Remarkable Expansion of Hawaiis Tourism - Research Proposal Example

Hawaii Tourism Table of Contents Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………….3 Tourism Products and Tourism Supply Chain ………………………………………..4 Systems Theory ………………………………………………………………………….5 POSITIVE IMPACT OF TOURISM IN HAWAII Tourism as Hawaii’s Primary Employer, Income Producer and Development Growth Sector ………………………………………………6 The Tourism Industry Providing Employment to Hawaii’s Residents ………………7 Hawaii’s Economy Benefiting from the Cruise Industry ……………………………...7 Sports Tournaments Attracting Out-of State Visitors …………………………………8 NEGATIVE IMPACT OF TOURISM IN HAWAII Impact on Stakeholders ………………………………………………………………….8 Economy in “Crisis Mode” ……………………………………………………………….9 Critical Issues on the Environment …………………………………………………….10 Political Manipulation through High Tax Imposition ………………………………….10 Cultural Invasion …………………………………………………………………………11 RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations on Conflict Resolution …………………………………………….11 Recommendations on Tourism Sustainability ………………………………………....13 Recommendations on Carrying Capacity ……………………………………………....14 Recommendations on Visitor Management …………………………………………....14 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………16 References …………………………………………………………………………………17 Introduction Hawaii’s mountains and marine offer its visitors eye-catching panoramas, abundant tropical forests, spectacular mountain ranges, stunning beaches, and a pleasant climate - all favourable to making a “paradise” in the heart of the Pacific. The Native Hawaiians plus the island’s isolation have coupled to create an exceptional destination that is unique to a visitor’s experience (Hawaii Tourism Strategic Plan: 2005-2015 2010). Today, Hawaii is a primary traveler destination with more than six million tourists each year. Producing $10Billion each year, tourism becomes a chief provider to the Hawaiian economy (Darowski, et al. 2006). The state’s visitor industry accounts for 26.3% of the Gross State Product (GSP) and supplies 32.1% of employment to Hawaii residents. Waikiki, with only an area of 1 square mile, is the busiest tourist district providing 11 % of all of the state’s employment, and yielding 12 % of incomes from state and local taxes (Johnson, C 2010). In a study done in 2002, the Survey of Resident Sentiments on Tourism in Hawaii showed that 50 percent of residents surveyed said that tourism has been beneficial to themselves and their families and is a positive contributor to employment (80%), their living standard (67%), shopping choices (70%), and the overall quality of life of natives (67%) (Hawaii Tourism Strategic Plan: 2005-2015 2010). Hawaii’s economy is fully dependent on the tourism industry, thereby increasing its vulnerability to any variations in the air tourism industry and changeability in tourist advertising by the Destination Management Organization (DMO). Five decades after the boom of tourism industry in Hawaii, the industry has seriously modified and affected the indigenous culture and ethnic multiplicity of the state's evolution (Johnson, C 2010). Even though the state's wealthy natural resources of stunning beaches and sand, magnificent sun and exceptional plants and animals magnetise visitors worldwide, intense tourism and an escalating local population has affected the fragility of Hawaii's environment. The industrialisation growth throughout the islands of Hawaii mounted issues over the sustained conservation of the cultural legacy and consecrated spots of the native Hawaiians. To this day, a sustainable tourism industry is a major issue faced by Hawaii (Johnson, C 2010). This paper will discuss the benefits of tourism to Hawaii as well as the growing concerns over the stability of Hawaii’s economy, the conservation of the natural environment, the continued preservation of the cultural heritage of the native Hawaiians, political manipulation, and employment. Proposed strategies to minimise critical issues will be provided. Moreover, tourism supply and products will be defined in addition to the application of the Systems Theory on Hawaii tourism. Tourism Products and Tourism Supply Chain Tourism product encompasses all factors that contribute to a destination’s activity or experience. It comprises the material and observational features such as natural resource areas often visited by tourists, lodgings, public infrastructure, service areas and attractions, as well as tourist activities, festivities, shopping and dining experiences, and cultural events. Tourism product likewise includes a destination’s history and diversity and its natives’ spirit. The various ethnic diversities of Hawaii are an inherent element of the tourist experience which offers its visitors a feel of extraordinary multi-cultural experience (Issues in Hawaii Tourism n.d.). The supply chain includes the providers of all the merchandise and services and the distribution of tourism products to end users by tour operators, accommodation providers or tour agents. Tour agents