Macro & Microeconomics Essays

The reason for it is that as the price goes up the opportunity cost of buying it also rises so people are willing to forgo its consumption and look for alternatives. The graph below shows the demand function. As the price decreases, more consumers are willing and able to buy more of the product and vice versa, hence the downward sloping curve.

Various aspects that include the association of CAT bonds with the Theory of Asset Demand and comparison of these bonds with more common types of bonds and a comprehensive explanation about the advantages along with the disadvantages possessed by the aforementioned bonds will also be discussed in the paper.  

The literature published on the effects of free trade has covered in great detail its empirical and theoretical aspects. Despite the fact that the parties on both sides of the debate are strong, many of the economists are of the point of view that free trade leads to increased gains for society.

The focus of the essay is on the change of the policies, carried out by different governments, under influence of globalization process. This process integrates network of political, technological, economic, cultural ideas through communication, transportation and trade. This increased interconnectedness between countries brought many challenges. .

Historical facts are also provided to understand the reason for selection of PPP as a means of financing. It also contains literature survey of the problems of London Underground and Metronet also the National Audit Office Report is presented.

According to Mutual Consultants Ltd (2009), Reliability-centered Maintenance (RCM) which is based on the principle of preserving the functions of the equipment to which it is applied has demonstrated the ability to deliver optimum maintenance for all kinds of assets. RCM covers both the risk of physical and operational failure.

“Economics is the study of allocation of scarce resources, choices, and opportunity costs” (Department of Economics: Description and Mission of Department par. 1). The choices are made mainly for two purposes- consumption and production. The major economic principles that influence the choice of a society with the view point of a consumer are utility analysis, indifference curve analysis, and demand theories.

The author defines corporate culture as the way in which a company operates and their priorities. Tesco Plc uses the role culture, which is bureaucratic in nature and authority is based on the position that a person occupies within the hierarchy. This is the case because the structure of the company is highly organised.

An organization in order to face the challenges and maintain sustainability develops various strategies. In the paper, Ford Motor Company has been focused on as the company in order to conduct the study. The challenges that may be faced by Ford Motors in relation to its corporate social responsibility, crisis management, and globalization aspects have been highlighted.

The questionnaire should be relevant and user-friendly and it should be structured in such a way that it could easily extract a considerable amount of information without causing any offense or boredom to the respondent. How often do you use the services offered by the library? This should have been a close-ended question.

According to the research, advertising is important for firms in a monopoly, monopolistic competition, and an oligopoly. It is a valuable tool that helps firms in these three market structures to inform their consumers. Although the goals may differ, advertising is used a great deal by not only oligopolies and firms in monopolistic competition but also by monopolies.

Globalization. Economics is the social science that deals with money, markets, individuals, investments, economy etc. Economics has two main branches “Micro economics and macro economics” Micro economics deal with individuals and how they earn their livelihood where as macroeconomics deals with aggregate issues or economy as whole.

Economic Protectionism Economic protectionism can be achieved through measures such as the imposition of import tariffs, which will mostly depend upon the situation of the economy. A country in great need of a particular commodity will rather lower the rate of tariffs charged on imported goods in order to encourage importation of a given commodity.

Generally speaking, it is essential to state that it was late summer 2008. The nation was losing hundreds of thousands of jobs each month; the stock market was plunging, major banking institutions were failing by the day and the country was dragging the global economy toward a second Great Depression.

European crisis refers to the increasing budget deficit in the European states due to the debt crisis. The crisis is most prominent in a few eurozone countries but its effects are being witnessed in Europe as a whole. As the crisis is reaching a higher point, it is affecting countries other than the European countries as well.

This is in terms of the quality of life led by the citizens. Some critics however have found that the use of national income data is not 100 percent reliable indicator of standard of life (Miller, 2011). The business cycles in an economy would influence standard of living.

It is therefore vivid to note that the government should always control employment by creating more jobs to the unemployed. It is fundamental to note that importation always has adverse effects on the level of unemployment. This is because countries that rely mostly on imported goods reduce the development and expansion of the local industries in the country (Carbaugh 2008).

