Finance & Accounting Essays

The first type of alternative choice problem involves consideration of the costs of alternative courses of action. The second type of problem involves consideration of both revenues and costs. This is the problem that Hunter et al. Described in their two examples. The third type of problem involves investment as well as revenues and costs.

From a layman’s view, the income effect is straightforward: as taxes go up, households are poorer and behave that way. For example, if leisure is a normal good, then higher taxes will induce consumers to consume less leisure. However, if one takes a closer look into the substitution effects on income tax one finds a different side of the story.

Business firms need finance mainly for two purposes – to find long-term decisions and for meeting the working capital requirements.  The long-term decisions of a firm involve setting up the firm, expansion, diversification, modernization, and other similar capital expenditure decisions ((ICMR), 2003).

A limited debt of investors – As stated in the definition, one of its financial features is shareholders’ limited debt. Unlike sole proprietorship wherein an entrepreneur’s debt could be more than what he initially invested, investors’ accountability of the company debt is limited to the amount he invested.

The involvement of the specific organization in a New Global HR program should be checked by referring primarily to the relevant evidence, meaning the literature related to this issue but also the findings of the empirical research. The experience of the firm’s managers in HR management plans will be also taken into consideration.

Doganis defines low-cost airlines as airlines ‘’ that modeled themselves as Southwest’’. However, Shaw defines it as ‘’airlines which are able to deliver the product basics of frequency and punctuality, but which do not offer luxurious seating and high level of provision of food, drinks, and in-flight entertainments.

The FTSE 100 Index is a share index of the 100 most highly capitalized companies. The index was introduced from 1984 where the companies must meet a number of criteria’s to set out by the FTSE Group. This index has been considered as a barometer of British economic success of the and also the leading share index in Europe which holds about 80 %. 

In publicly offered securities a company can find an investor who may be willing to pay a predetermined price. It is also quite significant to mention that relinquishment of more equity is a problem for a company offering privately placed security. It is to compensate for the risk that an investor has to take by opting for an illiquid position.

The speech will start with such words: “Today, we are introducing a financial proposal that will encompass and outline how these proposed steps below will take us from being a national corporation into our corporate goal of being a multi-national, multi-billion dollar empire, as we utilizing two chief financial avenues in order to complete this task”.

Audit evidence is the expression formed by the auditor on the client's business records in the various stages of his assignment these stages include the audit acceptance stage, audit planning stage, in the control planning stage, in the substantive stage, and finally in the conclusion or opinion formulation stage.

The author states that guidelines for preparing and presenting the annual reports are outlined in the document Requirements for Annual Reports for Departments, Executive Agencies and FMA Act Bodies, which is issued by the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Annual reports must also include information on discretionary grants.

According to the letter dated 30th August 2005 in which we were appointed to audit the financial statements of Krypton company. We have laid down an audit report identifying weaknesses in the systems of accounting and internal control that could have led to the preparation of accounts that do not reflect the true picture of the company.  

Definition of success varies from person to person, depending upon the circumstances and the ambitions. In my opinion, long term success means recognition as an expert in the field in which I’m passionate about. I am a budding youth with dreams in my eyes, lots of hope and determination to do something constructive for the society in general.

They say that accounting is the language of business. A German investor would be ably informed of how the United States company Kentucky Fried Chicken or any other enterprise has performed in terms of generating profits. The accounting language has its own set of technical words that a person studying basic accounting would easily understand.

The market multiple analysis is another way of valuing stocks, in which market-determined multiple is applied to net income, sales, book value, or subscribers. For example, if a company’s forecasted EPS is $10, and the average price per share to EPS (P/E ratio) is for similar companies is 15, then the estimated stock price per share is $150.

This implication of the CAPM has been contested by a number of researchers. For example, provide evidence contrary to the above. They find that low beta stocks earn a higher return on average and high beta stocks earn a lower return on average. This indicates that there should be other variables that account for the return on an asset.

