Fire Protection, Vertical Transportation (Lifts) and Drainage Services - Case Study Example

Report On Fire Protection, Vertical Transportation (Lifts) And Drainage Services Provision For A Commercial Building. ABSTRACT This report covers the health, safety and transportation measures and design aspects of the given commercial car park building. These measures comply with the Health and Safety at Work act 1974 and the Factories Act 1961. CIBSE Guide G, E and D are used as a reference where necessary. The Foul and Surface water drainage system of the building is discussed, important calculations and diagrams in the design are provided. The fire protection scheme covering the third and the fourth floors of the building is provided, discussing the necessary features. Various elements of the Vertical Transportation of the building complying with the Disability Discrimination Act 2000, are covered in this report. Calculations for the expected round trip time and suggestions for contract lift speed and drive type are also provided. In the end, the Fire, Lift and Drainage Systems of the building are examined to advice on some aspects regarding the building design. Although the subject involves vast range of topics, the report carries only the relevant material related to the given building. Table Of Contents 1. Drainage System 5 1.1 Principles and Functions of Drainage Systems 6 1.1.1 Functions of Foul Water Drainage Systems 6 1.1.2 Functions of Surface Water Drainage Systems 6 1.2 Drainage System in UK 6 Figure 1, Manhole System 7 1.3 Foul Water Drainage Systems 7 1.3.1 Water Seal Trap 7 Figure 2, Water Seal Trap 7 1.3.2 Foul Drainage Stack 8 Figure 3, Horizontal and Vertical Sections of the Stack 8 1.3.2.1 Continuity Equation 8 Figure 4, Table for the respective Bore to its constant K 9 1.3.3 Foul Drainage Branch Pipes (Header Pipes) 9 1.3.4 Ventilating Stack 10 Figure 5, Table for the Flow Rate of Appliances 10 1.3.5 Calculating the Stack Size 11 Figure 6, showing the discharge and ventilating stacks connections 13 Figure 7, showing the provision of discharge stacks to ground floor appliances 14 1.4 Rain Water Drainage System 14 2. Fire Protection Scheme 15 2.1 The Automatic Fire Suppression System 15 2.1.1 Sprinkler System 15 2.1.2 Fire Detection System 16 Figure 8, showing the typical water sprinkler pipe work design 17 2.1.3 Smoke Control System 17 2.2 The Manual Fire Suppression System 17 2.2.1 Fire Hose Reel Facility 18 2.2.2 Dry Riser Facility 18 2.2.3 Fire Hydrants 18 2.2.4 Portable Fire Extinguishers 18 3. Vertical Transportation System 18 3.1 Round Trip Time 18 3.2 Type of Drive 18 3.3 Completely Accessible Lift System 20 4 Report on the Car Parking Building Maintenance 20 References 24 1. DRAINAGE SYSTEM The function of the sanitary drainage system is to remove foul water discharged from various appliances to an approved point of disposal. This system generally comprises of horizontal branches, vertical stacks, a building drain within the building, and a building sewer from the building wall to the point of disposal. To design an economical sanitary drainage system, the smallest pipes are installed according to the code to rapidly carry away the effluent from individual plumbing fixtures and other devices without clogging the pipes, leaving solids in the piping, generating excessive pneumatic pressures at points where the fixture drains connect to the stack. Trap water seal depths can be kept to a minimum while preventing foul gasses from entering habitable spaces. This part of the report is written in accordance to the Part H of Schedule 1 to the Building Regulations 2000 and the associated approved document H. These documents include: 1. Foul Water Drainage (H1). 2. Waste Water Treatment Systems and Cesspool (H2). 3. Rain Water Drainage (H3). 4. Building over existing sewers (H4). 5. Separate Drainage Systems (H5). 6. Solid Waste Storage (H6). Part H was amended in 2002 and the current version of the approved document H provides the following information on legislation related to drainage and waste disposal besides the above listed drainage items. Repairs, alteration and discontinued use of drains and sewers (Appendix H1-B) Adoption of sewers and connection to public sewers (Appendix H1-C) Maintenance of waste water treatment systems and the cesspools (Appendix H2-A) Relevant waste collection legislation (Appendix H6-A) 1.1 PRINCIPLES AND FUNCTIONS OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS Drainage Systems are sub-divided in to foul drainage and surface water drainage systems. The principles and functions of each are summarized below. 1.1.1 Functions of Foul Drainage Systems Sanitary drainage systems protect public health and welfare in all areas of large population and development that produces wastewater in large amounts. Collect wastewater from all equipments within a catchment area to maintain a good sanitary condition. Convey the wastewater to the centralized treatment and disposal facilities as soon as possible to avoid septic conditions. Drainage Systems also collect and carry surface water i.e., the rain water to either dispose off along with the foul water (in case of combined drainage system) or store for further use (in case of separate drainage system). The drainage pipes must be of adequate size and gradient for containing the maximum flow without being surcharged and maintaining the minimum velocity to prevent the deposition of solid waste. 