Essays on Victims Role and Rights in Criminal Law

The railroads are required by federal law to provide rates and service upon request by any shipper.... It has been further noted that for technological risks insurance is not readily available and hence insurers cannot fulfill a role in risk sharing and reduction.... Third-party inspection helps to improve risk estimates which thereby enhances the role insurance can play in risk reduction and risk sharing.... It has first to be ascertained whether the firm or its insurers, or the government would take the responsibility of restoring the environment and compensation of the victims....

The charter grants social, economic and cultural rights such as right to work, health, education and housing, but African states have taken minimal steps in entrenching such rights in their national laws.... Enforcing international human rights in domestic courts.... International human rights in context: law, politics, morals.... The paper "The Concept of Three Levels of Human Rights law" explains that human rights declarations, conventions, and laws form three human rights law levels: domestic, regional, and international law....

The urban poor were inevitably forced to engage in criminal activities in order to survive.... The paper "The criminal Justice System " seeks to investigate the basis of the criminal punishments that are given in the United States.... It analyzes the effect of the punishment given to the criminals and evaluates the possible forms of criminal reform systems that can be used instead of jail sentences and other forms of punishment....

Furthermore, this dissertation shall also look into whether the boys found their teachers as their role models.... the importance of male teachers as the role models can also be highly influenced by the fact that more and more children are growing up in one-parent families, most likely without fathers, thereby causing them to fail at school, drop out, or have emotional and behavioural problems.... Because of this, there is a significant need for other role models....

While recognizing that these multinational companies are not human rights agencies, the critical role and responsibility to enhance respect for the human rights of their host nation apply similarly.... The essay "International Human Rights law" explores the peculiarities of international human rights law implemented by the TNC's in transnational relations.... YM Leyson For: Unidentified International Human Rights law 31 March 2006 Multinational or transnational corporations (TNC's) are probably the most apparent vehicles for globalization of the economic system....

This essay "EU law and Human Rights" presents the respective national legal systems, the EU legal system, and the European Convention of Human Rights.... Article 234 of EC law ... The Treaty of Rome provided for enforcement of European Community law which has finally been realized as a result of the ECJ.... The Treaty envisages a vital role for ECJ in implementation of the Community law and vests broad powers in the Court.... The onus of responsibility for enforcement of Community law rests primarily with national administrative authorities....

in criminal law, causation is associated to the connection "between the act and the harmful result.... The essential difference between the two principles of criminal law (actus reus and mens rea) is that actus reus is related to criminal acts while mens rea is associated with the state of mind or criminal mind.... Bibliography Allen, J, Textbook on criminal law, Oxford University, Press Oxford, 2007.... Emanuel, S, criminal law: the crunchtime series, Aspen Publishers Online, New York, 2007....

In the book of Waller (2009), the current debates in criminal justice are present and everybody exactly playing with words.... In other words, the future management issues and trends regarding language interpretation should be tantamount to the prevailing criminal justice system in the US.... Thus, the proponent identifies the current and future issues facing courts and court administrators today in the US criminal justice system.... Severe punishment may be a significant reason why rehabilitation needs more emphasis in the criminal justice system....

This includes the 6% who have been victims of violent crimes with the 8% victims of personal theft (Home Office, 2012).... About one in four children in England and Wales from ages 10 to 15 have been victims of crime in 2009 (Home Office, 2012).... This dissertation "Becoming a Victim of Crime" focuses on crime in the United Kingdom that has become part of everyday life, from stolen valuables to brutality and violent crimes....

This essay "China and the Real Estate Market" is an analysis of the findings and research on China's property market and its viability.... The essay primarily focuses on secondary research as it is difficult to obtain information directly from Chinese realtors.... ... ... ... China's property market has been going through an uncertain phase with rising prices leading to doubts of a property boom and strict government regulations....

The paper "criminal law and Historical Focus" highlights that the criminal law of the late eighteenth century prescribed the death penalty for all serious offenses, and for many minor and obsolete crimes.... During the period 1700–1800 significant changes occurred throughout England's system of criminal justice not only in the criminal law, but also in criminal procedures, in prisons, and in punishments and cumulatively these procedures acted as the grounds for transforming the system of judicial administration....

Tort is a wrong and the law of tort is designed for people who are victimised because of the faults of others.... law of Torts is part of Civil law and primarily deals with plaintiffs or complainant who are wronged, incurring some sort of harm and may subsequently require some kind of compensation.... The law of tort is unique in the sense that it solely deals with the persons who are victims of some wrong committed by others....

