Finance & Accounting Essays

The investment decisions are taken having regard to all of the various investment instruments in the market and the analysis of the return generating capacity of the same. The portfolios are investments in a variety of these investment instruments which have a combined impact on the overall return generating power of the total investments in the portfolio concerned.

The most common forms that this theory takes include the absolute Purchasing Power Parity and the Relative Purchasing Power Parity. The purchasing power parity is based on the assumption that people demand foreign currency since it possesses purchasing power in its country. One of the arguments in favor of the PPP theory is that the exchange rates proposed by the theory may become stable.

Transfer Price is the price at which two or more divisions within a company transact. These transactions may be in terms of supplies or workforce between related departments. Transfer prices are used when individual entities of a larger multi-entity firm are treated and measured as separately run entities.

The requirements were essential to evade related incidences in the days to come. The previous laws or legislations failed because of insufficient disclosure practices, poor governance, and general lack of satisfactory internal controls (Miller, 2011). The previous legislations did not address majorly the accuracy of financial reports to the extent of meeting investor and public expectations.

Alternatively, the financial planning helps corporations to estimate asset investment requirements in order to achieve long term objectives. Financial planning activity starts from the analysis of business environment and feasibility of business model. Then it identifies the sources needed to achieve these objectives in monetary units by quantifying scarce resources such as raw materials for production process, labor, necessary equipments, inventory, and so on.

As technology advances exponentially, so is the telecommunications market. According to research by IDC, the android mobile operating systems supply made up over half of the world's sales (Arthur, 2012). Becoming a global brand is hard work. Conducting business on an international scale is the ultimate challenge for corporations.

Martha Stewart was the director of the company Omnimedia. The Securities and Exchange Commission of the United States alleged Martha Stewart that was tipped off by one of her friends Sam Waksal, who was a director at the company ImClone, that one of the major products of their company, a cancer drug, was rejected by the Food and Drug Administration.

This is a normal graph reflecting various securities from 2001 to 2012, and a projected estimation of interest for 2013 and 2018. The table with the interest rates data is shown below. Maturity Year Yield in Percentage ,2001 5.78 ,2002 5.164 ,2003 5 ,2004 4.6789 ,2005 4.548 ,2006 4.244 ,2007 3.94 ,2008 2.988 ,2009 2.132 ,2010 1.969 ,2011 1.827 ,2012 1.478 ,2013 1.2 Figure 1: Graph of current yield of US Treasury Securities The yields listed in the above curve are average based on average annual yields rather than presentations of the yields for every month (Fabozzi, 2001).

According to the paper the statement ‘Sound business models are a necessary component in a healthy visual arts ecology and essential for most publicly funded organisations’ by Susan J. Royce signifies that the arts sector in England is required to change their business operational procedures and management functions in order to perform various activities effectively.

I have always stayed inspired by changes in the business world, and have been struggling to attain a better understanding of today’s competitive financial market. The ever-changing trends in the financial market have always inspired me to gain more and more knowledge about business, financial resources, shareholders, accounting, and so on.

For GAAD, any initial direct cost is expensed for the lessee, but for IAS 17, any initial direct cost is added to the value of the asset. Therefore, at the beginning of the lease term, liability and assets must be reconciled in balance sheets at the same amounts except for the direct initial costs of the lessee.  

The issue of corporate boards not being fairly represented in terms of female executives is not only common in America or Europe; it is an issue that affects organizations internationally. The seriousness of the issue is critical such that governments like the United Kingdom have come up with measures to promote the inclusion of women on boards.

This paper aims at examining the impact of the global financial crisis of 2007-2009 on the countries in the Gulf Areas, universally referred to as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The essay will mostly be based on the economic situation of Qatar, one of the countries in the Gulf area, as an example of how the last global financial crisis affected the countries; economy.

Our audit will be carried out by auditing principles accepted in the United Kingdom and will comprise tests of your company's accounting records and other measures we consider essential to empower us to express an opinion. We ought to cease to act as auditors to your company or to support the company in any revenue or tax matter.

In case of a design defect, “all the products have a feature making them unreasonably safe… a product is not safe for its intended or reasonably foreseeable use.”1 Being aware of the design defect, Yellowstone should stop selling the mowers and correct the defect that causes the mowers to explode, and only after that, the company will be entitled to sell the safe, repaired mowers again.

Use of SMTPs is better to be avoided unless otherwise, the Active directory setting uses it. Name generation programs of the NTFS are best to be closed during the deployment. The backup media should be placed in a secure place along with the network infrastructure kept secured using proper key locks.

