ago it was possible to buy a voluminous graphics workstation at very high cost about $ 100,000 or more. But due to the enhancement in technology it is possible to buy graphics workstations for less than 10% of that amount with same qualities and small enough in to fit somewhere on your desktop1. Simulation is use for in training now days. Now we entered the new century in the history of simulation is about seventy years. Now we take an abrupt of the history of Flight Simulation.. HARDWARE NEEDED2 Before a detailed description of the simulation environment is presented, it is necessary to provide an overview of several of the components or hardware related to the simulation A. FlightGear FlightGear is an open-source flight simulator maintained by Curt Olson and distributed via the World Wide Web. FlightGear’s goal is “to create a sophisticated flight simulator framework for utilize in research or academic environments, for the development and search of other interesting flight simulation thoughts”. Anyone interested in flight simulators can use FlightGear and make a payment to its continued development. FlightGear’s sophistication combined with its open nature makes it a natural fit in the academic and research atmosphere. FlightGear provides a massive amount of features including: High Degree of Freedom: FlightGear is open-source. Full source code is available and can be modified by researchers to their specific requirements. Cross Platform: FlightGear runs on many different operating systems together with Microsoft WindowsTM and LinuxTM. Multiple Flight Dynamics Models: Three primary flight dynamics models (FDMs), JSBSim, yasim, and LarcSIM, are available allowing researchers to select one of them that best suits their needs. If none of the available models fulfill their needs, FlightGear can interface with an external model. Extensibility: FlightGear can run a simple simulation on a single laptop or drive a sophisticated, realistic, immersive, multi-screen simulation. Network Access: An extensive range of external interfaces are accessible. For example, interior properties can be recovered and set using a simple telnet interface. B. JSBSim JSBSim8 is an open-source FDM maintained by Jon Berndt and distributed via the World Wide Web. JSBSim is one of three FDMs used within FlightGear and the FDM chosen for this simulation. Aerodynamic forces and moment using as classic property buildup method for JSBSim model method. Some key features include: 1. Flight Control System with arrangement in particular form, aerodynamic, impelling influence (propulsion), arrangement of landing gear etc. 2. The Equation of Motion is affected by the earth rotation (The modeled of Coriolis and Centrifugal acceleration) 3. The data output configuration and its format on screen, its socket and file use by the system. C. Autopilot Architecture The 1st generation flight unit, shown in Fig. 1, is 3 in x 3.5 in x 6.5 in, weighs approximately 2 lbs and installs on the aircraft. A ground control station (GCS), gets aircraft state data from and uploads commands to the flight unit through a 900MHz R/F transceiver. The system allows a human pilot the capability to fly the aircraft remotely through the GCS. The flight unit contains an R/F transceiver. The R/F transceiver provides uplink/downlink capabilities to the GCS. The embedded processor is a 100MHz system-on-chip processor running Linux. Interfaces to the embedded processor include Ethernet, USB, and RS232 serial ports. The sensor board holds a programmable interrupt controller (PIC) for managing communications between the embedded processor and the sensors: accelerometer, gyros, global position system (GPS), and pressure transducers. The PIC is capable of generating eight pulse width modulation (PWM) signals for driving standard R/C COTS servos. The embedded processor communicates with the R/F transceiver and sensor board using RS232 serial ports. The ground control station is composed of an R/F transceiver, a COTS R/C transmitter, and a COTS laptop. The COTS R/C transmitter provides the interface for RPV flight. The R/F transceiver provides uplink/downlink capabilities to the flight unit. The laptop manages communications between the R/C transmitter and R/F transceiver, provides a display for telemetry, and an input medium for sending commands to the flight unit. The laptop communicates with the R/F transceiver and the R/C transmitter using RS232 serial links. An adapter module converts the PWM output of the R/C transmitter training port to RS232. Figure 2 details the hardware architecture of the AAM. Flight Simulator Controller3 If we want to convert a Futaba Conquest 4NBF or a 4NBL Attack transmitter in to PC compatible controller, it explains ahead. FSC will work with any flight simulator that uses a joystick. The FSC uses 500 K Ohm or 1 meg-ohm pots. The FSC is used on with any software which is supports a standard PC compatible joystick. No additional supply sources are required for it. The 4NBF case, it sells by the hobby supplier without crystal, battery and antenna for using buddy box. The old transmitter is also used by many people. It noted that it’s an interminable or never ending modification, before make it conversion. It has not been proven but its conversion may be work on other transmitter. The FCS used on computer is must have a game port that has provision for two sticks on one port connector which the simulation run. In older computer have two separate jacks, individual for each stick and there are some multifunction cards and game ports on sound only support only one stick period. The speed adjustable port likes as the CH products