Previously before the deregulation act the Civil Aeronautics Board (CBA) was responsible of regulating the airline industry. The CBA regulated prices charged by the airlines for the services they offered, the entry of airlines in the industry, that is only airlines registered and approved by this regulatory body access United States airport, also they regulated any form of business combination in this industry as well as any agreement between the different players in this sectors.

The issue of resource allocation in an economy and the efficiency or inefficiency of free markets is still among the hotly contested debates in political and economic circles. The practical reality is that most markets are prone to encounter inefficiencies influenced by different factors. The efficiency of free markets surrounds the effectiveness of an economy.

Economic Development of a country normally refers to the continuous and intensive actions of governments and their policies to endorse and improve the standard of living, economic growth and financial stability of the people of their country. This may include human capital, infrastructure, economic and financial sustainability, health, literacy, etc.

Normally for any particular economy, both social and political problems are the key factors relevant in achieving all the four objectives. Fiscal policy refers to expenditure and taxation policies central government, that are implemented by the ministry of finance through special agencies, directly or through area ministries, where as, monetary policies are the government’s regulations of the interest rate level and money supply in the economy.

A demand for a good or service is the quantity that the potential consumers are willing and able to purchase at a particular price. Various factors affect the number of goods that may be demanded in the market. In the case of Buenos Aires, the factor that determines the quantity demanded is the expected changes in the prices.

In the utilization of liberal ideologies, a country’s economy can substantially augment since it has the capacity to partake in numerous economic exchanges with different countries around the globe. Similarly, globalization aims at integration of different markets and economies around the world thus making the world a single system (Ognivtsev 1).

The profits of a firm in essence are the total revenue net of total costs. Both these variables, total revenues and total costs depend upon the level of output produced. Additionally, the price charged per unit of the product influences the total revenue.

Public resources spent on the infrastructure, development of tourist resorts, and hotels, etc. may result in the negligence of other departments. These may reduce government investment in other critical areas, like the health and education of the local people. Furthermore, tourism development may result in the rising demand for real estate.

In terms of macroeconomic data, the Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the Philippines were (PHP billions) P6,563 for 2008, P6,826 for 2009, P6,889 for 2010, and P7,221 for 2011. This means that the country’s Real Gross Domestic Product growth rate was 6.4 percent for 2008, 4.0 percent for 2009, 0.93 percent for 2010, and 4.8 percent for 2011.

S Mills and Marx. However, the paper will concentrate on comparing and contrasting the views held by Marx and Mills on accumulation of capital and crises. The paper will thus focus on the crisis theory and theory of surplus value by Marx and the principles of the political economy by J.S Mills.

Social, economic and political differences experienced throughout the world are attributed to the variations in structuring of crucial institutions in the world economies. Generally, the executive structure of government agencies, the judiciary and the legislature form the basis of institutional functionality.

The year 2008 witnessed the greatest depression since the great depression of the 1930s. This was because of the irrational exuberance in the housing market that led many people to buy houses that they could not afford. These investors were speculative that the future prices of houses would only rise.

In order to know the total value of a country's production, it is important to learn and understand the measurement tools used. One of them is the value of GDP, known as the gross national product. The value of the GDP is measured by taking into consideration the value of all the goods and services that are produced in a particular country.

Lane and Banks (2010) present a survey report that examines the attitudes and aspirations of consumers after the global financial crisis. This report presents interesting findings that depict consumer behavior in the United Kingdom after the end of the global financial crisis and salient statistics from this report are in the figures below.

Why are Oligopolies tempted to collude even if it means breaking the law? This essay deals with oligopolistic market structures and incentives that push them towards collusion. In doing so, it discusses the characteristics of oligopolies, collusion, cartels, game theory and the kinked demand curve.

This can be better observed with reference to the statistical data represented below: Interest Rates Fig.1: US Interest Rates 2007-2012 (US Department of the Treasury, 2012) It can be observed from the above diagram representing the interest rates fluctuations in the United States that since 2007 the economy has been witnessing steep decline in its financial investment market.

