The Incorporation of Immigrants in Growing Urban Areas in Saudi Arabia - Annotated Bibliography Example

The Incorporation of Immigrants in Growing Urban Areas in Saudi Arabia The World Fact Book. 10 April Middle East. Saudi Arabia. Available at https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html (last accessed 8 May 2011). By design this source is meant to give not just detailed but also up to date information about countries. It covers major areas such as economy, population and religion. This aids in giving a comprehensive and conclusive argument. The website gives a statistical data on counties including Saudi Arabia; it states the population of both the natives and immigrants rating immigrants to an estimate of about 31 percent. It also shows the dominant religion as Islam to be up to 80 percent. It also notes the qualifications for citizenship that is based on religion with Muslims as the only recognized citizens by the government (Saudi Arabia). VisaPro 2014. Do immigrants in the USA have any rights? Available at http://www.visapro.com/Immigration-Articles/?a=1505&z=46 (last accessed 8 May 2011). The organization is among the leading immigration law firms in the USA. The article provides detailed information on the rights of an immigrant in the USA. This information is useful in comparing and contrasting what happens in Saudi Arabia and hints at how Saudi Arabia may integrate immigrants physically and culturally. This popular website lists down a number of rights that are related to immigrants such as, entitlement to pay for full time work and overtime for every extra hours taken, this is regardless of the employees legal status. Other rights listed by this website include upholding o fair treatment at work without detention against someone’s will, no confiscation of documents as the employee retains the right to keep their documents and even right to refuse unlawful search and arrest that is without warrant signedby a judge. This website is relevant as it aids in comparing immigrant status between the two countries (Immigrant rights in USA). World Population Statistics. 2013.Countries. Saudi Arabia Population 2013. 6 December. Available at http://www.worldpopulationstatistics.com/saudi-arabia-population-2013/ (last accessed 8 May 2011). This website is designed to give detailed statistical information of countries and cities. It gives the population of Saudi Arabia in a clearly and provides up to date information. It also details the percentage of immigrants in the land. This popular website estimates immigrant population in Saudi Arabia to be about 31 percent of the total population with a migration rate of 0.59 for every 1000 people. It lists countries with highest immigrant in Saudi Arabia to be India, Pakistan and Egypt respectively. Quoted in the article is the significant decline of Yemenis in the country as about 800 thousand were thrown out of the country. Exposed also is that certain nationalities are forbidden from entering the country these include Palestinians and Israelites (population of foreigners in Saudi Arabia). By Rita J. Simon, James P. Lynch. 2004. Immigration the World Over: Statutes, Policies, and Practices. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Both Simon and Lynch are professors at the Department of Justice and society at the American University. The book gives an insight into immigration in the world. The authors focus on the policies and regulations that apply to different countries. The source goes further to discuss how immigration policies, laws, and procedures and the immigrants themselves affect labour capital and therefore the economy of the nation. The authors note that some of the direct policies that may directly help immigrants integrate in their host societies include those related to language and vocational training. Policies and regulations that may indirectly help integrate immigrants in a new society include eligibility for medical benefits, and welfare. The source provides an in-depth analysis of how different countries handle the naturalization of immigrants, institutional arrangements to assist immigrants in the countries, and the circumstances that help immigrants live prosperously as part of the new society (Immigration in the world).   Hess A. E. and Frohlich T. C. 2013. Countries With The Most Immigrants. 25 September. Available at http://247wallst.com/special-report/2013/09/25/countries-with-the-most-immigrants/187/ (last accessed 8 May 2011). In this news article, Hess and Frohlich discuss the countries that host the most immigrants. The source provides vital statistics about the number of immigrants in these countries, economic variables, and government goals directed toward immigration. One of the countries that this source discusses is Saudi Arabia. According to the source, Saudi Arabia is more interested in decreasing the population of immigrants. The source discusses some of the effects that poor policies can come with in regard to attracting and incorporating immigrants in a country. The source gives an example of Germany that has ended up attracting less and less immigrants while its goal was to attract more of them. Markus A., Jupp, J. and McDonald, P. 2009. Australias Immigration Revolution. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. McDonald is a professor of Demography and works with the Australian Demographic and Social Research Institute as a director. Jupp is an editor of Australian People, an encyclopedia that focuses on Australia and its people. In this book, the authors focus on Australia and its immigration system and trends. This source gives a good example of how a country can incorporate immigrants and help them prosper. Apart from government interventions, the authors note that public opinion is important in seeing immigrants in any country mesh well with the native population. The Australian government and citizens appreciate multiculturalism and go to great lengths to ensure social cohesion. Although the source focuses on Australia, different countries can borrow from and apply the lessons that Australia has learnt in regard to making life easier for people from other nations. Ndaluka, T. J. 2012. Religious Discourse, Social Cohesion and Conflict: Muslim - Christian Relations in Tanzania. New York: LIT Verlag Münster. In this book, Ndaluka, a sociologist, analyses the relationship between Christians and Muslims living in Tanzania. Although there are tensions between Muslims and Christians in the country, the two religious groups are friendly to one another and avoid conflict. The author notes that education institutions play a major role in influencing how members of the Tanzanian society perceive and relate to one another. The book notes that one of the things that are important to maintaining social cohesion between different groups is communication. The good relation between members of the two religious groups in Tanzania has remained strong because they perceive each other as brothers and friends. Religious individualism and privatization is one factor that as evidently played a role in helping members of the different groups live harmoniously in Tanzania. Ratcliffe, P. and Newman, I. 2011. Promoting Social Cohesion: Implications for Policy and Evaluation. New York: Policy Press. Ratcliffe and Newman are both professors affiliated to the University of Warwick. In this book, the authors focus on how different nations or groups can achieve social cohesion. The source acknowledges the fact that modern society is mostly composed of people who come from diverse backgrounds. Some of the policies that have been effective in integrating people in new societies include those that are dedicated to reconnecting people to local job centers, and those that motivate people to seek. One other measure that can be taken to encourage social cohesion as noted by the authors is encouraging cultural activities. A government can help immigrants, minority groups and those that are disadvantaged to prosper by providing them with good housing and other social amenities. Breton, R. Dion, K. Dion, K. Multiculturalism and Social Cohesion: Potentials and Challenges of Diversity. Springer, 2009 In this book, the authors focus on the concepts of multiculturalism and social cohesion. Using Canada as a case study, the authors note that national unity is deeply rooted in individual identity and personal sense. In Canada, government policy dictates that cultural groups be respected while at the same time encouraging equal participation. Canada embraces multiculturalism which is equated to cultural freedom. The respect for multiculturalism is enshrined in Canadian law and more specifically in the Multiculturalism Act of 1988. The country has endeavored to remove cultural barriers with an aim of encouraging full participation of its nationals. Pakkiasamy, D. 2004. Saudi Arabias Plan for Changing Its Workforce. 1 November. Available at http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/saudi-arabias-plan-changing-its-workforce (last accessed 8 May 2011). This article is authored by an individual affiliated to the Migration Policy Institute of Saudi Arabia. According to the author, Saudi Arabia is greatly dependent on foreign labour. The Saudi Arabian government has tried to institute different measures in a bid to indigenize its workforce. Many expatriate communities have sought to have the government appreciate their efforts and allow them access the labour market according to the author. This source provides a lot of useful statistics related to the labour market in Saudi Arabia. The source provides insights into some of the measures that companies in the country have taken to retain valuable workers. The Human Rights Commission plays a huge role in investigating and addressing issues related to the violation of the human rights of foreign workers within the country. Najah Al-Osaimi, 2005. Cultural Integration a Must, Say Saudis, Expats. Arab News 7 April. Available at http://www.arabnews.com/node/264962 (last accessed 8 May 2011). This news article is authored by Najah Al-Osmaimi, a news reporter affiliated to Arab News. According to the article, many Saidis find it difficult to accept foreigners, more so those that are non-Muslims and who have a different cultural background. On the other hand, foreigners, especially those from the west, prefer to beget accommodation away from the general public in Saudi and hide themselves behind barriers, walls, and fences. The source hints to the fact that the younger generation in Saudi Arabia has great interest in technology and technological advancements. According to the source, one reason Saudi natives find it difficult to accept foreigners is that they feel westerners are less hospitable. One way natives that foreigners and Saudi natives can get to appreciate one another, according to the source is by learning about the foreign cultures of the people they meet. One way of doing this is by airing comedies and videos that teach the public about the cultures. Garba, S. B. Managing Urban Growth and Development