Earth and Space Sciences Yellowstone - Article Example

Earth and Space sciences Yellowstone Earth and Space sciences Yellowstone Yellow stone is a volcanic Gemstone that solidifies after a super volcano and is commonly found in Yellow stone national park in the Unites States. Also known as Yellowstone super volcano, the caldera extends 55 by 72 km from north to west of Wyoming and was formed by the last three volcanoes that occurred in the past 2 million years. Systematically, the first eruption formed Island parkland caldera the second one Henry fork caldera and finally the last one formed the yellow stone caldera and lava tuff. In this paper we are going to focus on the origin, history, trace, and economic value of yellow stone. We will moreover look at the yellow stone national park which is one of the most common and reputable parks that Origin The real origin of the Yellowstone caldera has been quite controversial. Most geologist theorize that yellow stone caldera was formed as a result of contact between basic elements in lithosphere and upper mantle. Others propose that it was formed from a deep mantle plume that had earlier been formed by due to volcanic eruption. Part of the controversy is the sudden appearance of yellow stone hotspot in geological record without sufficient evident. Moreover a yellow stone also appeared In Colombia without any form of volcanic eruption causing speculation about its real origin. (Chapple, 2013). Super volcano trace Geologists have suggested that Yellowstone lies above a hot layer, a spot with superheated rock that extends from earth to mantle. During continental drift, as North America gradually drifted past the hotspot, it is believed that yellow stone magma ruptured and passed through the North Americas continents crust, leaving some trace of crumbed bread like stalks of calderas that had been created earlier by various gigantic volcanic eruptions next to Idaho’s River Plain, resulting to the formation of Yellowstone. The final eruption that leads to formation of gemstone caldera is believed to have been at around 640,000 years ago. Less significant eruption that resulted to formation small amounts of gemstone occurred between the three major eruptions. Gemstone that has been dated to have formed most recently tested that it had formed at around 70,000 years ago. The molten rock cavity that has been discovered in a new study conducted by geologist proved that less great eruptions is what that leads formation of the United States astounding hydrothermal springs also geysers. It created the relatively higher surface that is usually seen in the park that the hydrothermal spring is found. According to seismologist smith who is a lecturer of the University of Utah and also the author of many books relating to formation yellow stone, the face surface lift is one of the most remarkable features that were formed by the smaller volcanic eruption because it is just as attractive as the yellow gemstones (Chapple, 2013). Scientists gone an extra mile to prove this and have even taken some images of Yellowstone volcanos within the underground magma chamber’. Instead of forming solidifying to form to yellow blobs that are the gemstone, they form brown like structure that is the main reason for the surface lift. Full view picture of yellow stone "This crustal magma body is a little dimple that creates the uplift,” (Lavoie, 2013). "Its like putting your finger under a rubber membrane and pushing it up and the sides expand." Clear illustration of Yellowstones superficial molten rock is like that of an earthquake, ‘whose waves change speed when they travel through molten or solid rock’ (Lavoie 2013), an acknowledged geologist closely analyzed this earthquake waves and come up with pictures of how yellow stone superficial rocks should be. The subversive volcanic emission looks as a mutated banana, with a knob, and a sharp curved edge that ‘point toward northeast of Yellowstone National Park’, having the knob and the other part of the body is slightly at the southwest. Its a single linked crater, ‘of approximately 37 miles (60 kilometers) long, 18 miles (30 km) wide, and 3 to 7 miles (5 to 12 km) depth.’ From previous research it was thought that magma that existed in the hot spot beneath the yellow stone are in separate cavity, and not a continuous pocket but it was later discovered later that it is the vice versa. It was also discovered that the shallowest molten rock that exists at the north east of the park was also similar with the one with the most forceful hydrothermal movement. The new research is one of the best ever conducted about yellow stone ‘which is lying outside youngest caldera rim’. In supplementary molten rock, not mentioned in the study, exists deeper underneath Yellowstone, scientists think. History of yellow stone Human history of the Yellowstone region dates back to more than 11,000 years. From the first years to the most recent years, most societies in the Native Americans used the park that now holds one of the most remarkable historic features as their homes, hunting field, and traveling routes among others. The ancient use of Yellowstone Park continued until 200 years ago when U.S.A was discovered and people from Europe started moving there (Del, 2008). Due to the influence they had they suggested that the area be used for tourism attraction purposes. In 1872 ‘a country that had not yet seen its first centennial established Yellowstone becomes the first nation to have a national park in the world’. A new concept was born and with I that encouraged people