4D Technologies Application in Aircraft Engine Maintenance - Report Example

4D Technologies Application in Aircraft Engine Maintenance By Physics of Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 3D computer aided goggles simulation 3 The kind of 3D simulation used in aircraft industry at the present time? 4 Maintenance tasks 9 Recommendation for 4D computer aided goggles 10 List of References 12 3D computer aided goggles simulation This is liquid crystal goggles which use of virtual reality to create a 3 dimensional illusion of the user perceptions. The user looks into the goggle glasses that track the user’s eye movement thus rotating real time images relative to their movement based on the location of the user and what they are looking at.They are widely used in computer aided design, finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics (SADRAEY, 2013).The 3D simulation is a complemented product which is crucial in larger presentation works. Rapid development in industries facilitated the introduction of computer aided design in the process of manufacturer.3D software was based on geometric algorithms. Introduction of UNIX operating systems was a step forward in the development of computer simulation systems. The 3D simulation is a mathematical representation of objects in three facets. There is a wide application in designing of vehicle and aircraft structures, development of video games, and chemical compounds modeling. A good illustration of goggle simulation is the development of cockpit simulator in the aviation industry. There is correlation between development in the aviation industry and military industry. The Boeing Company decided to use CATIA in 1988. CATIA designed the pioneer paperless commercial aircraft of the B777 aircraft. The use of the first CAD reduced the cost and development time of the aircraft design significantly. Evolution of 3D computer simulation can also be associated with development of computer aided engineering solutions. 3D Google simulation is an application for meaningful engagement of control and simulation in companies. The application uses stereotypic glasses in viewing of illusionary objects. Major platforms such as Mac operating systems, Windows, Linux and UNIX host 3D goggle simulation systems. The kind of 3D simulation used in aircraft industry at the present time? Currently most of the companies used the Iron CAD simulation in testing their models before manufacturing (IFIP TC12 WG12.5 et al, 2012).Computer applications have transformed the manufacturing and design process in the aviation industry. Introduction of microprocessors with high power have real transformed the space crafts and aircrafts. Computer controls navigation systems and flights with the aid of powerful microprocessors. MATLAB simulation software is used in commercial aircrafts to generate codes, simulate flight control laws harness design software and enable reuse of design codes. BAE systems use simulation prototype to enhance satellite communications especially in military aircrafts. Most aerospace companies are currently using HIL, SIL and MIL simulations to test aerospace designs. Jargon buster plat simulation is used in testing physical aspects of aircraft components. Monte Carlo simulation is used in testing of repeated random samples of aviation jobs with the aid of numeric and probalistic results. Loop software simulations evaluate behavior of software with specified input conditions (PARDEW, 2005). The kind sensors can be used to monitor aircraft engine noise, temperature and pressure Structural health monitoring techniques employ computer simulations to maintain aircraft engines. Noise is as a result of vibrations in the engine parts. Engine movable parts fatigue can be monitored by sensors. Fatigue is the change of stress with time. The stress cycle further illustrates the concept of fourth time dimension in aircraft engines. Changes in stress can be sensed with the aid of strain gauges. The time dimension of temperature in aircraft engines can be monitored using various thermo imaging techniques. Ultrasonic probe sensors can be used to detect vibration changes. The mechanical vibrations are ten converted to electrical pulses. The electrical pulses signals are then amplified and transmitted to actuators which are connected to the computer. The computer analyses the signals using the algorithms for a feedback and thus the 3D computer simulation. Temperature is monitored using thermocouple sensors. When temperatures are high, the thermocouples sensors (piezoelectric materials) expands and contracts in proportion with the amount of temperature. The deviations of temperature below the normal ranges explain the structural health monitoring technique in aircraft engine maintenance. Acoustic emission is also used to detect crack growth by emitting wave energy at a certain frequency and wavelength. Cracks