in the Riyadh Metropolitan Area, Saudi Arabia. Dhahran, Saudi Arabia: King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. In this article, Garba discusses the issue of public sector management of urban growth and development in the Riyath metropolis. The article gives a detailed historical analysis of developments in Riyath and the problems the urban centre faces. According to the source, Riyath is one of the cities in Saudi Arabia that are growing fastest. This rapid expansion and the growing expansion is associated with a number of management problems including those related to urban sprawl, controlled development, and increased demand for services. This souce highlights some of the issues that policy makers and urban planners in Saudi Arabia need to take into consideration as they seek to make the country more comfortable for both lacals and migrants. SAGIA n.d. Saudi Arabias Economic Cities – OECD. Riyath: Economic Cities Agency (SAGIA) www.oecd.org/ This article produced by the Saudi Arabia General Investment Authority provides detailed information about the design principles that are to be applied in the development of Saudi Arabian economic cities. One of the design principles in this respect is that the core investors will be identified and attracted so that core jobs will be created. With the creation of such jobs, other supporting services jobs will be created. The cities are also to be designed such as to create major private sector investment opportunities in industry, real estate, and infrastructure. The design is also to attract people by offering the growth of attractive lifestyles. Franklin, J. J., Romine, J. A. and Zwanzig, P. E. n.d. The Effects of Immigration on Urban Communities – HUD. Available at www.huduser.org/periodicals/cityscpe/vol3num3/article7.pdf This journal article focuses on the positive and negative effects of immigration on communities living in urban centers. One of the effects of immigration to this extent is rapid population growth, which comes with other effects. The source notes that in many fast growing cities in the U.S., immigration has not led to reduced job opportunities. Furthermore, the source states that immigration has contributed to the strengthening of certain sectors of the economies of big cities including manufacturing, small business, and construction. According to the article, the marginal costs of services that immigrants enjoy are lower in areas which have infrastructural and service systems in excess. Al-Rasheed, M. 2013. Saudi Arabia cracks down on illegal immigrants. Al-Monitor 13 November. Available at http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/11/saudi-arabia-illegal-immigration-crack-down.html (last accessed 8 May 2011). This news article discusses the fate of illegal immigrants in Riyath and other parts of Saudi Arabia. The Saudi Arabian government has initiated a program aimed at identifying and deporting illegal immigrants living in the country. According to the source, local Saudis applaud the government for rounding up and illegal immigrants hoping that this will see and end to their problems. While this is the case, the author brings to focus the fact that many Saudis and expatriates actually make positive use of illegal immigrants who work for them and therefore contribute to nation building. This source is important in that it awakens the audience to the fact that immigrants may after all be contributing positively to the nation’s development. Immigrant Rights. Dec 27 2013 Local Narratives on Migrants & Crackdowns in Saudi Arabia. Available at http://www.migrant-rights.org/2013/12/local-narratives-on-migrants-crackdowns-in-saudi-arabia/ (last accessed 8 May 2011). This article is authored by a credible and reputable organization based in Saudi Arabia. The source presents different views posted by different people on the Saudi Arabian government’s crackdown on illegal immigrants. While some spectators note that illegal immigrants have no good to offer the country, others have questioned the humanity behind the crackdowns. The latter group has called on nationals to treat migrants with dignity. The source brings to light the fact that negative attitudes toward immigrants prevail not only in Saudi Arabia but the world over. Johnson, M. 2013. Saudi Arabias Immigrant Exodus. 19 November. Available at http://www.jewishpolicycenter.org/blog/2013/11/saudi-arabia-immigrant-exodus (last accessed 8 May 2011). This source highlights the unrest that has been witnessed in Saudi Arabia following the government’s crackdown on illegal immigrants. The move to crackdown on illegal immigrants was prompted by concerns over high unemployment among the kingdom’s natives. The author notes that even though the move by the Saudi government may free up jobs that can be taken up by Saudis, very few of them will probably be interested in the positions. Human rights groups have added their voice to these concerns asking the government to treat foreign laborers working in the country favorably. This source is important in that it brings to focus the fact that the crackdown on illegal immigrants may not be the one best solution to solve the unemployment problem facing Saudis. Das, Biplab 2013. Immigrant workers raise risk of tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia. 24 November. Available at http://www.natureasia.com/en/nmiddleeast/article/10.1038/nmiddleeast.2013.219 (last accessed 8 May 2011). This news article brings to light the fact that Saudi Arabia is under threat of tuberculosis on account of the African and Asian immigrants. According to the source, many immigrants who find their way into the country with the aim of seeking jobs often get into contact with locals. This increases the risk of locals catching such diseases as TB. The source provides vital statistics relating to the prevalence of TB among immigrants and natives of Saudi Arabia. Khraif, R. M. 1992. Permanent versus temporary rural migrants in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia--a logit analysis of their intentions of future mobility. GeoJournal. 