Review of Literature Family and criminal Environments For studies on the relationship between child sexual abuse and criminal behaviors, scholars have used social learning theories, such as the “Cycle of Violence” or the “Intergenerational Transmission of Family Violence” (McGrath, Nilsen, & Kerley, 2011, p.... Comparative studies from criminologists, psychologists, and sociologists suggested that child sexual abuse can be related to adult criminal behaviors that are found in the family (Connolly & Woollons, 2008; Jespersen, Lalumiere, & Seto, 2009)....

he strain theory explains that strain in certain aspects of life provides the much-needed incentives to the criminals to engage in criminal activities in a way to react to the strain.... 51) explains that strain which appears to be unjust and bearing the greatest magnitude is highly linked to motivations for involvement in criminal activities and other acts of violence.... The paper "Media Representation of criminal Justice in Boston" claims that the Boston bombings that happened on the marathon course were an exact scenario where people needed to know more about the culprits....

As such oxygen is utilized for a significant number of pulmonary and non-pulmonary diseases owing to its definitive, supplementary, or palliative role.... The role of oxygen therapy centres on correcting the hypoxemia that mainly accompanies AECOPD.... The most dominant causes of acute exacerbations of COPD entail overdose of drugs that suppress ventilator drive, as well as conditions that result to respiratory muscle weakness (Gay, 2004)....

he criminal law in the UK has evolved over the years with various reforms introduced from time to time to ensure maximum justice and protection of basic human rights of all the accused, as well as their right to be considered innocent until proven guilty.... Although various changes and reforms have been introduced in the criminal law which focused on the need to develop appropriate laws which dealt with such issues as guilt or innocence in extremely sensitive criminal cases, it has only led to the development of a set of highly complex rules and exceptions....

??9 With this, they foresee that this same definition may be used uniformly throughout the criminal law, except for judges who would substitute the term “reckless” with “gross negligence” necessary in a manslaughter conviction.... ??11 With this discussion of Metcalfe and Ashworth, it raised more questions than answers in definitely identifying the elements to be considered in criminal liabilities involving recklessness.... In the said Caldwell decision, Lord Edmund-Davies cited the law Commission's Working Paper No....

Operations related to emergency response are normally plagued by confusion over responsibilities amongst the emergency managers, law enforcement, policymakers, first responders, and federal agencies as well as poor information sharing.... From the paper "Assessing Effectiveness of Flood Emergency Management", arrangements integrated emergency management has to be dynamic and change the emergence of new threats....

Examples of this law are these two: tax law and criminal law.... ??Examples of criminal law Cases: 19th Century England” sandiegolawguide.... This paper "law of Obligations" discusses the law of obligations that was originated from the Roman law which means 'Legal Bond'.... Contract law is one of the branches of this law.... The law of Obligations and Contracts deals with obligations, and duties concerning agreements and contracts....

(2008) criminal law and Procedure.... Crime mapping has also assisted law enforcers identify hotspots and allowing information sharing across all justice systems (Hall, 2008, p.... Since it would be widely insufficient to heavily rely on law enforcers to mitigate crime, criminal justices systems are employing ways to enhance community policing through the sharing of information on crimes through social networks.... For international crimes that cross borders, collaboration between intergovernmental law enforcers is underscored....

Discretion has been a significant Supreme Court decision that has allowed a change in criminal law and respite in criminal procedures.... National criminal law section, Canadian Bar Association, 2009.... The Return of Federal Judicial Discretion in criminal Sentencing, 39.... It also involves implementation of programs to deter criminal activities and setting up other programs for punishment of those who break or violate the law....

Some prominent cases in criminal justice history are mentioned in order to establish its point.... In fact, some law enforcement agencies have developed methods that may violate certain civil liberties.... evertheless, the history of the criminal justice system in the country has proven that evidences based on the DNA remains the most potent tool for convicting criminals and even exonerating persons not guilty of crimes.... In fact, this has been considered as the most convincing piece of evidence that could be used in prosecuting and convicting a criminal....

part from use such valuable material in building environmental profiles of the crime scene, they also serve as very important evidential material in the building of a case against an offender in the criminal justice system. ... hough offender/criminal profiling has been popularly attributed to the Behavioural Science Unit (BSU) of the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) in the U.... ne of the main purposes of offender profiling is to find the criminal's method of operation....

This research paper "Extent to which Terrorism has Affected Tourism in Turkey" reveals that terrorism is evenly spread in Turkey and its effects on the economy, environment, and social aspects have a significant impact on tourism.... ... ... ... Terrorism is a global concern that greatly affects the tourism industry....

Medical law often referred to as medical ethics, relates to the rights and duties of those in the medical profession, and is concerned mainly with the rights of the patients.... A system of binding principles based on moral values and ethics has been long associated with the.... ...

