The Aspect of Crew Resource Management of Pavlovian Airlines - Case Study Example

Student Name: Instructor’s Name: Title: Pavlovian Airlines Report Course: Institution: Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Pavlovian Airlines Report 3 Part 1: Pavlovian Airline 3 Part 3: High Court of Australia 10 Bibliography 12 Pavlovian Airlines Report Part 1: Pavlovian Airline Pavlovian Airlines has the desire to operate in Australia having met all the requirements save for the aspect of Crew Resource Management (CRM) or customer relationship management. Despite the establishment of various CRM programs by a variety of airlines, many accidents are as a result of human error (Burgoon, 1991, p.235-9). Consequently, Pavlovian Airline cannot be denied a chance of serving the Australian citizens for the reason of absence of an established CRM program. In worst cases of disparity, intuition and instinct have been used appropriately as opposed to technical knowledge. Developments in the airline industry have demonstrated a different scenario from the theoretical scenario of CRM. The impact of the aftermath of 9/11 attacks and global economic meltdown have demonstrated that despite development of CRM program the vulnerability of an airline is not determined by this aspect. Many airlines focus on reduction of costs while they seek to improve the quality of service that they provide to customers. Uncertainty in terrorist attacks has sparked feared that has negatively impacted on the growth of the airline industry. However, the problems witnessed in the airline industry are not instigated by absence or presence of CRM program. Changing economic conditions and unpredictability of the future creates enough fear for any investor in the airline industry. So long as the present workers are trained on the basic aspects of safety and etiquette, they can handle many of the situations that are witnessed during flights. Since the early stages of aviation human error has been a source of concern that instigated various forms of training which focused on military aviation. It is in the 1980s that well developed and structured civil aviation sector’s crew resource management training. Prior to that, airlines operated without CRM program. Consequently it can be accurately stated that CRM is not the heart of airline industry. NASA sounded the alarm in 1979 when it convened a conference on the on the impact of commercial airlines crashes. The report commissioned by NASA showed that from 1968 to 1976 jet transport accidents were as a result of failures in leadership, decision-making, communication, crew coordination, and pilot judgment. Before the advancement of this hypothesis by NASA, CRM programs had not been initiated in the airline industry. Crew Resource Management is defined or described as the application of available human, material and informational sources for effective conduct for an efficient and safe operation (Burgoon, 1991, p.235-9). In this case, Pavlovian airline has met all other requirements apart from the development of a formidable crew resource management. In business, there is a period that is referred to as a window of opportunity. This is the time when the business has to be operational since it is predicted that it will yield more return or take advantage of innovation or disruptive technologies than any other time. Pavlovian Airline has not refused to put in place a crew resource management but it is in the process of developing one. Therefore, the window of opportunity of Pavlovian launching business in Australia may close if its operating license is delayed on the basis of lack of a CRM program. The technical aspect learnt by pilots is very important in the realization of successful flights. The expansion of airline industry has resulted into the use of more human resources. This has led to increase in human error. Where as crew resource management has to increase the efficiency in the airline industry, it has also led to many errors occurring due to increase in the management of people. Pavlovian Airline cannot be denied an operating license on the account that it has not developed a crew resource management program. With increased technology and availability of expertise, training of the airline crew can be done at any time within the shortest time possible. Technical knowledge that is required in the cockpit is very important to the running of the business. The Federal government of Australia has to give a chance to Pavlovian Airline to operate in Australia without affected the business in other airlines. Other airlines that are against Pavlovian Airline being issued with a trading certificate is driven by opposition to completion. Despite the existence of Crew Resource management, many accidents that have in the airline industry have been caused by human error. No amount of training has been able to change the situation at the hand as far as safety in the skies is concerned. There are many other factors such as weather that may result into an accident. Human factor program is not the main factor that has caused accidents in the airline industry. The make of the plane and other technological aspects can cause fatal accidents. Therefore, CRM does not have to be given all the responsibility of carrying the blame when accidents happen. Pavlovian Airline should be given a certificate of trading in order to invest somewhere else. CRM does not give all the solution of averting accidents in airline industry. The gains of crew resource management do not come easily and they take time to be realized. Crew Resource management does not provide all the solution to problems in airline industry. There are many aspects that result in to tragedies that occur in the airline industry and