1.1.2 Functions of Surface Water Drainage Systems Surface water Drainage Systems should incorporate storm water management systems to help mitigate the effects of flash flooding The drainage pipes must be of adequate size and gradient for containing the maximum flow without being surcharged and maintaining the minimum velocity to prevent the deposition of solid waste. 1.2 Drainage System in UK Foul Water and Surface Water usually runs in separate drains in UK so that the clean water from the rain is not wasted. Government drainage system convey water by underground piping with manhole allocated at the point of pipe changing direction or at the point when access is required for maintenance. The water flowing inside the drainage system is driven by gravity with setting the pipe run in fall. 1.3 Foul Water Drainage System The Foul Water Drainage System with in a building is basically composed of Sanitary Fittings, Water Seal Traps, Foul Drainage Stacks, Ventilating Stacks, Branch Pipes and occasional required Sump and Pump System for disposal due to site constrain. 1.3.1 Water Seal Trap shall be provided in every of the sanitary fitting to prevent the foul odor and air born infectious disease escaping out from the inlet of the fitting. The fitting illustrated in Figure 2 is a floor outlet which incorporates an anti-siphon P-trap. Figure 2 1.3.2 Foul Drainage Stack is a vertical discharge pipe which generally extends from the atmosphere at roof level, down through the building and connects to the below ground drainage system. The pipe comprises a number of branch connections at each level where sanitary plumbing is required. Horizontal drainage pipes or floats or headers serve each sanitary appliance and interface with the drainage stack at the branch connections. Water flowing inside is not full bore and air is being displaced upward thus escape to atmosphere. 1.3.2.1Continuity Equation: Volume of Air (QA) displaced up = Volume of Water Flowing Down (Q) When friction on pipe wall and interface of air-to-water balanced with gravitational force of water flowing down, terminal velocity is reached. VT = 10.073 (Q/D)0.4 LT = 0.1706VT2 Where VT is terminal velocity (m/s) Q is discharge rate (L/s) D is diameter of stack (mm) LT is terminal length below point of entry (m) Capacity of Stack is limited by the terminal velocity achieved in the stack. Q = KD8/3 Where Q is discharge rate (L/s) D is diameter of stack (mm) K is a constant depending on stack loading BORE K 1/3 Full 5.2 x 10-5 1/4 Full 3.2 x 10-5 1/5 Full 2.1 x 10-5 1/6 Full 1.3 x 10-5 Figure 4 In order to reduce pressure disturbances to minimum, the maximum permissible flow in a stack should be limited to 1/4 Full Bore of the total cross sectional area of the stack. Where adequate ventilation is provided to the drainage system, a stack loading of 1/3 Full Bore may be considered. 1.3.3 Foul drainage branch pipes(Header pipes) Foul drainage branch pipes are horizontal sections of drainage pipe work which serve each sanitary appliance and convey wastewater to the local drainage stack. Branch pipes are subdivided into soil pipes and waste pipes. Soil pipes convey only soils from WC’s (toilets) and waste pipes convey only wastewater from all other sanitary appliances with the exception of toilets. Horizontal pipe lengths which exceed lengths specific to each pipe diameter, must incorporate dedicated ventilation pipes. 1.3.4 Ventilating Stack Ventilation stacks comprise a vertical pipe alongside discharge stacks with branch connections at levels where sanitary plumbing are required. Generally, ventilation stacks are only required in situations where the vertical discharge stack must incorporate an offset. This does not include the connection fitting at the below ground drainage interconnection. The purpose of installing a ventilating stack is to prevent the development of excessive pressures in the lower regions of the drainage stack by relieving the air as rapidly as it is carried down by the discharge of the drainage stack. The most effective method for ventilating discharge stacks are through connections situated close to the below ground drainage transition. It is at this location that pressure is at its maximum and the danger of closure due to fouling is at its minimum. For effective ventilation of branch pipes, the connection shall be made upstream from the final fitting. The ventilating stack should extend undiminished in size through the roof or connect with the ventilating extension of the drainage stack at least 150 mm above the overflow of the highest fixture or connect to a ventilating header. The Discharge Units (DU) for different sanitary appliances is given in the following table which is derived from BS EN 12056 and Table A2 of AD H1: Figure 5 1.3.5 Calculating the Stack Size The given car park building is equipped with the following sanitary fittings: Each Floor In the Shopping Mall (Lower Three Floors) W.C. 6 No.s 6 x 2.3 = 13.8 Urinals 3 No.s 3 x 0.15 = 0.45 Basins 6 No.s 6 x 0.6 = 3.6 For Disabled Toilets Shower 3No.s 3 x 0.1 = 0.3 W.C. 3No.s 3 x 2.3 = 6.9 Basin 3No.s 3 x 0.6 = 1.8 DU for each floor of the Mall = 13.8+ 0.45+3.6+0.3+6.9+1.8 = 26.85 Total DU of the Mall (3 floors) = 26.85 x 3 = 80.55 Each Floor In the Car Park (Upper Six Floors) W.C. 3No.s 3 x 2.3 = 6.9 Urinals 3No.s 3 x 0.15 = 0.45 Basins 4No.s 4 x 0.6 = 2.4 DU for each floor of the Car Park = 6.9+0.45+2.4 = 9.75 Total DU of the Car Park (5 floors) = 9.75 x 6 = 58.5 Total DU of the Building = DU (Mall) + DU (Park) = 26.85 + 58.5 = 85.35 L/s By summing up the discharge unit, the Flow Rate is calculated from the following equation: Approximate Flow Rate from One Stack: Q = 2.136 (DU/60)0.416 [For Total DU Read More