Game Port III, there’s an idea for them its work more correctly and permit to change setting the port for the speed of the PC. If you want parts on their place you should need a clean and neat place for work surface, it’s a necessary. And requirement for tools are in volt-ohm meter (VOM) or continuity tester. Very low power soldering gun or we can use a soldering iron, a Dremel tool with cutting wheel and fine grit sand paper. On the place of Dremel tool a hacksaw and metal file may be used. But it need more work for required to achieve desire outer shape. Some other basic parts required are for resistance each of them is 500 K Ohm (500,000 Ohms), a line paper potentiometer (pots), and can of contact or tuner clean spray (not WD-40 or any other lubricant), heat shrink tubing or a roll of electrical tape and some light grease. If audio taper pots will not work than we use Linear taper pots are required for the relevance. For effortlessness congregation, the preeminent pots to use are 5/8” diameter, which can be easily find on many electronics supply stores. Radio Shack pots (pots number 271-211) are most frequently available these are 1 Mega-Ohm pots and it needs some modification of the case. You advisable to get five or six pots in case having error in cutting the shafts. Finally requirement 8 conductor cables and a 15 pin male connector will be required. IF joystick is to be used a momentary contact switch will be necessary with the flight simulator or game which is used a fore button. If the controller is to be used with Microsoft Flight, 500 K Ohm pots must be used include maneouvers that a military aircraft simulator is expected to provide. At this instant in time, there is no known equivalent to the IATA document that attempts to cover the data requirements of military aircraft. Student entry level and the identified training required4 The Data Management process used for the simulator Project represents an approach that is designed for an aircraft that has been in service with the ADF for a significant amount of time. The process relies heavily on ADF expertise in the aircraft itself, the way the aircraft is operated and the training needs. It also relies on the availability of ADF personnel with the above expertise for significant periods of time. For situations where the ADF does not contain this level of knowledge or resource availability, alternative sources of expertise must be created. Where new platforms are being acquired, the data clearly needs to come from the platform provider and associated equipment providers. Where this is case sufficient provisions need to be popped in the platform acquisition contract to ensure the prime will make the essential data available. It is complicated to describe a general model for the data management process that will address all possible situations. It is possible, however to propose guidelines that can be used to aid. The authors would like to propose the following: 1. The different roles, responsibilities and expertise of the aircraft operator, platform design authority1 and simulator manufacturer need to be recognized and clearly described. 2. The aircraft operator’s role should be to define, in conjunction with the design authority, the aircraft baseline that the simulator is to be designed to, and to define the training tasks for which the simulator is to be used. This information should be used to create a clear specification of the level of fidelity required to meet the training needs. 3. The simulator manufacturer should identify the data that is needed to achieve the defined level of fidelity. 4. For an in service aircraft, the aircraft operator should define the data that best reflects the behavior of the aircraft to be simulated. 5. Acquisition of data must be a joint effort between the simulator manufacturer and the aircraft operator. 6. The aircraft operator, in conjunction with the Accreditation Authority2, should also be responsible for approval of data that is to be used for qualification (validation data). How it will be accredited, against what standard5 Simulation industry is useful due to the efforts of a relatively small number of airlines to establish common standards for flight simulation, which proposes the need of training credits by regulatory authorities for use of a flight simulator for the training and licensing of aircrew. Cost efficiency should also be a feature of training system. Right use of aircraft training eliminates or minimize the accidents and failures. In the beginning there were no standards and each simulator manufacturer proposed what they believed was desirable for the airline’s training needs and it would be no exaggeration to say that no two simulators from the same manufacturer, representing the same aircraft, felt the same from a pilot handling perspective. To deal with difficulty in maintaining some standard or other which had never been defined as most of these devices were accepted based purely on subjective assessment by one or two of the airline’s pilots, airlines bought flight simulator. In early 1970’s there were only small numbers of world airlines which were the part of IAFSTA6 (international airline flight simulator technical association). Several meetings were held for open discussion on problems which they were experiencing with both flight simulators and their respective manufacturers. Some of the simulator manufacturers of the day did not react very well to this public criticism and law suites were threatened. The airlines re-grouped and after further discussion accepted an invitation from IATA (International Air Transport Association) to form a Technical