The paper "Human rights in Europe" states that The Human Rights Act of 1998 has many limitations and ambiguities such that it is causing more problems than it solves; in fact, it causes the discrimination of some vulnerable groups instead of protecting their rights.... Before the Human Rights Act of 1998 was passed, all human rights breech cases were heard at the European Court of Human rights in Strasbourg.... This means that no court in the United Kingdom can override the decisions arrived at the European court for human rights in Strasbourg....

The paper "Gun rights in the United States" highlights that America needs a careful and considerate policy towards guns which does everything possible to keep them out of the hands of criminals and dangerous people.... GUN rights in AMERICA ... law-abiding citizens use guns to defend themselves against criminals as many as 2.... Even law-abiding citizens who keep such guns in their homes risk the chance that they will accidentally go off (Desuka 2006)....

yber privacy and electronic surveillance as paramount issues around the world, as the Internet is responsible for great criminal mischief and breaches of privacy.... How wiretapping occurs, and what procedures are in place to ensure the privacy rights of all involved, are important concerns all over the world....

Throughout history, war has always played the role of a major determining factor in shaping a country's socio-economic, cultural, and religious aspects.... This dissertation "Popular War Themes in the Pre-WWI Literature" examines the transformations in the war literature that took place for almost over a century, starting with the 19th era of romanticism and hero-worship, to the modern 21st-century wars that speak of death and gory....

in criminal law, liability on the part of organizations or corporate will determine the extent to which an organization or corporate is a legal individual.... n other words, in criminal law, liability on the part of organizations or corporate will determine the extent to which an organization or corporate as a legal individual or person can be liable for the omission and acts of the natural person it employs.... The assignment "criminal law in Environmental Regulation" focuses on criminal law in environmental regulation....

The paper "Notion of criminal Activity" focuses on the critical analysis of the major issues in the notion of criminal activity.... Yet again, it is beyond doubt that in some cases the media and politicians misrepresent facts related to crime and criminal activities as they make their presentation not based on solid evidence but on flawed perceptions (62).... On the other hand, it can also be argued that criminal traits are learned and not inherited....

The focus of the paper "Diversity in criminal Justice" id on describing the roles race and social class play in the criminal justice system and how they affect a community's perceptions of the system, sexual assault, robbery, personal theft and other aggravated assaults.... Diversity in criminal Justice Affiliation: Describe the roles race and social class play in to the criminal justice system and how they affect a community's perceptions of the system.... Investigating difference: human and cultural relations in criminal justice....

(1984) "Criminal Justice and deserved Sentences", criminal law Review 340-55 ... (1981) "Guidelines for Just Deserts": A Critique of Present Trends in Sentencing Reform" criminal law Review, 287-311 ... Finally, sentencing serves to maintain public confidence in the rule of law.... iven a significant level of discretion within an overall maximum set by law.... Top UK Justice calls for shorter sentences, Sentencing law and Policy, October 11, 2006 ...

Article 1 of 1948 UN Charter states that2 “ all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights in the sight of the law” This theory is largely incumbent in the law of universal human rights principles and is meant to be dealt with and treated as such in every situation and to any Nation on earth without any form of nepotism or discrimination.... The author of the paper "Human Rights law and International Community" defines it as one of the most straightforward definitions of the terminology called Human Rights....

Cybercrime: Digital Cops in a Networked Environment (Ex Machina: law, Technology, and Society).... The more information the criminal might have on his or her victim, the more vulnerable the victim is to their money being stolen.... The more information the criminal might have on his or her victim, the more vulnerable the victim is to their money being stolen.... With this method, the criminal sends his or her victim an email from an official-looking firm or familiar organization such as a retailer, government agency, a bank, or any other known group....

he guilt of a person in a criminal case may in fact be proved without any evidence that he personally did every act involved in regards to the commission of the crime charged; "the law recognizes that, ordinarily, anything a person can do for himself may also be accomplished through direction of another person as an agent, or by acting together with, or under the direction of, another person or persons in a joint effort.... herefore, if the acts or the conduct of this agent, for example - or any other associate of the person for that matter - are directly and specifically directed or unauthorized by the person, or if the person "aids and abets another person by willfully joining together with that person in the commission of a crime, then the law holds the person responsible for the conduct of that other person just as though the person had engaged in such conduct himself....

In the paper 'Critical contexts of law' the author analyzes a legal basis under international law for Sylvia Baller's call for military intervention in the affairs of East Kazakhstan.... Critical contexts of law ... Is there currently (2009-10) a legal basis under international law for Sylvia Baller's call for military intervention in the affairs of East Kazakhstan?... Humanitarian agencies have been intricately involved with the international community's use of military force in situations of gross human rights violations and grave breaches of international humanitarian law....

nother way of acquiring rights under the EU law is to seek redress in the European Court of Human rights in Strasbourg.... The author of the paper identifies the ways might either Karl or Gabrielle acquire rights under EU law.... Critical Contexts of law: The Night Mary Poppins Died ... In what ways might either Karl or Gabrielle acquire rights under EU law?... nder the EU law, its provisions “are addressed to the institutions, bodies, offices and agencies of the Union with due regard for the principle of subsidiarity and to the Member States only when they are implementing Union law....