are ground planners of tourism activities and outings. The supply chain of tourism does not only involve accommodation, transportation, activities and excursions, but also food production, restaurants and bars, native handiworks, waste disposal, and the infrastructure that sustains tourism destinations (Tapper & Font 2004). The development of Hawaii’s tourism product is a strategy that will improve the traveler’s experience, extend the traveler’s stay in Hawaii, decrease seasonality highs and lows, relieve congestion of well-preferred tourism areas, promote repeat visitation, draw new tourists and elevate the importance of the presented tourism product (Hawaii Tourism Strategic Plan: 2005-2015 2010) Systems Theory The General Systems Theory is the most excellent means of advancing tourism in a destination. The notion of a tourism system was created through the application of central ideas from systems theory. The first level of entire tourism system involves an understanding of all the factors considered essential for tourism to happen. The second level is from Gunn’s (1988) model of tourism systems with the five tourism factors such as attractions; information and direction; visitors; transportation; services and facilities. Another tourism systems theory approach is from Jafari's (1989) model which involves six stages that take place in all standard trips such as “corporation, expatriation, animation, repatriation, incorporation and omission.” One other model comes from Leiper's (1995) model involving individual component (tourists); three geographical components signifying functions that locales have in all visitors' programmes (originated region, travel itinerary and destination region); and an organisational supportive component (tourism industries). The systems theory incorporates physical, economic and social environments (Juarez, Padilla & Matamoros n.d.). The goal of tourist system theory is to grant tourists with favourable tour conditions. The resolution in the actions of the regulatory components through active involvement of the government, merger and tourist association result in the development of an effective tourist system. Actions taken separately by tourism components will delay its development. Hawaii’s Systems theory approach focuses on tourism demand and its progress in a socio-economic framework; administration of tourism products and services in a destination arrangement with its environmental, economic and social interrelations and marketing approaches (Carlsen 2000). POSITIVE IMPACT OF TOURISM IN HAWAII Tourism as Hawaii's Primary Employer, Income Producer, and Economic Development Sector Tourism has become Hawaii’s prime source of income through tourist expenditures and tourism-associated investment. Hawaii’s Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) data shows that in 2007 Hawaii’s tourism industry accounted for $12.8 billion in expenditure for travel and tourism, which yielded roughly 22.3% of total employment in the State. The industry produced around 17.3% of the Gross State Product (GSP) and around 26.4% of total tax proceeds. Moreover, the fast tourism expansion gave way to a remarkable business development and infrastructure improvement on the Islands (Hawaii Tourism Strategic Plan: 2005-2015 2010). The Tourism Industry Providing Employment to Hawaii’s Residents Tourism, as Hawaii’s leading employment provider, creates one out of five jobs in in the state, in accordance with the Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) records. The state’s visitor industry supplies jobs in the following areas: airlines, airport operations, car rental companies, department stores, entertainment, hotels, public and private industries, recreational facilities, restaurants and bars, security services, and other various businesses that provide goods and services to tourists. Year 2002 reports showed an approximation of 160,787 resident jobs throughout the state sustained directly and indirectly by tourist expenditures, forming 22.3% of overall employment granted by the State’s economy (Hawaii Tourism Strategic Plan: 2005-2015 2010). Hawaii’s Economy Benefiting from the Cruise Industry According to the figures covering the 2002 and 2003 Hawaii Cruise Impact Study by the Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT), in Honolulu, one of Hawaii’s most visited areas, the rapidly rising cruise industry contributed $293.7 million in 2003 and $286.3 million in direct and indirect expenditures in 2002 to Hawaii's Gross State Product (GSP). The expenditures of cruise tourists, shipping representatives and agents, ship crew members, shipping lines, and seaport fees add up to boost the state’s economy, income, taxes and jobs. The cruise industry’s total contribution to the state’s economy amplified to $390.5 million for 2003 and $381.1 million for 2002 when the expenditures by families with members employed in the cruise industry is take into consideration as well (Cruise Industry Continues to Benefit Hawaii’s Economy 2006). Sports Tournaments Attracting