Committee. Now the IATA FSTSC was ready for task of developing standards both for simulation as well as data from the airframe and avionics suppliers. Incorporation of simulation functions in aircraft avionics avoids the problems known as “locks and freezes” which affected these devices when used in the flight simulator. Flight simulator system must be credited with the foresight for establishing a program to encourage the industry for improvements International standards have now been agreed for flight simulators and a multi-million dollar simulation industry exists thanks to many individuals who believed in simulation. What I will model and why The importance of training has been recognized on the basis of following discussion. According to a mythical story, it was dangerous to flying too high because the heat of the sun would melt the glue used to hold together the feathers of the wings. Before adequate training and becoming more acquainted with the controls and performance of the flying machine may cause danger on flying too high. Enabling rudder control to be practice student would attempt rolling, that a low power machine would be driven along the ground for practice. Than the student developed a higher powered machine short hops for using elevator control after longer hops eventually achieve flight. A variation of this method known as the “penguin system''. If you want to other devices tried to do as same thing, especially for testing new aircraft prototypes, by using aircraft supported by balloons and gallantries or railway bogies. In accordance to this, first proposals for truly ground-based trainers which are effect aircraft tether to the ground, but it capable of responding aerodynamic forces. The invention of a device which will enable the novice to get a clear concept of working of an aero plane and conditions for no risk. Several have already been tested. This device constructed through the actual aircraft components. And become an aircraft mounted on a universal joint in an exposed position. It’s also facing the prevailing wind. But due to the unreliable and irregular nature of air, they proved not be successful. It is very interesting to reflect on this irregular and unreliable nature of the wind which some sixty years later drove the requirement for increased fidelity so that complete crosswind training could be successfully carried out in the present flight simulator. First flight training device which was purely synthetic consist two half section of a barrel, mounted and moved manually so as to represent the pitch and roll of an aircraft. The future pilot on the top position or top section of this device and reference bar which is required to line up by them with the horizon. Training is necessary for large amount of aviator to encouraged the development of the new discipline and simulation in aviation psychology and test were introduced for pilot section. Than many device and instrument were invented aids in the assessment of the aptitude of potential airman. Measurement of reaction in correcting disturbance a new device was introduced. These device posses a rocking fuselage suited with controls and an electrical recording device with the response of the student being recorded to titling. The replacement of human operators in Antoinette type machine is the important step for the flight trainer, with mechanical or electrical actuators linked to the trainer controls. To rotate the trainee pilot’s fuselage in to an attitude corresponding to that of the real aircraft in response to its control inputs, is the main cause of using this devices. Provisions were made for trainers to introduce the disturbance in accordance to simulate the effect of rough air and to present control problems to the student. If we want to consist of pivoted dummy fuselage with pitch we use this technique. Rolling and yaw motions produced by the compressed air motors which introduced variation of response and feeling simulated speed with the help of this technique. The basic idea of visual presentation and noise were also described. To produce tilting of the fuselage in a version used air flow from an attached propeller for response to balancing flaps and rudder. An electrically driven suction pump is mounted in the fixed base fed the various control valves operated by the sticks and rudder. While suction pump produce a repeated sequence of attitude disturbances. Until the correct result was obtained this performance was adjusted and repeated using the trial and error by the designer. HoweverBut this simulation is able to give enough accurate results for flight simulation and very useful trainers. How it will be used & its application To use a simulator following requirements should be fulfilled. In generally, three types of user used this: • the end user, • the application programmer, • the framework provider. Controlling runtime parameter, this simulation program is operates by end user. There are kind of interfaces with this program such as graphical interface, an interactive command line interface, or the macro-based system for batch. The basic knowledge and information desire by the end user that how to control program flow, but it’s not necessary have to know object-oriented programming or C++7. For any simulation chore the application programmer is necessary. Huge and hard knowledge of C++ is mandatory for applying code in user action classes identify, at a lowest, the detector explanation, the significant particles and physics process and the initial events kinematics. A user guide as a guidebook of application programmer is “For Application Developers. Using customary machinery of