This effect is likely to take economists decades to curb this though they are encouraged to act quickly in terms of scope and costs relayed through relative activism Amidst this, Romney comes with a comprehensive and deliberate plan to curb this crisis leading to economic growth and development of the Americans not forgetting their critical welfare.

The cost of one forklift is 2/6= .33 automobiles. The concave shape of the production possibilities curve shows the increasing opportunity costs. The shape of the curve depicts that the economy must give up larger units of rockets to gain added units of automobiles.

Such goals often include price stability and low levels of unemployment. The US monetary policy impacts different aspects of financial and economic decision made in the country, for instance whether to purchase a house or establish a business or whether to put savings in bonds or stocks (Havrilesky 113).

The debate is not merely about the task of the government in business entities but also the respective contribution of the other stakeholders in the economic domain in the long-run market development. This paper comprehensively explores former Gov. Eliot Spitzer’s speech on governments and markets.

Like any other agreement, compromise, or decision there are negatives and positives NAFTA was not excused as its matters flash heated debates. The greatest advantage of NAFTA was blatant; investment and trade have increased drastically since the agreement implementation.

Both low inflation and high inflation rates are equally dangerous. Higher inflation rates make ordinary people’s life difficult because of higher prices of commodities whereas low inflation rate results in output loss, unemployment and distorted investment and consumption decisions. Below 5 or 6 percent inflation rate is acceptable everywhere.

It is made from eco-friendly materials and powered by electricity. Sun Top has very high efficiency compared other normal cars and consumes less energy. Sun Top is has transparent solar batteries’ windows, panoramic view cameras and sensors, a transparent monitor in the windscreen, electro-engines at the back wheels, and auto parking systems.

The level of real income rose as the result of high terms of trade as well the inflation rate got reduced. The ratio between the prices of exports and the prices of imports is regarded as the terms of trade. With the high rate of terms of trade, the country will be able to obtain higher imports with relatively fewer amounts of exports.

Under a situation of fully flexible prices and wages, this would be the situation in which W/P is the nominal wage, Nd and Ns are labor demand and supply respectively. O is the output is the income and w/p is the real wage. This means that there exists a relationship between prices and wages in determining the economic cycles.

The global financial crisis that commenced near the end of the year 2007 has had tremendous adverse impacts on the economy. Almost five years have passed since the commencement of the global financial crisis and the consequences are still quite noticeable in many parts of the world in general and the US in particular.

Exporters of manufactured products have foreign exchange at their disposal that they use to finance imports, foreign direct investments, and capital goods. Developing countries that mostly export traditional goods always grapple with bop deficits that have to be constantly serviced. These funds could be used for economic activities that would result in economic growth.

The book discusses in details several fallacies such as high taxes, evils that take place in the public projects, minimum wage rate, effects of bailout, price control, tariffs on imports, rent control, trade union activities, regulations, and economic effects of government actions. Less important fallacies are also included in the book.

Usually, we think of measures of the money supply in a well-developed economy as partial and indirect indicators of the valuable demand for services and products in the economy. This is because a lack of demand for goods and services causes a shortage of new money creation or net credit creation.

It saw to the near collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national governments and downturns in stock markets across the world. The housing market also suffered in many areas that resulted in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment.

According to paper, the BoE plays vital role of regulating the financial operations of the UK, with a view to maintaining financial stability. The Financial Policy Committee, a subsidiary of the BoE, was established after the crisis, with the aim of supervision of the financial markets, and implementation of the financial regulation mechanisms.

The paper derives insights and conclusions relating to all of these considered factors and makes recommendations moving forward. The general assessment is that of a coffee market on a global scale that is tilted towards the intermediaries being able to extract most of the value for coffee production from farmers, with the exporting countries themselves just getting a small percentage of the total value of their crop.

The paper concentrates on factors that influence demand and supply and discusses the price elasticity of demand that produces a kinked demand curve in the oligopolistic airline’s service competition and the point of equilibrium. It also describes the benefits of intellectual property, and how it protects the owning airlines in their operations.