absence of CRM program cannot be the sole reason of reluctance of allowing Pavlovian Airline to operate in Australia. Technical breakdown and bad weather has resulted in many accidents as compared to breakdown in communication of human factor in airline industry. Computer-controlled limitations have resulted in many accidents in the airline industry. The safety of the aircraft is determined by many factors apart from the human factor alone. To enhance efficiency and safety, the government has to regulate other factors like the make of the plane as opposed to crew resource management. The activity that goes on in the cockpit of the aero plane determines the safety of the crew and the passenger on board. In spite of thorough crew resource management, accidents can still occur. Human behavior is unpredictable and no amount of training can produce a constant pattern of human behavior. Crew Resource Management cannot determine the destiny of airline industry. Prior to 1979, airlines were still being operated without Crew Resource Management. Natural limitations as far as human error is concerned on complexity of the environment and on human performance make error to be inevitable. Concentration on CRM alone exposes the airline industry to other forms of hazards and risks that may be unpredictable. Individual country technological advancement has a big role to play as far as safety of airlines is concerned. Technical knowledge is important in realization of safety goals. It is possible for a trading certificate to be issued to Pavlovian Airline as it waits to develop its CRM program. As it has been observed, human factor alone does not determine the destiny of safety in the airlines. Technical knowledge and basic functions of human factor are important in realizing success in the airline industry. Pavlovian Airline should be allowed to operate. The airline industry is not tied of a small sector of CRM. Human skills and interpersonal skills that are inborn can be used by the staff for identification human error and its subsequent elimination. Pavlovian Airline has not ignored CRM, but it needs to implement its business ideas before it runs out of its time. Personal interaction is important without the having to go for CRM classes. There is the absence of empirical evidence that show the relationship between the increases in CRM training and reduction of aviation accident and incidents. CASA cannot prove that CRM is important in reduction of accidents. Technical errors and individual behavior can also lead to accidents in aviation sector. It is important that Civil Aviation Safety Authority to have a credible reason of not allowing Pavlovian Airline to operate in Australia. CRM programs have no direct bearing on the reduction of accidents in the airline industry. Human error can be caused by something else as opposed to human error. It is important to consider all other factors that can result into human error instead blaming it on the absence of CRM training. Part 2: CASA Representative CRM is very important for the safety and well being of airline industry. It is unthinkable that Pavlovian Airline is thinking about starting operation without fully developing a CRM program. Human error coupled with miscommunication of the cabin crew has led to some of the deadliest accidents in the world. Pavlovian argument that can operate without developing a CRM program is unthinkable. Civil Aviation Safety Authority cannot sit back comfortably and see the lives of innocent people exposed to risk by greedy businessmen. Pavlovian Airline industry must have the interest of the customers or travelers at heart before deciding to venture into a commercial business in Australia. Crew Resource Management programs and trainings were started after wide consultations with various stakeholders in the airline industry. There was a trend that had been witnessed in the accidents that occurred during those days that made NASA to call for the important conferences that led to development of CRM function. It will be naïve and an act of impunity for Pavlovian airline to think about starting operations in the airline industry without developing a CRM program. CRM has led to sharing information in the airline industry which has enhanced safety of passengers. The safety aspect should come first before investors think about their own individual benefit. Collaboration for various stakeholders in terms of safety is important that the organizational goal of making profits. CRM training cannot be overlooked by a serious company that wants to invest in the Australian market. Pavlovian Airline cannot emphasize the essence of technical knowledge and underestimate the impact of CRM programs for the safety of passengers and crew. Contemporary CRM entails understanding how crews apply all available resources in the management of error and threat. Some of the knowledge acquired through CRM programs cannot be obtained anywhere else. The crew has to use methods of systematic observation via research in social psychology. It is very risky for Pavlovian Airline to think of doing business in the airline industry without an operational CRM program. The live of the passengers will be at risk and the present staff will not be able to understand risk factors that occur during flights. Pavlovian Airline has to delay its launch in the Australian market until when a functioning CRM program has been developed for its crew members. In the long run, the impact of not having a function CRM program might be disastrous. The Essence of Crew Resource Management in the safety of aviation sector cannot be overlooked by anyone who is seriously contemplating investing in airline industry. A good mastery of technical knowledge and skills must be