Its headquarters are in South Wales but, it is growing nationally with Jeff (owner) as the sales and marketing personnel and Evans (employee) as the financial manager. The company is expanding further to form newer departments in the organizational structure like HR, Customer Service etc

These ‘techniques’ that are used to make unacceptable behaviour seem reasonable and acceptable to others are called as ‘defense mechanisms’. People use defense mechanisms to protect their ego, self esteem and reputation from getting hurt. Hence, when people are unable to deal with challenging situations in an effective way, then they create defense mechanisms to avoid feeling frustrated, anxious or fearful.

The main problem which has arisen is based on the concerns and experiences that are associated with the ban as well as the results that this led to with the past smoking ban.  The information which has been retrieved is one which is based on the smoking ban of 2002 as well as the expectations that are from the psychological theories of today.

The banking crisis of 2008 has caused regulatory agencies to analyze the possible root causes of the financial meltdown. Banking crises have been affiliated with major economic disturbances and recessions. The root cause of the 2008 Great Recession may be due, in part, to the implementation of the Basel Accords.

The way governments responded to the financial crisis also worsened the situation. For example, the rescue package by the USA was not clear as some institutions like Bear Stearns was rescued while Lehman brothers were left to collapse leading to lack of confidence in the credit market. 

The salinity for east was 32.4 and 32 for Wednesday and Friday respectively, while salinity for west was 21 and 25.2 for Wednesday and Friday respectively (Data represented in Table 1). The variation is the salinity is an indication for varied sediments present between the 2 sides of the causeway.

Failure to recognize the Enron situation within the principal-agent framework weakens the will to regulate the agent that is supposed to act on behalf of the principal and can lead to a corporate collapse. Viewing the Enron collapse as a principal-agent problem implies actions that would appropriately regulate agents to behave more consistently with the interests of the principal.

An endeavor would be impossible without paying attention to the political problems of Czechoslovakia of that time. In this essay, I will try to examine the functioning of the theme of politics in “The Unbearable Lightness of Being”, with special attention being paid to the influence of politics on the development of major characters of the novel.

From that humble back ground Coca-Cola Company had spread its wings all over the world. Presently the company operates in nearly two hundred countries with almost four hundred brands (Ford, Stephens and Cooper, 2007, p.2). This year the company celebrated its 125th anniversary.

They have $125,000 in funds that they can borrow. They tell you that they have a car loan of $16,500 at 15.5% interest, credit cards totalling $11,000 (average interest rate of 17%) and a personal loan of $4,500 at 16%. a) What should they do first before they consider borrowing to invest?

The story seems great, but it is not entirely true. In fact, Stephen Gary Wozniak and Steven Paul Jobs started building Apple computers from Jobs’s parents’ living room, later they moved into the garage due to their requirement for more room (O’Grady 1).Fortune Magazine attributed it as the most admired company throughout the world in 2008,2009,2010 continuously(Anne,2008;Geoff,2009;Fortune,2010).

Examples of such property are with the inclusion of land that is held for the prospected use in indefinite future or for the purposes of its appreciation in value, a building being leased under the type of lease known as operating lease or even any given property that has been developed or constructed for future utilisation as an investment property.

This would involve extending beyond 5 years to generate sufficient annual/monthly savings. If the time horizon is extended to 7 years, the investment accumulated through treasury bills would be even lesser than the above calculations. In contrast, the savings required by investing in corporate bonds over a 7-year horizon would be higher.

After making loss of $40,000 in the fiscal year that ended on 31 March 2011, the business entity was able to record improvement profitability within the fiscal year ending 31 March 2012. From the projections and forecasts of sales and profitability, there is evidence that the firm is likely to pay more tax of either 40% or 50%.

To achieve this they must follow the laid down guidelines and practices in financial management. A review of the 2010 budget projection is completed and analysed in regards to the suggestion put forth. Effective financial management practices for Patton-Fuller Community Hospital Annual budgeting One of the commendable financial management practices is annual budgeting that can be seen through the trend in the Hospitals annual budgets from 2007.

These principles are observable in any given business situation. The company chosen to demonstrate these principles in action is B.P. BP is a public limited company that provides a variety of energy-related goods and services. As an international leader in oil and gas exploration and provision, BP’s business practices offer great insight into successfully utilizing the principles of finance.

The financial statements of a company that are valued at the fair value of a company have to be classified under the three levels of hierarchy which are: i) the assets and the liabilities which are identical in nature have to be priced in the active markets. ii) The inputs thus provided has to be for the full life term of the financial instruments which are considered above.

