Human Cognitive Skills Analysis - Essay Example

Project In the years that preceded 1970, various methods were used to come up with data collection. As it can be seen from these journals, the most common method of handling data collection was sampling and classical ethnography. They mostly used participant observation, field notes, analysis of documents and structured interviews to collect their data and gather information into categorized patterns as the primary basis for the organization and reporting of the results. A distinctive feature of this period is the use of focus groups and key informant interviews to conduct their researches. They first had their hypothesis from a distinct field in which they could look at the underlying substance and create correlation between that one and the real world. One gets to understand that during this period, the rate at which they could still have experimental research was very minimal as not many people liked the idea of being the lab rats. They therefore had to correlate analysed data and look for the missing links to create reasonable hypothesis. They would develop qualitative survey items and pilot them on study participants to test the reliability and validity of the items. They also used questionnaires or mental tests as they referred to them. Researchers in this era wanted to understand more on the basis of coming up with clear objectives on understanding how to deal with the cognitive mind. They also sought to study the human performance and basic cognitive skills and its relationship to the theoretical analyses with the realistic world. The researchers in this period mainly aimed at promoting communication of applied research to memory within and between the applied and basic communities. Most of the participants at first were males but this disparity started closing up when the participation of women increased. Clearly, from a number of issues the current social situation in relation to the past researches helps determine how strong or weak an issue is and helps the researchers to resolve fully different issues through future research to yield maximum amount of new information. The general participation of the researchers was done with the exclusive need to organize a research literature by highlighting temporally unfolding developments in the field of interest. In the “Psycho Bull” published in 1970 by Charles Murphy, he looks at the evaluative and integral research reviews and interpretations of issues in the scientific research of psychology. It primary reports on the empirical studies as there is a need to seek and summarize every issue that was in the past drawn into conclusion. He looks at all the modes of thinking among the youth and the adults by comparing the ways in which they handled different situations that were presented to them at particular instants. People handle issues very differently due to the age factor and mode of handling issues are related among most of the people in the region. It is in this respect that Charles looks at both the age factor and issue of education and also does not neglect the fact that sex is an important factor. According to the results that emanated from this research, it was established that age dictate the reactions of the cognitive mind as most of the people react to issues in the way that they have experienced before or the way they have heard that they can be done. In another set though, gender played a major role in dictating how people reacted to certain issues. For example, the females were found to be equally respective when it comes to handling issues that concerned emotional perspectives as they gave a lot of time to figuring out what they need to handle these types of situations compared to males who made rush decisions that were later changed as the results of the issue emerged (Charles, 1970). Given this trend in the research, it was realised that people make decisions in respect to the way that they will handle these situations and how best the results will affect those around you and the individual himself. Most of the participants in most of the researches were meant to include those that voluntarily wanted to be part of these researches. Most of those who volunteered in this period were the students and there was a reported inclusion of more males than the females. This was seen mostly in the cases that required full time involvement of the participants as the males were found to be less reluctant to performing these researches. It is established that the participation of the sexes was very minimal in most of the involving sessions. Research methods recognized in this era according to Aaronson, Wilson and Akert (2007), were mainly involved in the look of classical research that has driven the field and motivated further introduction of cutting edge research that is relevant to the type of research being carried out. It is also shown that most of the research done in this era mainly consisted of both correlation and experimental approaches given the fact they need to have a better view of the previous researches done in response to the current era they were in. It is on this basis that most of researchers based their research on either proof or disqualify the researches that had been done earlier as there was a need to have them look at all the consistent factors of that period in relation to the factors that existed during the period that this was performed. They rarely formed any research teams as people were much unwilling to try out in the research models. They would rather have themselves experiment on their own bodies to avoid the risks that would have occurred in a real experiment. It is important to note that the need of the researchers was mainly to provide informed consent to the people because they were seen as the informers of the society on the way they were supposed to view the world around them. Project 2: The article seeks look into the different ways in which the society is losing its meaning in the modern day American family. He however tends to look at the society through the eyes of other people. This is through a research that was done by the University of Washington. This research was not conclusive as all the factors that affect a family may not have been put into consideration. They mainly aim at looking at the reason why the modern families are not leaving the way they are supposed to be. The author of this article uses different materials to support his case and then analysis each of them in relation to his topic of discussion. He aims at looking at a definite way in which the families can be assisted to get back to their feet. He also aims at introducing families to the way they can solve their problems in a subtle way rather than a break up or a separation which would affect the children more than the rest of the members. He offers the seminars as a good way to help the family but looking at it from a critical angle, some may not be able