complimented with effective CRM training for the safety of the staff and passengers on board. Cognitive and interpersonal skills acquired through Crew Resource Management training is important in discerning threats and risks in the course of a flight. The cabin crew has to be thoroughly trained in the safety models as stipulated in the CRM programs. This kind of training cannot be ignored or simply brushed off as being unimportant. CRM training has a big role to play in the safety of the airline industry. A comprehensive program has to be developed before any of the airlines are allowed to operate in any given market. It is act of indescribable negligence for Pavlovian to think of starting its flights without having its staff go through Crew Resource Management training. It will be jeopardizing the lives of innocent people if Pavlovian Airline is allowed to operate without development of a functional unit of Crew Resource Management (Orlady & Orlady, 1999). CRM was started with a special goal of curbing instances of accidents that had been witnessed in the early 60s and 50s. NASA convened the 1979 conference as a matter of urgency to deliberate on the way forward concerning prevalence of accidents in the airline industry. In case of an aircraft crash, there is zero chance of survival of people on board. Consequently methods of identification of risks and threats are acquired to CRM programs. It can be strongly demonstrated that implementation CRM program has assisted in curbing the rates of aircraft crash due to human error. All efforts should be put in place to make sure that passengers and staff on board an aircraft are safe. The crew has to possess the vital training in the management of certain crisis that may occur during the flight. Hazardous conditions have to be eliminated completely or reduced greatly. Civil Aviation Safety Authority is not convinced at all that Pavlovian Airline can uphold safety conditions without a well developed CRM program in place. Aviation sector is a complex realm that presents safety-critical environment that result into a disastrous catastrophe with only one miss-action. It is estimated that human error is responsible to close to eighty percent of accidents that occur in the aviation sector. CRM present an opportunity that can greatly reduce errors and increase flight safety. The aviation industry encompasses international stakeholders that come from diverse backgrounds. These stakeholders work together for the purpose of minimization of risk. The mixture of ethnicities, nationalities and cultures can occasion situations where miscommunication and misunderstanding can easily happen. CRM is responsible for elimination of miscommunication errors through ensuring efficiency. Crew is responsible for management of error and threat during a normal flight. It is important then for extensive CRM training to take place before any airline state operating. CRM classes have to be mandatory for any airline that is thinking about investment in the aviation industry. The development of CRM classes should be among the first priorities of an airline industry. There are vital lessons which are taught in CRM classes and assist in the management of risks and threats in the course of a flight. Technical knowledge alone is not enough. The staff should be thoroughly prepared in any human skills that enhance communication and create an ample environment for safe flights (Reason, 2008). Behavioral makers provide vital knowledge for learners in the CRM classes when it comes to learning interpersonal kills. CRM model has played an important role in the improvement of open communication and coordination between different teams in an effort to eliminate human error in the course of making decisions. CRM guidelines emphasize the nurturing of teamwork and development of development skills in an effort to optimize crew sources. CRM training focuses on perfecting communication skills and interpreting the scenarios at hand. In Australia, CRM was first used in the firefighting department before it was extended to form the basic foundation of crew training. Through CRM application, pilot error is reduced. The attitude and behavior of flight crew are changed through CRM training. The CRM model was first applied in the United Airline in the year 1981. CRM does not involve technical skills by is very important in the application of the technical skills (Okray & Lubnau, 2004, p.63). The main aim of Crew Resource Management is to attain high levels of decision making in the realm of flight operations. Elimination of error is to a large extent done through Crew Resource Management. CRM bridges the different personalities that come up as a result interaction of people from different nationalities, cultures, and traditions. Miscommunication is a major problem that hinders the effectiveness of a flight and hence it outs the lives of people board risk. Situational awareness is very important in CRM models. Situational analysis is the conscious recognition of all conditions and factors such as technical, human, and operational which have an impact on the safety of an aircraft. The concept of CRM and training utility is crucial in promotion of efficient and safe aircraft operations. Situational analysis is important in identification of possible problems that may occur during flight operations. Threat and error management cannot be obtained from the normal training of technical skills. Looking at the various benefits obtained from CRM classes, it is important that Pavlovian Airline has to put in place CRM program before rolling out an operation program. CRM training cannot be overlooked by a serious airline company that wants to invest in Australia. It is ridiculous that Pavlovian Airline