Operational Definition and Model Building: Introduction to Scanning - Assignment Example

Operational Definition and Model Building: Introduction to Scanning Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Descriptive Statistics: Demographic Descriptors 2 Descriptive Statistics: Internet Use Variables 6 Descriptive Statistics: Online Purchase Variables 8 Reliability Analysis: Internet Use Variables 10 Reliability Analysis: Online Purchase Variables 13 Descriptive Statistics: Internet Use and Online Purchase Scale 16 Correlation 19 Hypothesis Test 20 Use of Internet and Online Purchase Descriptive Statistics: Demographic Descriptors The average age of the respondents was 41.5 years (SD = 13.7). The minimum and maximum age of the respondents was 18, and 99 years, respectively. The distribution of the age of the respondents was approximately normal (Skewness = 0.80). Majority (59%) of the respondents were male (figure 1). Majority (63%) of the respondents were married (figure 2). The education level of the respondents were less than high school (2%), high school diploma or GED (31.5%), associate two-year or junior college degree (19%), bachelor’s degree (27.5%), master’s degree (10.5%), doctorate (1.5%), and professionals (3.5%), figure 3. Majority (72.5%) of the respondents were working full-time (figure 4) and about 45% of the respondents were using internet up to five hours per week excluding email (figure 5). Figure 1: Sex of respondents Figure 2: Martital status of respondents Figure 3: Education level of respondents Figure 4: Employment status of respondents Figure 5: Hour of internet usage per week by respondents excluding email Table 1 Descriptive Statistics for Age N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Skewness Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Recoded Age 1234 18 99 41.51 13.660 .796 .070 Valid N (listwise) 1234 Descriptive Statistics: Internet Use Variables As can be seen in table 2, the most frequent uses of the internet reported by the respondents were email (91%), Learning or gathering info - not school related (82%), surfing (74%), and product or store information (72%). The least frequent uses of the internet reported by the respondents were buying stocks or investing online (10%), homework for school (15%), banking online (16%), and participating in online quizzes (21%). Two things interesting noticed was that only 23.5% of the respondents were using internet for chatting and only 23% of the respondents were using internet for job search. Table 2 Descriptive Statistics for Internet Use Variables Internet Use For: N Yes No E-mail 1097 91.34% 8.66% Reading the news, weather, or sports 1097 69.10% 30.90% Homework for school 1097 14.68% 85.32% Learning or gathering info - not school related 1097 81.59% 18.41% Job searches. 1097 23.15% 76.85% Work/Business 1097 50.32% 49.68% Chat rooms or message boards 1097 23.43% 76.57% Entertainment (playing games) 1097 29.72% 70.28% Surfing 1097 73.66% 26.34% Researching hobbies 1100 67.82% 32.18% Travel info or reservations 1100 61.18% 38.82% Product or store information 1100 71.82% 28.18% Buying good or services (gave credit card info) 1100 68.91% 31.09% Participating in online auctions 1100 20.73% 79.27% Looking up stock quotes 1100 32.55% 67.45% Buying stocks or investing online 1100 10.00% 90.00% Banking online 1100 15.73% 84.27% Descriptive Statistics: Online Purchase Variables As can be seen in table 3, the most frequent internet purchases reported by the respondents were for gifts (50%), books (47%), and music (36%). The least frequent internet purchases reported by the respondents were for automobiles (2%), groceries (3%), prescription drugs (2%), and gardening supplies (3%). Table 3 Descriptive Statistics for Online Purchase Variables Purchased Online: N Selected Not Selected Clothing 1241 25.54% 74.46% Auto mobiles 1241 2.01% 97.99% Books 1241 47.22% 52.78% Computer hardware 1241 15.63% 84.37% Computer software 1241 26.59% 73.41% Consumer electronics 1241 18.69% 81.31% Flowers 1241 9.91% 90.09% Furniture or home furnishings 1241 7.90% 92.10% Gardening supplies 1241 2.98% 97.02% Gifts 1241 49.80% 50.20% Groceries 1241 2.74% 97.26% Health, beauty, vitamins, non-pres drugs 1241 11.28% 88.72% Prescription drugs 1241 2.18% 97.82% Home office supplies 1241 10.15% 89.85% Music: CDs, tapes, records 1241 35.70% 64.30% Pet supplies 1241 6.20% 93.80% Sporting goods 1241 10.31% 89.69% Tickets 1241 22.64% 77.36% Toys 1241 22.16% 77.84% Travel 1241 19.82% 80.18% Videos 1241 15.07% 84.93% Reliability Analysis: Internet Use Variables The Cronbach's Alpha for a scale made up of the internet use variables is 0.665. As can be seen in table 6, the reliability could be not improved much by removing any of the internet use variables. For example, if we remove variables homework for school, chat rooms or message boards, and entertainment