26(3):363-70. This journal article presents the findings of a study on the factors that affect the intentions of rural immigrants to go back to their places of rural origin. During the study, a number of socio-economic spatial and demographic variables were considered. For each of the variables, the power and interrelationship they had on the migrants’ intentions to return to their native lands was analyzed. This source is important to the study as it identifies some of the factors that lead immigrants to desire to stay or leave their new areas of residence. Al-Rasheed, M. 2007. Saudi Arabia post 9/11: History, religion and security. Middle Eastern Studies, 43(1): 153-160. This journal article details the history of Saudi Arabia. According to the source the 9/11 attacks attracted great attention toward Saudi Arabia. While some experts believed that the country was fertile ground for radicalization and terrorist activities, many believed that the country had the capabilities to deal with both external and internal threats. Apart from discussing the history of the country, the source touches on the country’s religious setting and state of security. This source is important as it gives a detailed analysis of the history, cultural and economic situation of the country. Expat Arrivals 2012. The Expats Guide to Living and Working in Saudi Arabia. Riyath: Expat Arrivals. This book has been written by local experts living in Saudi Arabia. The book provides information that many people going to Saudi Arabia will find useful. The book provides pertinent information such as how to deal with culture shock, the business environment in Saudi Arabia, the cost of goods and services in the country, information related to healthcare in the country, and how and where to find accommodation. The information also provides information related to etiquette, taxation, and the ups and downs that experts commonly experience in the country. The book is basically a practical guide for newcomers in Saudi Arabia. Wheeler S. M. 2004. Planning for Sustainability: Creating Livable, Equitable, and Ecological Communities. London: Routledge. Authored by Stephen Wheeler, an assistant professor working with University of Mexico, this book provides an insight into how current urban designs end up being unsustainable in the long run. According to the author the current designs are extravagant in the use of resources, lead to massive pollution of the environment, and impact negatively on ecosystems. Furthermore, the author, a specialist in physical planning and design, current urban design patters undermine quality of life, lead to greater inequalities between people, and disfavor local communities. The book presents suggestions on how sustainable cities and urban centers can be designed and developed. While presenting how sustainable planning can be done at the neighborhood, local, regional, national and international levels, the book discusses how these levels of planning are interrelated and how these settings can be developed to serve the interests of the communities better. A-lGabbani, M. 2009. Socioeconomic Impact of Foreign Population on Saudi Cities. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Department of Geography, King Saud University. This PowerPoint presentation provides a brief summary of Saudi Arabia. Some of the information it provides include the state of transport and communication technology, migrants’ demographics, and the impacts of migrants on the Saudi society. The presentation uses Riyath as a case study to analyze some of the negative impacts of foreign migrants in the country. The source is also useful as it provides a lot of statistics related to foreigners such as their population growth, socio-economic characteristics, and distribution of the foreign population by nationality among others. Some of the negtative impacts of the increase in the population of foreigners in the country include reduction in proportion of the national population; difficulty in using Arabic language for communication; rising crime rates; and high unemployment rates to name but a few. One positive impact of foreigners on Saudi Arabian cities is faster growth and development. Daghistani AMI . A case study in planning implementation Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Available at www.ncl.ac.uk/guru/assets/documents/ewp5.pdf (last accessed 8 May 2011). In this article, Daghistani, a planning expert presents detailed information about the changes that have occurred in Jeddah city over the years. Against this background, the author analyses case studies regarding how the city was planned. The third aspect that the author delves in the article is how effective master plans have been implemented in the city in reality. According to the author, several cases point to the fact that planning policies were not followed in as the city quickly developed. For example, the proposed retail development policy as developed initially was not adhered to in the actual construction of the retail project. However, there are a number of projects that have been successfully implemented according to plan. One example of these is the Jeddah Corniche. Ouroussof, N. 2010. Saudi Urban Projects Are a Window to Modernity. New York Times. 