Geant48” If we want to add interfaces to external tools for e.g. To Computer Aided Design (CAD) programs, Object-Oriented Data Base Management System (ODBMS) and graphics system by the help of framework provider. This feature is use for developing new classes, overloading standard geant4 functionality and rigid knowledge of object-oriented Programming. The user guide for framework provider is known as “For Toolkit Developer” 9 Different applications operational & human factors cockpit evaluation distributed mission training research training technology research mission rehearsal avionics integration research rapid prototyping of new cockpit concepts embedded training testbed experimental PVI (Pilot Vehicle Interaction) devices Some other application are Sound generation10 A sound generation of simulation system is used for creating cockpit-sampled like as aerodynamic, engine, missile and gun-firing effect. It’s a digital sound simulation. A research and development department is working for new sound libraries, e.g. three-dimensional sounds. Human factors measurements11 measuring variable like as heartbeat, respiration rate, blood pressure, EEG, and eye point of gaze, pupil size and blink rate instrument and fitting in both simulator and mockup permit. A device for dada analysis known as HEART( Human factors Evaluation data Analysis and Reduction Technique ) allow the psychological measurement to be correlated with recording off for example stick input and aircraft response. Modular Cockpit12 The modular cockpit of F-16 MLU can be networked together with a variety of desktop pilot station in a practical threat environment depending on a research necessity; GFORCE is recently made up with a modifiable. Flight simulator of GFORCE can be renovated by combining various modules including hardware-in-the loop. If we want to enable various fighters to be simulated, the cockpit changed, it can be personalized by inserting a modified and developed pedestal that accepts center sticks as a primary control pilot. Hardware-in-the-Loop13 There’s another flight simulated border system (FSIS) based on fiber optics connects the PC and hardware in system in a circle via SCRAMNet. Integration of real flight hardware can be achieved through the FSIS Cockpit Avionic Node Proficient of connecting system with military bus system MIL-STD-1553B or even the civil bus system ARINC-429, whilst common digital and analogue interfaces are applicable as well. Visual System14 Three channels are obtained from an Evans & Sutherland ESIG-3000 computer image generation system, one for sensor display like as IR and radar and others two for the out of the window scene. Within a 17-ft dome a head-tracked Vistaview Projection system is mounted. The system is mounted on 6-DoF (Degree of Freedom) hydraulic motion platform. It gives a possible Field of Regard (FOR) of nearly 360A. Motion and G-cueing15 The synergetic 6-DoF motion platform specially prepared by the Hydra Dyne characterized be a high bandwidth (45 Degrees phase lag at 4 Hertz) and movements of A+-29A in pitch, A+-30A in roll, A+-41A in yaw, total 2.1 m heave, A+-1.4 m sway and +1.7/1.3 m surge. To make s this system well For helicopter and fighter application use the high frequency response. Desktop version Aviator16 A military desktop simulator Aviator is on hand on a PC, with the same software which functions as the GFORCE flight simulator. Although this set up is mainly applicable for rapid prototyping at some stage in the development of an experiment arrangement. It can also be applied to realistically simulate flights of red/blue forces and/or visualization. Effectiveness for Aviation simulation Before some time, simulation has been used to estimate the output of construction operations and has proven to be an effective tool or planning construction processes. However, simulation is a difficult tool to use, as the output of a simulation model will be inaccurate if the input is unrepresentative of the environment. When probability distributions are the input to simulation models, their characteristics can be estimated. The simplification of simulation modeling may increase the industrial uses of simulation as an effective estimation tool of stochastic construction operations. We have desire to build a useful tool that will help both us and the simulation industry. The flight simulation tools developed are low-cost, utilizing a single personal computer platform. Software-in the-loop (cross compiling embedded software on test hardware) permits for software testing without access to flight hardware and Hardware-in-the-loop capabilities are utilized where there is a high benefit for minimal effort. It was very important to have simulation tools that are portable and usable at flight testing site. Although the marginal cost of additional flight testing of a low cost UAV17 is small, simulation tools remain essential to keeping the amount of flight testing and risk manageable. Our expectation is that the emendation of content and architecture truly leads to improved specifications and that the added Guide Specification Toolkit features serve to facilitate the tailoring process. I hope that making this Guide Specification easy to use will enhance its application, and lead to greater standardization in specification format and language. The mentioned process has demonstrated how one can specify the motion cueing algorithm and geometry of a flight simulator motion-base in an objective way. The general motion perception model must be developed further before it can be applied to this type of analysis. Subsequently, with perception model, the full use of the