develop as a result of fatigue stress and of engine parts. The structural health monitoring employees an array of sensors connected to a computer which analyses the signal to determine algorithms. This makes decision about health of the engine. Fuel combustion explains the working of aircraft engine. Efficient is measures in terms of complete combustion of the fuel. The higher the combustion temperature, the higher the efficiency of the aircraft engine and this is a good indicator effective maintenance. The engine comes as a result of incomplete combustion of the fuel. The engine is supposed to serviced and inspected after a number of flight hours Topsonic sensor and monitoring systems are commonly applied in flight system. Topsonin sensors are best used in 3D noise analysis, weather analysis and detection of track deviations. Travis is a computer application which display measured noise data in flight aircrafts. Travis presents humidity, temperature and noise levels of engines during flights. Travis has an identified color noise detection device. Top-sonic noise tracking systems can work in 365 days in a year without interruption. The sensors consist of water proof microphone and sound level meters for detection purposes. Top-sonic monitoring stations are located in places with at most 55 degree Celsius temperatures and at least negative twenty degree Celsius temperatures. Top-sonic applications are used as operating systems in windows 2008 server R2 (HAASE, 2006). Aircraft use a range of equipment’s with different technologies for instance there is the force collector types used to measure the temperature and pressure. Others use physical properties such as density. All these instruments can be used to produce an analogue or digital signal to the display (PARDEW & SEEGMILLER, 2005).The detecting sensors were developed to decrease the failure rate of aircraft engines. Noise is caused by engine stall does not fully represent engine failures. Primary engine parameters such as Engine Pressure Ratio, High Pressure Compressor rotor speed and exhaust gas temperature are displayed on engines for detection purposes.N1 and EPR represents engine thrust. N1 is the back up for EPR sensors in aircrafts. THRUST parameter is used to sense extreme weather conditions such as altitude and temperature.N2 monitors relight sequence of aircrafts. Rapid fluctuation of N3 or N2 indicates engine noise (stall).Ageing engines have high EGT. High EGT is also a sign of engine failure, engine stall and tail pipe fire (DUKE, 2009). Fuel flow, oil quantity/pressure/temperature, nacelle temperatures and engine vibrations represent secondary engine parameters. Oil temperature and pressure is monitored through a flight and in cruise check periods. The sensors range from analog devices, Omron, TE connectivity devices, free scale sensors, and Texas instruments (Haller, 2007). The different sensors are used when the aircraft is normal conditions or in wrong conditions. Manifold pressure sensors detect pressure developed in an engine. Power production in the aircraft engine increases with pressure increase. Supercharged engines are operated when pressure is mixed with fuel in the systems. Present day aircrafts use air-data computers to serve as high-performance aircraft indicators. Digital air data computers sense pressure with the aid of computerized values. Air data computers receive processed information in a digital format. Items such as engine oil, inlet air, heater ducts, gas temperature, turbine engines, and carburetor mixture require monitoring of temperatures. Data from engine sensors assist pilots to make tactical decisions and respond efficiently to threats like atmospheric pressure, temperatures and other threats. The IRST (Infrared Search and Track sensors) detect and track engine performance in different attitudes. The sensor track operations in Forward Looking Infrared mode especially in air to surface pilot actions (Sarmento, 2011).Radars are used to detect temperatures. Captor-M radar can meet wide customer requirements in different modes. The sensor can be used in both air to surface modes and air to air modes (Klepaczko, 2009). How 4D computer can aided goggles (smell and noise) can used and help for aircraft engine maintenance? The difference between 3D and 4D trajectories is the element of time. This is seen in wind flows and control of traffic in the aviation industry. 