Out-of-State Visitors Hawaii’s sports tournaments are great contributors to the state’s economy and international publicity. For 26 years, the state has been hosting Hawaii’s premier early-season college basketball tournament. In Maui, the annual “Basketball in Paradise” tournament got $6 million in tourist expenditures, producing big profits for Maui businesses and granting worldwide exposure for the island. The six-day tournament attracted thousands of visitors to Maui, according to the Maui Visitors Bureau. Starting from its commencement in 1984, the yearly tournament has amassed and contributed to over $140 million to the island’s economy. Expenditures are generated from out-of-state visitors: players, basketball fans, officials, media people, team and game staff, sponsors, and production teams who travelled to Maui to witness the event (2009 Tourney Boosts Maui Economy 2010). NEGATIVE IMPACT OF TOURISM IN HAWAII Impact on Stakeholders The economy of Hawaii is mainly dependent on its tourism industry. Because of this, any impact of the industry can affect all stakeholders. The island of Hawaii, being an isolated destination, makes it an obvious indication that practically all entities are interrelated and thus involved and influenced by the industry. Hawaii’s stakeholders comprise of residents, private businesses, visitor industry, government agencies, and visitors. Every stakeholder has a particular amount of power over of lawful, financial, and voting matters of the state (Darowski et al. 2006). The improvement of Hawaii’s tourist industry has unstable impacts on the State, and on every island, as well as on residents. The breathtaking islands of Hawaii face a natural restriction on the growth and utilisation of its natural reserves. In the 2002 Survey of Resident Sentiments on Tourism in Hawaii, it showed that significant numbers of residents believe that tourism negatively impacts traffic (54%), crime (41%), and the cost of housing (35%). Hawaii’s future population increase and economic progress will need further corresponding plan to create the right equilibrium between attaining the state’s economic goals and sustaining its human, natural, physical and ethnic reserves (Hawaii Tourism Strategic Plan: 2005-2015 2010). Hawaiian residents expressed sentiments that the community is deficient of the knowledge of sustainable tourism. These issues, when not seriously handled, may result in the wearing down of the “aloha spirit” and may trigger anger towards the industry (Hawaii Tourism Strategic Plan: 2005-2015 2010). Economy in ‘Crisis-Mode’ Hawaii is deeply reliant on its visitor industry which makes up 17% of overall non-farm employment in the state; and twofold national average of 9.8% for relaxation purposes and hospitality services. The state’s tourist influx to Hawaii, either by air or by cruise ship entries decreased by 10.6% in 2008 after a steady increase in 2007. More fluctuation of 4.5% in 2009 is predicted from the Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism, and 2% increase is expected for the year 2010. The rising unemployment in the tourism industry plus the housing market delay has impacted the island’s infrastructure development and building permit activity (Johnson, N 2010). The economic performance on a national level continues to be disturbed by the unemployment in the manufacturing sector that stands for 3% of Hawaii’s entire employment. The government employment is the state’s biggest employment sector at 20.2% versus 16.4% nationally, whilst the state's leading employment provider in the previous years has been in various industry sectors such as services and construction sectors. The intensification of the service sector has increased some expansion to Hawaii’s employment foundation further than the tourism industry, with optimistic increases in the sectors of educational and health services, and professional and business services, although the business sector is now providing employment in Hawaii (Johnson, N 2010). Critical Issues on the Environment Hawaii’s natural resources such as the sun, beaches and sand continue to draw tourists worldwide. On the other hand, the damage of tourism industry on Hawaii’s environment has become a serious issue (Takeda 2004). The escalating tourist entries will eventually result in congested beaches, exhausted natural resources, and congested roadways and overloaded natural regions. Moreover, there has been an incalculable strain on the state’s limited water resources due to maximum increase of visitors to Hawaii each year. The higher the visitor arrivals, the greater will be the state’s necessity for additional roads, freshwater, and energy demands. In addition, more tourists will cause further pollution (EPA Coastlines 2002). Political Manipulation through High Tax Imposition Government officials, in their optimism for increased revenues to finance government expenditures, impose high tourism taxes on hotels, airline flights, and car rentals. Several politicians use these tourism taxes to fund extra revenues from