China has succeeded in strengthening its economy in recent years. The growth of about 8% annually has become a trend in the last 5 years. Assessment of the year 2004 has shown that overall measures are even better than in previous years. “Gross domestic product growth in the People's Republic of China accelerated from 9.3% in 2003 to 9.5% in 2004.

McCabe’s first step of rebuilding the culture was correct because it was challenged by the crisis, resulting in staff discouragement and departures. The vision of reaching 10,000 subscribers in five years was strategic, ambitious, and challenging (the truly dedicated would remain, whilst those weak of heart would leave). 

It is quite important to note that the term value chain describes the flow of goods, services and information from one step to another on the production line, while ‘value chain’ refers to the sequence of business functions in which usefulness is added to the products and services of an organization.

TESCO is the largest grocery retailer in the UK. For the financial year ended February 2007, it reported world-wide group gross revenue in excess of 42 billion. TESCO operates in a number of countries across Europe and Asia and also in the United States. The TESCO ordinary share of 5p is currently traded on the London Stock Exchange at 424.75p. 

In the absence of the arms’ length prices in the Iberican operations by the Australian company, there is the absence of definite taxes to be charged on the subsidiary company. The Australian branch or company may be compelled to pay a higher or lower tax than its other subsidiaries since there is no way of determining the fair market value of its products in Australia. As a result, the income of the subsidiary and or the mother company.

Being a subsidiary and a group company of Aerated Concrete Industries Company K S C C (ACICO), Al Masaken Real Estate Company has created for itself a remarkable position in the booming real estate sector in the Gulf region. The company has so far executed various prestigious construction projects worth close to $ 300 million.

The author of the paper states that sustainability impacts profitability in the long-run. In particular, insurance companies are beginning to look at climate change as a long-term risk, while banks are revising their lending guidelines in consideration of risks related to climate change.

 This spread is the difference on each fixing date between the yields of two distinct long-term swap rates. For example, if the 10-year swap and a 2-year swap are selected, and we assume the yield on a 10-year swap rate is 10% and the yield on a 2-year swap rate is 3%, the spread used in the payout calculation will be 7% per annum. 

The paper states that the amount deposited in the high-interest account is not displayed in the spreadsheet to differentiate the money invested in shares and that is deposited in the high-interest account. The spreadsheet is used to calculate the profit and loss through the investment done on purchasing shares.

The author states that globalization and technology have shrunk the world to a great extent. International trade has grown extensively in the past few years and this had led to various improvements in payment methods to speed up the whole process. One of the most commonly used forms of payment is through a documentary credit or letter of credit.

The earnings by oil groups and record returns in services businesses revived the fortunes in manufacturing sector in Britain in 2006. The capital invested by UK companies in manufacturing sector rose to 15.5 percent in the final quarter. The increase of profitability for the corporate companies in Britain came in spite of squeezing margins.

The author states that it will go a long way in streamlining and prioritizing its budgetary and planning objectives. Financial forecasting is also of vital importance for this company, considering the fact that it is a listed company and is being closely scrutinized by bankers and investors as never before.

Suppliers now realize business with foreign firms in which they spend a lot of money on customer service. Suppliers need to evaluate the cost of a deal including the cost to serve the demanding large customer. Economic value added is a new tool which provides financial managers with better information concerning the profitability of product lines.

It has been observed that ABC method is the most sought after innovation in the field of management accounting in the last two decades. The method was originated in the Unites States of America during the 1980s as an improved system to enable better cost allocation by means of classification of more costs as direct

 The net present value (NPV) of a project represents the present value of the total cash inflows and outflows. The NPV can be calculated by discounting the cash flows according to the required rate of return. In the case of Fujisawa, NPV is computed as the present value of the future cash inflows less the initial investment.

SPD is a growing company and with growth, there has been increased pressure on administration staff to keep pace with the new recordkeeping and audit requirements that arise from moving from a small to a medium size business.  In particular, some employees job descriptions have changed to meet the demand caused by the growing business.