4D goggle transmissions aid to reduce emissions from aircraft engines. The management of 4D trajectory measures fuel changes in the engine with time. Temperature is monitored using thermocouple sensors. When temperatures are high, the thermocouples sensors (piezoelectric materials) expands and contracts in proportion with the amount of temperature. The ability to detect changes in engine temperatures aid in engine maintenance tasks. The deviations of temperature below the normal ranges explain the structural health monitoring technique in aircraft engine maintenance. Complete combustion of fuel in engines over time represents efficient aircraft maintenance. Acoustic emission is also used to detect crack growth by emitting wave energy at a certain frequency and wavelength. Cracks develop as a result of fatigue stress and of engine parts. Successful integration of array sensors in an aircraft engine can be used to construct a three dimensional trajectory of an engine system. The reconstruction of array in the engine system takes place over time. The result tracks the performance of an aircraft engine over time. After successful construction of a 3D over time (time plus 3D is equal to 4D), simulated goggle can be used to navigate through the reconstructed engine model to characterize the engine parts. Navigation is done with pin point accuracy in case of a flaw. Engine maintenance tasks involve regulation of pressure and temperature in the engine. The fourth dimension in 4D is the time dimension in trajectories. There are many benefits which come with the introduction of 4D goggle simulation. Traffic prediction is the first benefit. The goggle simulations introduce improved traffic operations in the aviation industry. Structural health monitoring techniques employ computer simulations to maintain aircraft engines. Noise is as a result of vibrations in the engine parts. The structural health monitoring employees an array of sensors connected to a computer which analyses the signal to determine algorithms. This makes decision about health of the engine. Fuel combustion explains the working of aircraft engine. Efficient is measures in terms of complete combustion of the fuel. Efficient engines are engines with high combustion levels. The engine comes as a result of incomplete combustion of the fuel. The engine is supposed to serviced and inspected after a number of flight hours. This explains the fourth dimension of time in aircraft engine maintenance. The smelling fumes come as a result of leakages in the combustion chambers because of worn out cylinder, pistons and piston rings. Structural health monitoring detects changes in dimension, phase and overall integrity of the engine parts to detect a flaw. Using 4D technologies in aircraft engines can help reduce the cases of accidents resulting from incorrect maintenance. They can be used to determine changes in the mechanical function of the engines of the planes from noise and smell parameters as changes hence determine whether they require maintenance or not (SWAMINATHAN, 2014). A green pulse display on the engine system display is an indication of parameter drift away from the normal range. Maintenance tasks For a long time the 3D technology has been in use in the development of airplane products and it is immensely attributed to improved quality and efficiency of the aircraft functionality. However, the 4D technology is slowly taking position in offering reliable, measureable and most efficient solutions of digitalized aircraft maintenance. This technology in line with the application of the prototype system has been confirmed by the tasks attributed to the aircraft maintenance. The 3D and 4D technologies are used in maintenance tasks to help the users assess the best maintenance approach and target areas. This effectively reduces the cost of maintenance and time of operation (DUKE& AGUIRRE, 2009).The goggles are used to come up with fault codes which indicate engine performance and problem levels. Engine maintenance control systems provide information for monitoring purposes. The 3D provides synchronization capabilities for the engine. Engine synchronization capabilities aid the control system to avoid duplication of computerized tasks (Cesm, 2011). There are reduced costs in relation to time and fuel consumption. Air traffic controllers utilize air-ground and ground-ground interoperability and this is possible with the use of trajectory distortions. Introduction of aircraft trajectories solves the problem of airlines operating in fixed locations. Free route operations utilize the concept of TBO trajectories. The engine aircraft maintenance use information codes to execute tasks. The system reads fault codes which is usually stored in computer memory component. The fault codes relate the repair and maintenance information with the information stored in the computer systems. The aircraft engine control and maintenance system has a data store, repair display system and action point to respond to fault codes. The system consists of performance, monitoring, and recording components. Coordination of the three components originates from the centralized place of the system. A computer action controller is connected to the maintenance data store to generate fault codes in the aircraft engine. Fault code data is used to display maintenance information which is originating