to enjoy it fully but without compromising the rights of the future generations to enjoy it equally. There was fierce opposition from the natives who did not want their land to be converted to Yellowstone National Park in its first years. Some natives feared that ‘regional economy would be incapable to prosper if there remained firm federal prohibitions against reserve development or settlement within park boundaries and local entrepreneurs advocated tumbling the size of the park so that mining, hunting, and logging activities could be developed’. To end this, the citizens appointed Montana so that she could take many bills and bring in them to the congress so as to seek elimination of the federal land-use ceiling. Yellow stone national park When yellow stone national park was officially formed, Nathaniel Langford was appointed as its leader. His aim was to ensure that he markets the park to international community so that it could bring in enough funds that can stabilize the economy. He served loyally for a decade but the authorities in place denied him a wages, subsidy, and employees. This made Langford to lack the resources that he could use to get better the land or adequately protect and market it, and without official strategy or set of laws, he hardly any authorized had methods to implement such fortification. This left the Yellowstone in the park susceptible to ‘poachers, vandals, and some seeking to raid its resources’. After seeing having not much to do, he addressed the problems him and the administrators were facing in a Report he sent to the Secretary of the Interior affairs, and most notably, he aptly foretold that Yellowstone will turn out to be a key international appeal commendable the continued stewardship of the government. In the same year, William Ludlow, who had previously explored Montana underneath the authority of Armstrong Custer, was again delegated to arrange and straight a voyage to Montana and specifically to the newly formed Yellowstone Park. Remarks regarding the anarchy and abuse of park’s assets were incorporated in ‘Ludlows Report of a Reconnaissance to the Yellowstone National Park’. Ludlow statement was also including attachment and letters from the other expedites’ that he was leading and in addition that of environmentalist and mineralogist Grinnell George Bird In the report Great Falls of the Yellow stone were also familiar to be supposedly polluted due to various human activities that could be avoided. Grinnell further ‘recognized the poaching of buffallo, elk, and antelope for the hides’. "It is estimated that during the winter of 1874–1875, not less than 3,000 buffalo and mule deer suffer even more severely than the elk, and the antelope nearly as much." Due to the frustration and pressure, Langford forced to quit in 1877. After exploring Yellowstone and witnessed the problems it was facing first hand, Philetus Norris volunteered to take over its leadership after Langfords resigned. Senate as a result saw the need to execute a income for the spot, on top of it to offer an insignificant amount of financial support that can help in managing the park. Norris used these finances to swell entrance to the park, constructing abundant crude roads and facilities. In 1880, Norris employed Harry Yount to act as a gamekeeper who controls poaching and vandalism in the park. Yount had previously spent most his years exploring the mountains in the land that is presently Wyoming, ‘including the Grand Tetons. After joining F V. Haydens Geological Survey in 1873’.Today, he is acknowledges as the first game park ranger. And Youths Peak, located at the head of the Yellowstone River, was named in his honor. However, these are still not enough since he has done more than that. After all the challenges that the park faced in the past, currently Yellowstone national park ranks as one of the most popular national parks in the whole world. According to statistics since 1960, ‘at least 2 million tourists have visited the park almost every year’. 2010 recorded the highest number of tourist with: 975,000 tourists visiting the park. In relation to months, the busiest month for Yellowstone National Park is on July. This is usually the peak because it is summer and ‘3,700 employees work for Yellowstone National Park concessionaires’. Concessionaires usually administer at least nine hotels and lodges, with a full amount of over 2000 inn rooms and cabins accessible. They as well supervise ‘gas stations, stores and most of the campgrounds’. Another 800 employees work either permanently or seasonally for the National Park Service. Roads that were constructed to act as service roads that lead to major features have been of great benefit. However, road reconstruction has produced temporary road closures. Yellowstone Park is in the midst of a long term road reconstruction effort, which is hampered by a short repair season. In the winter, all roads aside from the one which enters from Gardiner, Montana, and extends to Cooke City, Montana, are closed to wheeled vehicles. Park roads are closed to wheeled vehicles from early November to mid-April, but some park roads remain closed until mid-May. The Park has 310 miles (500 km) of paved roads which can be accessed from five different entrances. There is no public transportation available inside the park, but several tour companies can be contacted for guided motorized transport. In the winter, concessionaires operate guided snowmobile and snow coach tours, though their numbers and access are based on quotas established by the National Park Service. Facilities