should brand CRM as a useless program that can be easily ignored (Chute & Wiener, 1996, p.211-22). The importance of this training in increasing efficiency has been seen through reduced human error in the incidents and accidents that are witnessed in the aviation industry. Miscommunication among different group on board makes it easier for human error to occur. Crew Resource Management assists in removing barriers to communication by providing the necessary training for discerning different kinds of situations. CRM was developed due to the need to addresses the increased cases of accidents in the aviation sector. In one way of another, CRM has played a role in reduced the chances of accidents occurring in the airline industry. Provision of the best training though CRM classes makes sure that crew members are updated on the best way to handle emergencies and threats in the course of a flight. Without CRM training the safety and health of crew members and passengers on board are being jeopardized. The safety of crew members is at stake if they are not taken through CRM classes. The NASA conference in 1979 was convened because for the purpose of deliberating on the increased accidents that were being witnessed in aircrafts. CRM developed from here commencing with military units to where it is today. It is absurd that such a noble idea of coming up with a prerequisite training for crew members should be seen as a cheap idea that has very little meaning. It is important for every stakeholder to be vigilant and watch any person who would want to bend rules to the detrimental of Australia citizens. CRM deals with interpersonal skills in regard to communication; cognitive skills that involve situational analysis and decision making; and environmental stress and climate (Chute & Wiener, 1995, p.275-9). These are vital areas that lead to realization of organization goals. Decision making and planning are emphasized since they give direction of the whole environment in the airline industry. Quick thinking and discernment of errors is enhanced through CRM training. CRM breaks don the communication barriers to ease solving of crisis that may come up in the course of the flight. The concern being raised by CASA and other airlines is genuine and the federal government of Australia should not issue an operation certificate to Pavlovian Airline before it develops a credible CRM program. This is an opportunity for the government to play a role in safeguarding the lives of innocent people by denying a trading certificate to Pavlovian Airline. Part 3: High Court of Australia Both sides in the case involving issuance an injunction to prevent Pavlovian Airline from operate have argued articulately their sides. CRM has an old history in the aviation sector and it was implemented due to a certain reason. It cannot be out rightly stated that CRM has no role to play in the reduction of accidents in the aviation sector. It requires thorough research before a conclusion is reached on the impact of CRM training in the aviation sector. It will be lack of prudence for as a member of the High Court of Australia not to look at the arguments that have been represented by Pavlovian Airline and CASA representative. The role of CRM in improvement of safety of the crew and passengers may not have empirical evidence to support the claim but the general trend has witnessed change in the rate of incidences and accidents. If it is the regulation that is laid down by Civil Aviation Safety Authority that airlines should have a functioning unit of CRM, then it would be blatant discrimination to allow one airline to operate without instituting CRM training while the rest of the airlines have met the requirements. It is important for CASA to lay an equal ground in regard to safety for all the stakeholders in the aviation industry. Pavlovian is not an exceptional case that should be allowed to operate. The CASA representative has widely discussed the various benefits that accrue from implementation of CRM program to different players in the airline industry. It would not harm Pavlovian Airline to follow the standard rule and implement a CRM program. In order to ensure a leveled playing ground for all the stakeholders it is important to ensure all players play with the same rule. Pavlovian Airline has expressed concern over the intention to implement CRM but it does not offer a substantive reason why it should be exempted from implementation of CRM program. CASA has enough reason and evidence to prevent Pavlovian Airline from operating in Australia. It is important to be fair to every one and also to maintain integrity and impartiality in this case. Pavlovian has enough time to follow the required rules before it submits its document for consideration. Pavlovian Airline does not explain why it should be exempted from CRM program when it is a requirement for all other players in the industry. Bibliography Chute, R. D., & Wiener, E. L., 1995, Cockpit/cabin communication: I. A tale of two cultures. In The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 5 (3), 257-276. Chute, R. D., & Wiener, E. L., 1996, Cockpit/cabin communication: II. Shall we tell the pilots? In The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 6 (3), 211-231. Orlady, H. W., & Orlady, L. M.,1999, Human factors in multi-crew flight operations. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate. Burgoon, J. K., 1991, Relational message interpretations of touch, conversational distance, and posture. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 15 (4), 233-259. Reason, J., 2008, The human contribution. Aldershot, Hants, Ashgate. Okray, R. & Lubnau, T., 2004, Crew Resource Management for the Fire Service. London, PennWell Books. Read More