from computer operation codes. Google simulation is used to indicate input unit recording which represent data which comes from fault codes. Engine data stores consist of fault data codes which indicate engine performance levels (Bradgon, 2008). Recommendation for 4D computer aided goggles The application 4D computer aided goggles in aircraft maintainability reflects the dynamism through which technology has revolutionized the process of aircraft maintainability. It is recommendable that the 4D overlays go beyond visual applications. For instance, the real world elements detect clashes in equipment with the aid of virtual objects (Glick 2014). This technology should go beyond the engine the integration of the three components (performance, monitoring, and recording components) of aircraft maintainability to a higher level of 4D interpretation of the state of the engine relative to change of conditions. If this technology is put in place, then engineers will be able to detect and note the engine faults relative to change of milieu and this will enhance timely corrective measures. In addition, the noise and smell parameters should be well integrated in the 4D algorithms to ensure that the computer signals relative to the faulty functioning of the engine are easily cognizable. In the case of production of a visual image on 4D glasses can be done by using the 4D CAD and the Virtual Reality Modeling Language. This image can then be used as a real aircraft. However, it should be noted that, this project is only possible if numerous ambiguities are avoided through a well-structured virtual prototype. In addition, the 4D glasses should be enhanced to have a pattern of multisensory cues which has the potential to produce stereoscopic images through a high-end VR platform which will enables the user to interpret the visual or touch cues during the process of gathering information on the engine faults. The proprioceptive model is applied during the routing and control process of the objects in the synthetic milieu. List of References BRAGDON, C. R. (2008). Transportation security. Amsterdam, BH/Elsevier. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=405613. CESM 2011, LIN, S., & HUANG, X. (2011). Advanced research on computer education, simulation and modeling: international conference, CESM 2011, Wuhan, China, June 18-19, 2011: proceedings. Berlin, Springer. DUKE, E. H., & AGUIRRE, S. R. (2009). 3D imaging theory, technology and applications. New York, Nova Science Publishers. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=539976. GLICK, C. B. (2014). The Israeli solution a one-state plan for peace in the Middle East. http://overdrive.torontopubliclibrary.ca/ContentDetails.htm?ID=70C2EEAD-EC28-4E3F-BE3F-82AF75429899. HALLER, M., BILLINGHURST, M., & THOMAS, B. (2007). Emerging technologies of augmented reality interfaces and design. Hershey, Idea Group Pub. http://www.books24x7.com/marc.asp?bookid=16481. HAASE, W. (2006). FLOMANIA a European initiative on flow physics modelling : results of the European-Union funded project, 2002-2004. Berlin, Springer. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=371829. IFIP TC12 WG12.5--IFIP CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND INNOVATIONS, ILIADIS, L. S., MAGLOGIANNIS, I. G., & PAPADOPOULOS, H. (2012). Artificial intelligence applications and innovations 8th IFIP WG 12.5 International Conference, AIAI 2012, Halkidiki, Greece, September 27-30, 2012, Proceedings. Part I Part I. Berlin, Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33409-2. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, COMPUTING SCIENCES AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, & SOBH, T. M. (2010). Innovations and advances in computer sciences and engineering. Dordrecht, Springer. KLEPACZKO, J. R., & ŁODYGOWSKI, T. (2009). Advances in constitutive relations applied in computer codes. Wien [etc.], Springer. LI, S., & FU, Y. (2012). 3D TCAD simulation for semiconductor processes, devices and optoelectronics. New York, Springer. MARUCCHI-FOINO, R., & LEE, E. C. (2012). Game and graphics programming for iOS and Android with OpenGL ES 2.0. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K., Wrox/John Wiley & Sons. http://www.books24x7.com/marc.asp?bookid=45960. PARDEW, L., & SEEGMILLER, D. (2005). Mastering digital 2D and 3D art. Boston, Mass, Thomson. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=138923. SADRAEY, M. H. (2013). Aircraft design: a systems engineering approach. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K., Wiley. http://www.books24x7.com/marc.asp?bookid=46799. SARMENTO, A. (2011). Technology for creativity and innovation: tools, techniques and applications. Hershey, PA, Information Science Reference. SWAMINATHAN, M. (2014). Design and modeling for 3D ICs and interposers. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=670634. Read More