In a report on Thai public sector developmental roles, the World Bank argued in the late 1950's that Thai government agencies worked without a guiding vision and that as a result state initiatives were uncoordinated and ineffective.

Following O'Riordan et al. (1987): “Where safety investments, technologies and management practices are judged to be satisfactory, that engineering and regulatory judgments approach the weighing of gains and losses rather differently…design engineers do not believe that risks can be accumulated into single numbers or that any given safety investment reduces collective risk”.

The author states that it is the ratio of net income to the operating revenue, and this ratio represents the financial efficiency of the bank. The corresponding value for First National Bank is 8.51% as compared to 6% for its peers. In other words, the First National Bank makes more profit per unit of operating revenue.

Any price of the bindings that takes the total cost above $ 900,000 should be unacceptable; since in that case, the company is better off making the product itself than to go for the purchase option.

These state-guaranteed market of external audits apply to around 600,000 companies, schools, universities, trade unions, hospitals, government departments, and charities who have to submit to an external financial audit by accountants belonging to one of the select accountancy trade associations (Cousins et al, 1998).

The paper gives detailed information about the only one that might need someone to advise which is when talking about capital gains taxes. They are all quite efficient through the savings plan is the least efficient. Though it does generate some funding for Australia to use to improve the overall economy, it is very little.

The development of the new system with the particular requirements of the organization in mind, the developers of the AIS must not only design the output of the planned AIS, but also its inputs, the processing of information design, developing the storage design for the system and then the final report for the processing of information.

It's pointed out that there should be no doubt in anybody’s mind on the power of compounding, but you are well served to know the traps which exist. If you get into debt, you negate this great power, indeed the money which was supposed to come to you will go to your debtors. Sooner you can start the better off you are.

This ranges from doing nothing (in which case the financial statements might be in non-English language with figures shown in local currency and might not follow Generally Accepted Accounting Principles - GAAP, or International Financial Reporting Standards - IFRS) to a completely new set of statements, explicitly prepared for United States.

Fair value cost analysis seems to be more accurate and simple in form and is more practical. This conforms to the capital maintenance theory that favors the assignment of values to its prevailing market cost. This proves that historical cost is meaningless when it comes to relative current exit values.

Mahatma Gandhi once said- ‘The ends should justify the means’. This statement simply implies that a person should not pursue an entirely result-oriented path which disregards the methods used to achieve the goals. The goals must be achieved through means which meet certain ethical standards.

In this case, Bravo Ltd can obtain financial ratios using their latest financial statements and comparing the results with a competing business within the same industry. Alternatively, a business with the best business practice and a good track record is chosen as a benchmark for Bravo Ltd's improvement.

 Now, years after its adoption, this paper discusses the effects of the euro on the member states of the euro area and ultimately to international business and trade. It likewise looks into and discusses the empirical data of such effects. Part I discusses the need to launch the euro, highlighting its origins from the Marjolin Memorandum.

The author states that as seen in various world examples like the UK and Australia, these controls are abandoned to gain some economic growth. However, some recent experiences show that these benefits come at a price. Liberating the capital accounts gives the opportunity for economic development to take place.

As the fees of the children can be exempted from the tax, it was suggested so and this will reduce their tax burden. The superannuation contributions can be taken at the age of sixty and if they are disabled or dead before that age they can be transferred to their children. This is done keeping in view the nondeductible outcome regarding the superannuation funds at the age of sixty.

The fact that he has not made any will so far will make his successors liable for inheritance tax in the event of his death.Present taxation system charges Inheritance Tax on any estate worth over 300,000

The author states that huge amounts of money were lost. The investments into stock exchange markets turned out not trustable. Even months later, when the crisis and financial instability are not rampant, investors are still very cautious about their investment decisions. Recent publications reveal a growing preference toward bonds.

The above analysis shows that there happen to be several factors that determine the P/E ratio of a company. When a company has a higher P/E ratio than its competitors, it can be said that there might be a lot of factors directly influencing the ratio i.e., the company’s growth potential, profitability, EPS, market price per share, etc.