analysis will make it possible to determine the parameters of the high pass linear motion filter as well. By using a representative se of flight files, the required motion system space representative for the intended simulator operation can be obtained before the motion system is designed. A feedback the results of the design in to analysis can be used to fine-tune the final washout algorithm and motion system. In real, design exercise, this feedback must consider the procurement and exploitation cost of the system, and the general consequences for the design of the simulation facility. This process permits the designer to get the most suitable washout characteristics within the capabilities of the mechanical hardware. Cost benefit studies can then be carried out to yield the BEST solution for the end user customer. Our document is intended to provide definitions on interim and provisional status FSTD qualifications and explains the causes behind limiting FSTD qualifications in such a manner. Since the qualification of FSTD of new aircraft types is not a routine matter, the above procedures have been drafted to include some flexibility due to the inevitable special cases that typically appear. Many people thinking wrong and have denounced that computer based flight simulator training poor training system device for learning the concepts involved with the visual flight rule which are introduce in pilot training, mainly because it cause students to stare more at their instrument than out the cockpit window. Its important thing of looking out the cockpit window cannot be overstressed, especially when visual metrological condition exist, flight by flight by reference to instruments (through flight simulation) is an invaluable asset during both private and commercial pilot training. All students pilot could use an introduction its flight simulation, that’s all. What they learn in the real world is a supplementary. In the world of flight simulation is quickly advances unprecedented quality of realism are being achieved and positive potential for supplemental flight training needs to be recognized. Furthermore, since the flight simulator software can probably considered to be the most advanced modeling systems would be an interesting are for research. The architecture is good enough to fulfill the initial requirements, but because of the complexity of the problem all requirements may not have been discovered. I think speed is mainly depending on how efficient the databases are implemented. Our simulator is very cost-effective flight simulator that can do more than other comparable flight simulators. The most important feature of our simulator is its flexibility and user friendliness. It can be used for many purposes other than pure entertainment or Computer Based Training. It is mainly used for avionics display software development, incident/accident analysis and flight simulation. References Howard Sullivan, Copyright 1998 – 2001, www.webpages.charter.net/rcfu/ConstGuide/docs/FSC.pdf, October 3 2007 Edward A. Martin Ph.D and Training Systems Branch, A HYPERTEXT TOOL TO SUPPORT DEVELOPMENT OF FLIGHT SIMULATOR SPECIFICATIONS www.virtualsimulation.com/reports/iitesc_paper.pdf October 3 2007 Eric F. Sorton* and Sonny Hammaker, Simulated Flight Testing of an Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Using FlightGear www.isr.us/pdfs/publishedpapers/Simulated%20Flight%20Testing%20of%20a%20UAV%20Using%20FlightGear.pdf October 3 2007 Ray L. Page R.L. Page and Associates, Brief History of Flight Simulation www.siaa.asn.au/get/2395364797.pdf Sep 23 2007 J. Groeneweg, AIRSIM, a desktop research flight simulator, www.nlr.nl/documents/flyers/f115-03.pdf Sep 21 2007 Paul A. Soukup & Barry T. Sullivan, The NASA 747-400 flight simulator - A national resource for aviation safety Research, www.ffc.arc.nasa.gov/library_docs/tech_papers/AIAA%201996/Sullivan/1996_3517.pdf Sep 23 2007 Karl-Erik Sjöquist, Design of a flight simulator software architecture, April 2002, www.simdesign.nl/pubs/integrated_design_of_flight_simulator_motion_cueing_system.pdf Sep 21 2007 Ruud Hosman, Sunjoo Advani Integrated design of flight simulator motion cueing system, www.simdesign.nl/pubs/integrated_design_of_flight_simulator_motion_cueing_system.pdf Sep 21 2007 In Text References 1 J. Groeneweg. “AIRSIM, a desktop research flight simulator” National Aerospace Laboratory NLR 12 Oct 1998: 5. 21 Sep 2007. www.nlr.nl/documents/flyers/f115-03.pdf 2, 17 Eric F. Sorton and Sonny Hammaker. “Simulated Flight Testing of an Autonomous UnmannedAerial Vehicle Using Flight Gear” Institute for Scientific Research, Inc., Fairmont, West Virginia, 3 Oct 2007 www.isr.us/pdfs/publishedpapers/Simulated%20Flight%20Testing%20of%20a%20UAV%20Using%20FlightGear.pdf 3 Howard Sullivan. “ Flight Simulator Controller” 1998-2001. 3 Oct 2007. www.webpages.charter.net/rcfu/ConstGuide/docs/FSC.pdf 4 Philip Swadling, Paul Hill “Flight Simulator Data Management-An Update Form The Front”. Thales Training & simulation Pty Limited 5 Edward A. Martin, John F Lethert. “A HYPER TEXT TOOL TO SUPPROT DEVELOPMENT OF FLIGHT SIMULATOR SPECIFICATIONS”. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base 3 Oct 2007 www.virtualsimulation.com/reports/iitesc_paper.pdf 6 Ray L.Page. “Brief History of Flight Simulation”. QANTAS SIMULATION SERVICES. 6-7. 3 Oct 2007 7, 8, 9 Introduction to Geant4. By Geant4 Collaboration. Version: Geant4 9.0. 29 June, 2007 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 National Aerospace Laboratory NLR. GFORCE Research light Simulator Generic Flighter Operations Research Cockpit Environment. April 2004. 03 Oct 2007 Read More