This report "The Role of the United Nations Human Rights Council" presents the implementation of the Human Rights Council that was due to the shortcomings of the United Nation's Commission on Human rights in relation to the September 11 incidence in the United States.... fter the September 11 incidence in the United States, the credibility of the Commission on Human rights in protecting the human rights of the victims became a subject on public debate.... With the United Nation's effort to make the necessary reformation, the Commission on Human Rights Council was replaced with the Human Rights Council with the purpose of having more authoritative power in monitoring the human rights violations in selected countries and other issues related to global human rights in 2006....

The essay "Basic Concepts of criminal law" focuses on the critical analysis of the major issues on the basic concepts of criminal law.... Running Head: criminal law of Submitted RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... his paper emanates from library research coupled with information sourced from the internet, journals, advocates opinion and case law. ...

The increase in numbers of law-breakers is terrifying.... The paper "Issues with the criminal Justice System" describes that it will be difficult for the criminal justice system to create a uniform system that will guide punishment and sentencing in the future.... Societies today are experiencing a lot of issues with the criminal justice system.... According to Renter (2008), reformation believes the stigma or shame associated with punishment may cause a criminal to see the error of his ways....

This essay "The Role of Soft law in Contemporary International law-Making" discusses the main sources of law and defines if the soft law is able to regulate the relations effectively.... Scientists define two major sources of international regulation: customary law and treaties.... The role of soft law in contemporary international law-making Introduction The given work is designed in order to analyze and evaluate the following statement “While ‘enlightened' positivism retains the centrality of formal sources as the core of international legal discourse, it is more flexible, recognizes change in patters of state behaviour and wider methods of determining state consent and evidence of that consent” 1 ....

law officers and criminologists use biological and psychological theories to explain the roots and causes of white-collar crime.... Thus, this need for more possessions (or greed) can make people break the law and perpetrate crimes to receive what they want.... The author states that in general, this criminal activity is influenced by diverse social factors and reflects the social situation in a particular country.... Psychological predisposition may lead to antisocial inclinations and increase the possibility of criminal behavior patterns....

With this event, a new door opened for the International law, making the rulers and their henchmen liable to arrest and trial during or after their regimes.... Recent hanging of Saddam Hussein perhaps would have had the same effect, but for the flawed law procedures and blatant desire to hang him, irrespective of trial outcome.... immigration law" and if the State refuses to do so, it could be denied federal immigration funds and this was thought to be an extremely highhanded statement....

The case study "Crimes Against Humanity in International criminal law " points out that the power of the international organizations and authorities to intervene in the political and military decisions of states has been enforced under the influence of the humanitarian law.... The paper accentuates the idea that in the context of international law, the activities of states may be controlled; their potential opposition with the principles and the rules of international law needs to be periodically examined ensuring that the human rights – in all their forms - are adequately protected....

Apart from the application of the law in punishing the offender, where justice is seen to have taken its course, the victims of sexual abuse suffer from psychological torture throughout their lives.... This research proposal "criminal Justice Intervention" focuses on sex offender treatment programs and tries to evaluate their effectiveness.... criminal Justice Intervention A criminal justice intervention is a program or policy designed to address a crime or criminal justice problem, or to have some desired effect....

The forces of Brazil managed to play a very critical role with Italy for the victory achieved at the Monte Castello.... Brazil is a country that covers almost half of the continent and shares border with nearly every country in the South America except Ecuador and Chile.... Brazil holds fifth place in the list under the presence of Russia, Canada, U....

The Journal of criminal law and Criminology (1973-) 69:3 (1978): 291-299. ... When a governing body enters the equation, and takes as a monopoly the right to enforce positive law, it is its responsibility to apply proportionate and just responses to aggressions against rights in the state in the interest of protecting individual rights.... The natural rights Locke derives come from his claim that “…reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions” (9)....

Each stakeholder therefore has the duties responsibilities as well as rights and benefit that are derived from the model.... ‘role of explicit and tacit knowledge in six sigma project'.... This essay "EFQM Excellence Model and Radar Logic" presents dynamics of the EFQM model as a framework for quality assessment....

Attorney General in the early 1980s commented on this principle in constitutional law.... Moreover, this rule can encourage more law violators believing that they will not be punished by owning that illegal item as long as it is not seized legally.... Hence, the illegal articles will not be included in the criminal proceeding which if actually admitted will surely convict the accused or punish the individual who is in possession of an illegal item....