Citi's major stakeholders are institutions and mutual funds that own 63% of the company’s holding and their numbers account for 1004. However, after the conversion of preferred stock held by the US government into a common stock, the US government is the largest stakeholder of the company to the tune of over $25 billion.

The paper attempts to explore why it has become so necessary for public sector organisations to embrace sustainability accounting and reporting to their stakeholders; the difficulties faced by them towards its implementation and how the process of reporting in public sectors has progressed so far in last few years.

These sections are set to administer the performances of professional services by the certified public accountants (CPAs) and other members. The members include individuals in public practice, industries, parastatals and in education during the execution of their professional responsibilities.

The company was formed in 1976 with an intention of manufacturing computers but it later changed its focus to include the manufacturing of consumer electronics. The company’s best known hardware include, mac computers, iPods, iPhones, and iPads. These electronic gadgets are operated using OS X and iOS operating systems.

It is essential to state that the development of economies of countries worldwide is primarily dependent on their potential to promote their currency in regard to global trade transactions. US Dollar is used for measuring the value of petroleum and gold, goods that are of primary importance to the global economy.

Real options are different from other convectional financial options such as call and put options since they are not typically traded as securities in stock futures market. Corporate decisions today can only be made when a set of alternative strategies on investments are obtained.

Yield Curve and Bond Valuation. Based on the information retrieved from the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System on a 1-month business day, the following information concerning historical dairy interest rates on the U.S treasury was obtained. The rates were picked from the current dates (1st January2012) back to five years a go (1st January 2007).

For a company to satisfy its financial providers there is a minimum rate of return that it should earn on an investment portfolio. This minimum rate of return is the weighted average cost of capital. When calculating the WACC, all the components must be considered. WACC is very important in determining the worthwhileness of an investment.

24). Unfortunately though, it has not been always that forecasts have been inconsistencies between actual outcomes and overall results. When such consistent differences occur, we say there has been forecast bias (Dechow, Kothari and Watts 1998, p. 53). Indeed, studies on forecast bias have been so interesting that researchers are constantly trying to come to terms with what may be the reason why such biases take place and the factors influencing their occurrences.

For hundreds of years, it’s believed by many experts from an academic perspective that Qatar will be a nation where hydrocarbon exports will be the major export driver, mainly due to the high consistency of the ongoing reserve, despite the geographical limits and relatively small size of the country, and due to the increasing trend of oil prices.

Budgeting can be described as the careful planning of an organization’s funds based on the various costs and expenditures that a business faces and the means by which these funds will be distributed amongst them (Lasher, 2010). A simpler and straightforward explanation would be that budgeting is simply the development of a budget.

Therefore, ethics is seen as a cornerstone in the accounting profession and failure to be ethical in their transactions, decisions and any activity accountants are involved in might result into the ultimate collapse of a company. Ethics in the accounting profession requires that there is integrity, honesty, truthfulness.

Name: Institution: Professor: Date: Case Analysis: Victoria Chemicals plc-Merseyside and Rotterdam Projects Introduction This case is about two mutually exclusive projects-the Merseyside and Rotterdam projects. The case requires the measurement of the attractiveness of each of the two projects based on their investments before the proposal is presented to the Chief Executive Officer.

Now people are so used to the concept of accounting irregularities that they do not care about them and therefore the stock prices just got immune to the historical effects of accounting and financial reporting blunders. The whole discussion signifies that people have accepted the presence of accounting frauds as a fundamental truth, due to this reason; they do not bother about them much.

The Deepwater Horizon incident is considered the biggest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry that caused huge damage to the livelihood of the people and the environment. The release of gas, which resulted in the subsequent explosion, occurred on the evening of April 20 in the year 2010 in the Deepwater Horizon oil rig functioning on the Macondo exploration well in the Gulf of Mexico for BP.

Drabinsky and Gottileb operated a kickback scheme from 1990 to 1994. In the kickback scheme two Livent vendors are appointed who helped Drabinsky and Gottileb, siphon millions of dollars from the company directly into their own pockets. This is an illegal activity since both Drabinsky and Gottileb are the major shareholders of the company, but their rights for the share comes after clearing the dues of the other shareholders.

The telecommunication industry of the United States has gone through revolutionary changes in the area of digitalization and technology. The main players in the markets of the United Kingdom and the United States are named Vodafone Group Plc. and Verizon Communications respectively. The telecom giants have made a huge profit by offering different products and services to the customers and have satisfied their needs.