12, December. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/13/arts/design/13desert.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (last accessed 8 May 2011). In this news article, Ouroussof presents some features on the development projects that Saudi Arabia is undertaking. The country is developing urban cities that are based on modern western styles. The urban designs that have been adopted by the country in respect of the four cities under development, to be completed by 2030, will accommodate more people and present millions of job opportunities for the country’s nationals. The country hopes that the planned works will transform it technologically. The King Abdullah Economic City will, like other economic cities that the country hopes to develop, feature town houses, an industrial zone, a university campus, and an ultra modern port. Together, these aspects of the city will make it more friendly for habitation by both locals and foreigners. References A-lGabbani, M. 2009. Socioeconomic Impact of Foreign Population on Saudi Cities. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Department of Geography, King Saud University. Al-Rasheed, M. 2007. Saudi Arabia post 9/11: History, religion and security. Middle Eastern Studies, 43(1): 153-160. Al-Rasheed, M. 2013. Saudi Arabia cracks down on illegal immigrants. Al-Monitor 13 November. Available at http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/11/saudi-arabia-illegal-immigration-crack-down.html (last accessed 8 May 2011). Breton, R. Dion, K. Dion, K. Multiculturalism and Social Cohesion: Potentials and Challenges of Diversity. Springer, 2009 By Rita J. Simon, James P. Lynch. 2004. Immigration the World Over: Statutes, Policies, and Practices. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Daghistani AMI . A case study in planning implementation Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Available at www.ncl.ac.uk/guru/assets/documents/ewp5.pdf (last accessed 8 May 2011). Das, Biplab 2013. Immigrant workers raise risk of tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia. 24 November. Available at http://www.natureasia.com/en/nmiddleeast/article/10.1038/nmiddleeast.2013.219 (last accessed 8 May 2011). Expat Arrivals 2012. The Expats Guide to Living and Working in Saudi Arabia. Riyath: Expat Arrivals. Franklin, J. J., Romine, J. A. and Zwanzig, P. E. n.d. The Effects of Immigration on Urban Communities - HUD www.huduser.org/periodicals/cityscpe/vol3num3/article7.pdf Garba, S. B. Managing Urban Growth and Development in the Riyadh Metropolitan Area, Saudi Arabia. Dhahran, Saudi Arabia: King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. Hess A. E. and Frohlich T. C. 2013. Countries With The Most Immigrants. 25 September. Available at http://247wallst.com/special-report/2013/09/25/countries-with-the-most-immigrants/187/ (last accessed 8 May 2011). Immigrant Rights. 2013. Local Narratives on Migrants & Crackdowns in Saudi Arabia. 27 December. Available at http://www.migrant-rights.org/2013/12/local-narratives-on-migrants-crackdowns-in-saudi-arabia/ (last accessed 8 May 2011). Johnson, M. 2013. Saudi Arabias Immigrant Exodus. 19 November. Available at http://www.jewishpolicycenter.org/blog/2013/11/saudi-arabia-immigrant-exodus (last accessed 8 May 2011). Khraif, R. M. 1992. Permanent versus temporary rural migrants in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia--a logit analysis of their intentions of future mobility. GeoJournal. 26(3):363-70. Markus A., Jupp, J. and McDonald, P. 2009. Australias Immigration Revolution. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. Najah Al-Osaimi, 2005. Cultural Integration a Must, Say Saudis, Expats. Arab News 7 April. Available at http://www.arabnews.com/node/264962 (last accessed 8 May 2011). Ndaluka, T. J. 2012. Religious Discourse, Social Cohesion and Conflict: Muslim - Christian Relations in Tanzania. New York: LIT Verlag Münster. Ouroussof, N. 2010. Saudi Urban Projects Are a Window to Modernity. New York Times. 12, December. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/13/arts/design/13desert.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (last accessed 8 May 2011). Pakkiasamy, D. 2004. Saudi Arabias Plan for Changing Its Workforce. 1 November. Available at http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/saudi-arabias-plan-changing-its-workforce (last accessed 8 May 2011). Ratcliffe, P. and Newman, I. 2011. Promoting Social Cohesion: Implications for Policy and Evaluation. New York: Policy Press. SAGIA n.d. Saudi Arabias Economic Cities – OECD. Riyath: Economic Cities Agency (SAGIA) www.oecd.org/ The World Fact Book. 10 April 2014. Middle East. Saudi Arabia. Available at https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html (last accessed 8 May 2011). VisaPro 2014. Do immigrants in the USA have any rights? Available at http://www.visapro.com/Immigration-Articles/?a=1505&z=46 (last accessed 8 May 2011). Wheeler S. M. 2004. Planning for Sustainability: Creating Livable, Equitable, and Ecological Communities. London: Routledge. World’s population statistics 6 Dec 2013.Countries.Saudi Arabia Population 2013. Available at http://www.worldpopulationstatistics.com/saudi-arabia-population-2013/ (last accessed 8 May 2011). Read More