for which corrected item total correlation is least than the new Cronbach's Alpha for a scale made up of this set of internet use variables is 0.675, which is not much different from earlier value of the Cronbach's Alpha. Therefore, there was no change in final list of the internet use variables and it is same as earlier. Table 4 Case Processing Summary N % Cases Valid 1097 88.4 Excluded(a) 144 11.6 Total 1241 100.0 a Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. Table 5 Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items .665 17 Table 6 Scale Statistics Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items 8.06 8.185 2.861 17 Table 7 Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item-Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted E-mail 7.15 7.720 0.246 0.655 Reading the news, weather, or sports 7.37 7.190 0.315 0.645 Homework for school 7.92 7.840 0.111 0.668 Learning or gathering info - not school related 7.25 7.385 0.308 0.647 Job searches 7.83 7.350 0.287 0.649 Work/Business 7.56 7.071 0.324 0.643 Chat rooms or message boards 7.83 7.602 0.173 0.663 Entertainment(playing games) 7.77 7.594 0.152 0.666 Surfing 7.33 7.404 0.244 0.654 Researching hobbies 7.38 7.200 0.306 0.646 Travel info or reservations 7.45 7.062 0.342 0.640 Product or store information 7.34 7.122 0.359 0.639 Buying good or services (gave credit card info) 7.37 7.268 0.282 0.649 Participating in online auctions 7.86 7.500 0.234 0.655 Looking up stock quotes 7.74 7.309 0.259 0.652 Buying stocks or investing online 7.96 7.656 0.263 0.653 Banking online 7.91 7.559 0.246 0.654 Removing variable Homework for school, Chat rooms or message boards, and Entertainment Table 8 Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items .675 14 Table 9 Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item-Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted E-mail 6.47 6.395 .238 .666 Reading the news, weather, or sports 6.69 5.910 .307 .656 Learning or gathering info - not school related 6.57 6.045 .324 .654 Job searches 7.15 6.071 .271 .661 Work/Business 6.88 5.699 .362 .647 Surfing 6.65 6.164 .208 .670 Researching hobbies 6.71 5.943 .286 .659 travel info or reservations 6.77 5.738 .359 .648 product or store information 6.67 5.790 .379 .645 Buying good or services (gave credit card info) 6.69 5.932 .297 .658 Participating in online auctions 7.18 6.215 .214 .668 Looking up stock quotes 7.06 5.908 .301 .657 Buying stocks or investing online 7.28 6.279 .295 .660 Banking online 7.23 6.218 .255 .663 Reliability Analysis: Online Purchase Variables The Cronbach's Alpha for a scale made up of the online purchase variables is 0.693. As can be seen in table 13, the reliability could be not improved much by removing any of the online purchase variables. For example, if we remove variables auto mobile, groceries, and prescription drugs for which corrected item total correlation is least than the new Cronbach's Alpha for a scale made up of this set of online purchase variables is 0.700, which is not much different from earlier value of the Cronbach's Alpha. Therefore, there was no change in final list of the online purchase variables and it is same as earlier. Table 10 Case Processing Summary N % Cases Valid 1241 100.0 Excluded(a) 0 .0 Total 1241 100.0 a Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. Table 11 Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items .693 21 Table 12 Descriptive Statistics for Age Scale Statistics Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items 3.65 7.745 2.783 21 Table 13 Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item-Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted Clothing 3.39 6.886 .292 .679 Auto mobiles 3.63 7.744 -.024 .697 Books 3.17 6.726 .297 .679 Computer hardware 3.49 7.150 .238 .684 Computer software 3.38 6.749 .349 .672 Consumer electronics 3.46 6.958 .309 .677 Flowers 3.55 7.196 .286 .680 Furniture or home furnishings 3.57 7.436 .161 .690 Gardening supplies 3.62 7.530 .199 .688 Gifts 3.15 6.427 .421 .662 Groceries 3.62 7.641 .086 .693 Health, beauty, vitamins, non-pres drugs 3.53 7.130 .305 .678 Prescription drugs 3.62 7.688 .044 .695 Home office supplies 3.54 7.126 .327 .677 Music: CDs, tapes, records 3.29 6.604 .370 .669 Pet supplies 3.58 7.400 .219 .686 Sporting goods 3.54 7.305 .211 .686 Tickets 3.42 7.011 .252 .683 Toys 3.42 7.049 .237 .685 Travel 3.45 6.981 .287 .679 Videos 3.49 7.055 .296 .679 Removing variables auto mobile, groceries, and prescription drugs Table 14 Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items .700 18 Table 15 Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item-Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted clothing 3.32 6.736 .289 .688 books 3.10 6.556 .303 .687 computer hardware 3.42 6.982 .243 .692 computer software 3.31 6.590 .351 .680 consumer electronics 3.39 6.806 .306 .685 flowers 3.48 7.042 .284 .689 furniture or home furnishings 3.50 7.278 .159 .698 gardening supplies 3.55 7.369 .199 .696 gifts 3.08 6.272 .423 .670 Health, beauty, vitamins, non-pres drugs 3.46 6.984 .297 .687 home office supplies 3.47 6.971 .326 .685 music: CDs, tapes, records 3.22 6.444 .373 .677 pet supplies 3.51 7.242 .217 .694 sporting goods 3.47 7.145 .212 .694 tickets 3.35 6.847 .255 .691 toys 3.35 6.892 .237 .693 travel 3.38 6.830 .284 .688 videos 3.43 6.887 .302 .686 Descriptive Statistics: Internet Use and Online Purchase Scale The average internet use scale of the respondents was 8 out of maximum possible of 17 (SD = 8). Most of the respondents reported internet use scale equal to or above 8. As can be seen in figure 6, the distribution of internet use scale of the respondents was normal that is also confirmed by the test of normality (table 17). The average online purchase scale of the respondents was 3.7 out of maximum possible of 21 (SD = 2.78). Most of the respondents reported online purchase scale equal to or above 3. As can be seen in figure 7, the distribution of online purchase scale of the respondents was appeared slightly skewed to right, however, the test of normality suggested that the distribution is statistically normal (table 17). Table 16 Descriptive Statistics for Internet Use and Online Purchase Scale Internet Use Scale Online Purchase Scale N Valid 1097 1241 Missing 144 0 Mean 8.06 3.65 Median 8.00 3.00 Mode 8 1 Std. Deviation 2.861 2.783 Skewness .011 1.255 Std. Error of Skewness .074 .069 Minimum 1 0 Maximum 16 17 Percentiles 25 6.00 2.00 75 10.00 5.00 Figure 6: Distribution of internet use (scale) of respondents Figure 7: Distribution of online purchase (scale) of respondents Table 17 Tests of Normality for Internet Use and Online Purchase Scale Kolmogorov-Smirnov(a) Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig. Internet Use Scale .077 1097 .000 .986 1097 .000 Online Purchase Scale .186 1241 .000 .879 1241 .000 a Lilliefors Significance Correction Correlation There was only one valid entry for the Money spent on buying online in the past 3 months by the respondents, therefore, it was not considered for correlation analysis. The respondents’ hours of internet usage/week excluding email and internet use scale were moderately correlated, r(1093) = .39, p < .001. The respondents’ hours of internet usage/week excluding email and online purchase scale were correlated, r(1093) = .19, p < .001. The respondents’ internet use scale and online purchase scale were moderately correlated, r(1095) = .40, p < .001. Table 18 Correlation Matrix Money spent on buying online in the past 3 months Hours of internet usage/week (excl. email) Internet Use Scale Online Purchase Scale Money spent on buying online in the past 3 months Pearson Correlation .(a) .(a) .(a) .(a) Sig. (2-tailed) . . . N 1 0 0 1 Hours of internet usage/week (excl. email) Pearson Correlation .(a) 1 .392(**) .194(**) Sig. (2-tailed) . .000 .000 N 0 1095 1095 1095 Internet Use Scale Pearson Correlation .(a) .392(**) 1 .396(**) Sig. (2-tailed) . .000 .000 N 0 1095 1097 1097 Online Purchase Scale Pearson Correlation .(a) .194(**) .396(**) 1 Sig. (2-tailed) . .000 .000 N 1 1095 1097 1241 ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). a Cannot be computed because at least one of the variables is constant. Hypothesis Test The research question examined was: Is there difference in internet use for male and female respondents? The hypotheses tested were: H0: µmale = µfemale H1: µmale ≠ µfemale The results of the test were statistically significant, t(1095) = 3.72, p < .001. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected; there is a difference in internet use for male and female respondents. Male respondents (M = 8.33, SD = 2.90) reported greater internet use than female respondents (M = 7.68, SD = 2.76). The research question examined was: Is there difference in online purchasing for male and female respondents? The hypotheses tested were: H0: µmale = µfemale H1: µmale ≠ µfemale The results of the test were statistically not significant, t(1239) = 49, p = .622. Thus, the null hypothesis is not rejected; there is no difference in online purchasing for male and female respondents. Table 19 Group Statistics Sex of Respondent N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Internet Use Scale male 647 8.33 2.899 .114 female 450 7.68 2.764 .130 Online Purchase Scale male 730 3.68 2.857 .106 female 511 3.60 2.676 .118 Table 20 Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Internet Use Scale Equal variances assumed .937 .333 3.718 1095 .000 .649 .175 .307 .992 Equal variances not assumed 3.750 994.354 .000 .649 .173 .310 .989 Online Purchase Scale Equal variances assumed 3.074 .080 .494 1239 .622 .079 .161 -.236 .394 Equal variances not assumed .499 1140.442 .618 .079 .159 -.232 .391 Read More