non-voting, powerless tourists to evade criticisms from their residents. However such high taxes have grave outcomes for residents, even in areas that do not have a lively and abundant tourism industry. Excessive increase in tourism taxes may decrease tourist arrivals to Hawaii, thereby reducing income for privately owned businesses in the area (Nothdurft 2009). Cultural Invasion Hawaiian cultures are distinctive and matchless which continue to magnetise tourists around the world. However, due to extensive marketing, several Hawaiians feel estranged by the tourist industry. Cultures of the indigenous Hawaiians are often exploited in advertising campaigns with no proper consultation, thus producing false and incorrect representations. The tourism industry workforce, who lacks knowledge on Native Hawaiians and their cultural heritage, can also add to this deformation and misleading interpretations (Issues in Hawaii Tourism n.d.). Sadly, Hawaii’s tourism growth corrupts the significance of the native’s cultural legacy values. An inspection of the public endorsement of Hawaii in the world media promotions expose the noticeable packaging of an “aloha for Sale” strategy, also known as the “hula” marketing. According to Rev. Kaleo Patterson of the Board of Directors of the North America Coordinating Centre of Responsible Tourism, hula marketing is the advertising of Hawaii natives and its culture for the intention of unfair and fast economic profit. The Hawaiian culture is idealized to plea to the unusual imagination of world vacationers. The well-admired pictures such as smiling young girls decorated with flowers or images of hula dancers are the most usual examples (Patterson n.d.). RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations on Conflict Resolution Tourists to Hawaii depend greatly on air transport services. Ports and highways are vital in easing a visitor’s tour to, from and around the state. Working to improve tourism infrastructural concerns such as heightened traffic obstruction and old facilities will make travel accessible and enjoyable for visitors and for natives as well. The following strategies should be implemented to resolve conflict on transportation issues: encourage more express/direct flights of international air transporters to Hawaii and raise the number of available seats on both local and international flights; expand inter-island ferry system services; and improve airports and its facilities, ports and supporting systems to carry larger visitor arrivals (Issues in Hawaii Tourism n.d.). Another conflict which has to be resolved is the issue on unemployment and workforce concerns. Being an economic foundation for Hawaii’s economy, tourism offers several employment prospects and calls for an adequate number of competent workers. The tourism workforce must maintain its workforce and hire new and competent employees. Since some tourism jobs are part-time due to seasonal and unstable visitor arrivals, the government must implement reasonable housing and affordable cost-of-living standards to the tourism workforce. Programmes for the provision of tourism education for residents and the tourism industry are needed statewide (Hawaii Tourism Strategic Plan: 2005-2015 2010). The workforce such as hotel owners, managers, and staff should be provided with adequate information and knowledge about the state’s people, environment, language, and culture. Moreover, tourism personnel should be appropriately educated to be able to accommodate the various needs of every visitor. For a sustainable tourism success, “managerial and entrepreneurial training” should be granted to qualified employees for career development prospects (Hawaii Tourism Strategic Plan: 2005- 2015 2010). Recommendations on Tourism Sustainability Culture. A successful sustainable tourism industry in Hawaii must respect and value the state’s culture, its natives and their history, preserve its natural environment and engage in the active involvement of the local communities. Natives of Hawaii symbolise a variety of cultures. The state’s cultural legacy should be nurtured and kept alive by representing and incorporating the Hawaiian culture, called “malama,” in tourism experiences and activities and promotion programmes; providing support to the local practitioners, artists and musicians; augmenting cooperation and bridging the gap that lives between the local community and the tourist industry. Additionally, sacred cultural sites that are significant to Hawaii’s ethnic values should be maintained and protected (Issues in Hawaii Tourism n.d.). Natural Environment. The state’s natural resources is acknowledged as a very unique asset, however the increasing need for recreational use generates capacity concerns and quality issues. The following strategies should be implemented for a more sustainable natural environment for Hawaii: increase value-added amenities at natural resource areas through implementation of infrastructures for most-visited sites; make arrangements for food concessionaires to supply food