in the Old Faithful, Canyon and Mammoth Hot Springs areas of the park are very busy during the summer months. Traffic jams created by road construction or by people observing wildlife can result in long delays (Randall, 2014). In general this proves that formation of the park led to improvement of transport system that are leading to the park, however is also blocked some roads making some motorist to experience huge traffic snarl up’s which might be annoying. As a result it has both positive and negative outcome which result Geysers and hypothermal in the park The yellow stone national park has the most significant geysers and hypothermal sites in United States and perhaps the whole world. Some of this sites include old faithful basin located in the north east of the park. While Lion  and Beehive are located on the same basin on the North West. The park comprises the biggest active fountain in the world and is usually one of the most remarkable site in the park. A study that was conducted in the park shows that over half of the geyser that erupted since the yellow stone formation, half have been active.  ‘Yellowstone encompasses over 10,000 geothermal structures altogether’ (Peterson, 2001). Over half of the world hypothermal and two thirds of geysers are located in the in the Yellowstone national park Other economic value of yellow stone Yellow stones have been known to be a major tourism attraction site contributing billions of dollars yearly into the United States economy. Since when the land that holds this spectacular site was discovered, it has hosted millions of visitors yearly who personally come to view this spectacular location For instance during summer and mostly July it experiences the peak season where millions of families and travelers branch by to witness the spectacular sight. These pumps millions of shillings into the economy while at the same time providing many opportunities for United States citizens. During high season it also creates employment for millions of people who work in the hotels, lodging, malls and factories that are found next to the park. This has led to the rise in the country’s G.D.P as it had been predicted earlier. Most people in the working cohort are able to easily secure employment at the expertise of their choice which was almost impossible earlier. In addition people get to integrate with tourist from other countries who help them secure a job outside United States but ultimately contributing to building the United States Apart from tourism, yellow stones are also used to mold valuable gwerirly. This gwerrly are sold all over the world at relatively attractive prices making them many peoples favorite. This makes millions of tone to sell yearly as result contributing billions into the economy. Also, the yellow stone prices have been appreciating due to its scarcity, this has encouraged the United States to put stricter measures toward s its conservation so as to enable the future generation to also enjoy it. (Randall, 2014). Earth quake Despite the economic advantages of yellow stones, Yellowstone national park experiences thousands of minor earthquakes every year, that are literary indictable to people. According to history there have been over six earthquakes with a magnitude of over six, including one with a magnitude of over seven that struck North West in the boundary as a result triggering a gigantic landslide, which instigated a partial dam breakdown that was constructed on Lake. Almost immediately the dam’s sediments changed the course of rivers and lead to formation on new lakes known as Earthquake Lake (White, 2008). The sediments caused death of hundreds of people and thousands were displaced. The earth quake also caused the geysers and hyper thermal in the hotspot beneath the yellow stone to erupt. Large cracks that resulted from the rapturing of the mantles resulted to emotion of steam that had been circulating beneath, some hot spring that were mud.. However other earthquakes have been considerably smaller of magnitude of less than six. Conclusively, the paper has focused on the origin, history, trace, and economic value of yellow stone. We will moreover look at the yellow stone national park which is one of the most common and reputable parks that host millions of visitors annually. Geologists have never come up with the most accurate concept that could explain the formation of yellow stone, however it is believed that they were formed after various volcanic eruptions thousands of years ago. Yellow stone has also various economic advantages, for instance it acts as a tourism attraction feature and also it is used making different forms of jewelry. Moreover, according to history the place where yellow Stone Park is now set used to be a land that the natives and they used to graze on, build in and even cultivate until the European settlers come and identified and restricted such uses Pictures about Yellow Stones References Chapple, J. (2013). Yellow stone treasures: The traveler’s companion to the national park. New York: Granite peak publication. Del, S. (2008). Yellowstone national patens for kids, preteens and teenagers: A Grande series Book for children. New York: iUniverse, inc. Lavoie, L. (2013). Caldera: A Yellowstone park thriller. United States: BOO4E3YOVO. Randall, J. (2014). The yellow conundrum. California: John D. Randall. Peterson, D. (2001). Yellow stone national park (True books: National park). London: 7 and up. White, M. (2008). Lessen volcanic national park: A complete hiker guide. New York: Wilderness press. Read More