to attend these seminars in time and hence means that they may not be as effective. He also looks at the benefits of educating the new mothers on what they will face ahead and the article seems to be abetter place to reach out to a lot of people. His main mode of collecting data is through the estimation from the number of cases reported in the seminars and from the literature related to his research. This piece of work can however not be generalized to the whole population as most of the factors influencing what goes on in the family may be rooted to the family itself as people are not the same. With the diversity of the people in the country, we can not generalize the issue by citing it to be relevant to all people. It goes without saying that people in some areas may not be equally affected sas people differ in terms of ideologies and so we can not generalize it to be inclusive of all the people. It is through proper interrogation that one can come up with proper ways in which they can use the available resources to come up with ways in which the society can be brought into consensus over issues concerning them. It is through the consideration of all groups and not just look at the work done by others that one can conclusive argue of the real deal. Most of the information collected in this article was through mere examination and observation 43 families and by reviewing relationships of some childless couples (DeLeon, 1994). It is of essence to come up with hypothesis on what should be researched on to generate solutions that will counter the problems that have been noted in the seminars. In accordance with what he had researched, it was okay to have all the results in a form that they were presented because he just linked the findings of the different authors and came up with conclusions which he presented to the people. The major limitations in this study was the fact that it was through observation and correlation not looking at the cause of the original problem that led to the result of the separations or the negligence of duties. We should observe from the start of the marriage till the end instead of taking results from one couple and coming up with a general conclusion for all of the couples in the vicinity (DeLeon, 1994). From the university of Washington’s survey, we can note that the authors of this article were just from a study that ensured a long-term survey that was carried out after a study of six years and began from begging of the marriage years till the time that they became parents or were considered to be childless. Interviews were carried out with the newly weds to ensure that the emotional factors at that period in time were recorded to ensure that they were consistent in the continued study and be able to learn and track any change that may have occurred within the time they were scheduled to serve in the research session (Shapiro, Gottman & Carrere, 2000). The researchers were using the recorded statistics to come up with new means of calculating the observed statistics that would be used for the analysis of the research at the end of the research session. They further compared the previous studies carried out by other researchers to come up with the left out materials and form a hypothesis on the issues that needed to be looked at in broadness without any assumptions. The authors mainly look at the way they can bring in more information from researched surveys and correlate them with what they have found and give out the end result as they will be comparing this with the immediate situation which is of complete essence for the moment to the society to be assisted. It also includes the periods that the brides were pregnant to the time they delivered and observed the way they behaved towards their spouses. It also examined how the couples viewed their marriages and hence checked on the probability of that this affected the way they behaved in their marriages. They conclusively looked at all the variables, males and females, without leaving out any of them. They came to justifiable conclusions as they were able to come up with ways in which they could form decisions given the end results that were observed in the session (Shapiro, Gottman & Carrere, 2000). The two articles were well written and justifiable in their own unique way. But in terms of the way that the population is going to be assisted, the one from the journal of psychology was the most comprehensive as it gives actual results from a research that they have carried out in the present situations though it can also not be generalized for the whole generation but offer the possible causes of the changes. Qualitative research is the most appropriate way in which any research can achieve the type of clarity and in-depth it aspires to communicate to the people. The complete study of variables can only be achieved through the review of different sources and the experimental bit of justifying each source (Donald, 2003). The in-depth analysis in our case is not found in the news article as the author only looks at the materials and uses them as they are without testing its validity. It is therefore important to rely on those studies that look into the in-depth of the issue rather than work from the theories of others. The main conclusion is that professional data and information is very comprehensive and precise when it comes to solving problems than mere observations and correlations of data from different authors and forming an individualistic conclusion (Donald, 2003). Professional research is the only way that people can come up with solutions to the many problems that are faced by people in the society and also come up with clear mandates on how we can solve some of these issues by just looking at all the factors experienced but not by assuming these factors can be generalized for all people no matter where they reside. Correlation is good but the experimental part of the research is very important when it comes to having a consensus and coming into a conclusion that suites all the parties involved. That is why the professional means of analysis bypasses the news articles. References: Aronson, E., Wilson, T., & Akert, R. (2007). Social psychology. (6th ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Charles, M. (1970), the psycho bull, journal of personality and social psychology, 134(4), pp.243-245 Donald, K. (2003), Handbook of psychology volume 1, New York: John Wiley and Sons DeLeon, F. M. (1999, October 24). Programs help couples prepare for parenthood: Rockin the cradle—and the marriage. Seattle Times. Retrieved May 31, 2009, from http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=2990888&date=19991024&query=%22rocki +the+cradle%22 Shapiro, A. F., Gottman, J. M., & Carrere, S. (2000). Identifying what buffers against decline in marital satisfaction after the first baby arrives: The baby and the marriage. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 59-70. Read More