services in Hawaii’s public areas; discover modern ways to repair, develop and sustain the natural environment of Hawaii; elevate understanding of all stakeholders about the proper utilisation of natural resources, such as water and energy; encourage cooperation among government agencies, the community and the tourist industry; and lastly, increase awareness of commercial workforce and information contributors about the responsible use of natural resources (Issues in Hawaii Tourism n.d.). Recommendations on Carrying Capacity A number of issues on tourist seasonality and supply throughout Hawaii’s tourist districts affect the “carrying capacity” of the state. In addition, alterations in technology, the growth of infrastructure in Hawaii, variations in tourist category, activity levels, and necessities can likewise affect the state’s carrying capacity. Thus, since the carrying capacity of Hawaii is constantly changing, the goal is not to verify the maximum or minimum numbers of tourists, but to develop an approach that can deal with tourism progress and visitor arrivals and a strategy that can improve the quality of life of Native Hawaiians and the quality of tourist experience (Planning for the Promotion of Sustainable Tourism in Hawaii 2002). A thorough analysis of approaches for a more sustainable tourism in Hawaii, incorporating the evaluation of the destination’s carrying capacity, boundaries of acceptable change, and highest acceptable risk must be conducted. Awareness of the varying characteristics of pollution, toxic and solid wastes, congestion of traffic, and environmental impacts on the island that is frequented by a sizable number of visitors, will be required. Programmes on water treatment and sewage, fire prevention, service areas management, road improvements, and development of new parks throughout the state especially in the well-visited areas, must be appropriately responded to accommodate the influx of tourists in Hawaii (Planning for the Promotion of Sustainable Tourism in Hawaii 2002). Recommendations on Visitor Management The charisma of Hawaii as a tourist destination is greatly reliant on the insight of a safe and secure environment for tourists and residents. The following are some strategies that should be implemented to help in the management of Hawaii’s visitors and provide a safe and secure destination to tourists: (1) crime prevention by educating tourists, residents and tourism workforce of the possible dangers to health and safety; (2) support and reinforce criminal deterrence and law enforcement undertakings; (3) execute necessary local safety improvements at airports, harbors and other tourist spots around the state to guarantee the safety of visitors and residents; and (4) tackle drug abuse and other criminal activities within the destination (Issues in Hawaii Tourism n.d.). The distinctive Hawaiian experience that tourists enjoy makes Hawaii Islands a matchless competitor with all other destinations throughout the world. The following are some strategic directions proposed to manage visitors and educate them on the significance of Hawaii’s cultural heritage: (1) correctly highlight the value of the Native Hawaiian culture and community to the quality of life of residents and to the quality of the tourist experience and to strengthen the role of other cultures portrayed in Hawaii; (2) develop innovative activities and reinforce existing experiential tourist activities by upholding programmes that draw travelers to Hawaii to enthusiastically partake in cultural activities such as the Aloha Festivals and Honolulu Festivals, that are exclusive only to Hawaii; (3) show the island’s multicultural traditions, and provide opportunities to encourage tourist-resident interaction; (4) boost and develop existing and fresh community-based programs, activities and events such as ecotours, agricultural tourism, and traditional tourism activities which encourage tourist-resident interaction; (5) offer and market courses to tourists in Hawaii’s colleges and universities (Hawaii Tourism Strategic Plan: 2005-2015 2010). Conclusion Tourism, being the primary industry in Hawaii, is every stakeholder’s business in the island. It touches almost all businesses, government agencies, the industry, visitors and residents throughout the state, and per se, it influences and is influenced by a wide range of programmes, planning and policy decisions including concerns on infrastructure, employment, trade, transportation, taxation, business development, land utilisation and the environment. Cooperation by all stakeholders is essential to the triumph and sustainability of Hawaii’s tourism industry and the quality of life for Hawaii’s residents and visitors (Issues in Hawaii Tourism n.d.). Hawaii’s tourism has experienced remarkable expansion. Along with its growth, came the rise of negative impacts to the natural environment, the state’s economy, employment, cultural heritage, security and quality of life of both residents and visitors. 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