Europa's Subsurface Hydrothermal Vents, 'Super-Earth', Eccentricity of Saturn etc, - Essay Example

Physics Question A) Melting Ice (Greenberg et al. 1999). B) I:. Lipps and Riebold (2005, p.6) supported the likelihood of life at hydrothermal vents on Europa stating that the hydrothermal vents trigger life-generating differences within the water’s depths. The differences are enough to trigger the creation of new life forms and food nutrients. Bii, Lipps and Riebold (2005, p.3) insists that the changes within the hydrothermal departments are enough to produce life, as proven by photographs of fish and other life forms in such environments (Keynes, 2004).

C) Lipps and Riebold (2005, p.1) insists that life can thrive in some harsh environments. The areas include tidal flux, hydrothermal vents, chemical disequilibria, sunlight, ocean energy, and the abundance of life-sustaining nutrients, as discussed in chapter 4 of the text (Keynes 2004). Specifically, the liquid ocean flowing below Europa’s solid icy surface can produce new living objects. Both authors stated that there are several life forms thriving in inhospitably high temperatures, low temperatures, and other unwarranted living conditions (Keynes, 2004, p.13). Consequently, life can thrive in the unwelcome high salinity areas of Jupiter’s moon, Europa.

Likewise, there are strong probabilities that Europa’s life conditions create new life where the current light conditions are enough for certain living creatures to survive. The living creatures thrive in Europa (Lipps & Lieboldt, 2005, p.2). Further, Europa’s current light conditions, only 20 percent of the Earth’s possible land creatures, are similar to early earth’s viable living conditions (Irwin, 2010, p. 178). To enhance living conditions, as Europa orbits Jupiter, Jupiter’s gravitational pull on Europa produces heat creation (Perkowitz, 2007, p. 38). The authors stated that life can exist in many nooks, crevices, open space, or other ocean.

Question 2. Titan’s atmosphere, limb darkening, includes a vast chemical laboratory of several complex reactions. Titan’s atmospheric photochemical (molecule) reactions between the upper atmosphere (composed of Nitrogen and other elements) and hydrocarbons (continually dissolving methane) to produce other hydrocarbons, such as ethane. The chemical reactions of the molecules generate the atmosphere’s radiation, similar to early earth’s situation (p. 180). Question 3. A). Exoplanets are planets revolving outside the earth’s solar system.

The discoverer often gives his or her sown name for the new planet. The Kepler mission, under Kepler, named the 1st planet discovered as Kepler 10b. Edmund Halley, an English physicist, named his new discovery Halley’s comet (Falvo, 2006, p. 796). (Bi), The Kepler team uses the ultra precise photometer to measure the small reduction in the star’s brightness that crops up when a planet passes its path, studying the planet’s reflection radiation emitted by a star when the planet passes the star’s path (Keynes, 2004, p.201). (Bii), The Kepler team used the radiation method to detect planet, using changes in the photometer’s detection of radiation’s light output.

Further, Chapter 7 (Keynes, p. 203) states that the planet’s distance and size is determined by measuring the planet’s reflecting radiation (brightness) from a nearby star, flux. The effect of the light and the star’s current location indicates the planet’s current size and distance from earth. D. Solution: The cube root of the following equation: ( 1.4 Me/([4π /3]Pe)) x( ([4π /3]Pe)/Me). The solution is 1.1187 (Keynes, 2004). Question 4.

Both Ozone (O3) and Methane ingredients ensure a viable atmosphere. The ingredients sustain molecular oxygen (O2). Ultraviolet light transforms Oxygen to another product, Ozone. Methane produces CH4. The Ozone and Methane gasses reduce the amount of harmful radiation emitted by the star’s radioactivity, enhancing life (Keynes, p. 265). REFERENCE:Keynes, M., 2004, Europa, Cambridge University Press, London.Falvo, D.

2006, Precalculus With Limits, Cengage Learning Press, London.Irwin, l. 2010, Cosmic Biology: How Life Could Evolve in Other Worlds, Springer Press, London.Lipps, J., Rieboldt, S., 2004, Habitats and Taphonomy of Europa, Icarus, London.Perkowitz, S., 2007,. Hollywood Science: Movies, Science, and the End of the World, Columbia University Press, London.